The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already. Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before. Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon.com, with its network of warehouses, also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don't have to.

Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those states. Sellers that use eBay and Etsy, which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also haven't been collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws requiring out-of-state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the state.

Retail trade groups praised the ruling, saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers, especially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement, "Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision."

36.【题干】The Supreme Court decision Thursday will _____.

【选项】

A.Dette business' relations with states

B.put most online business in a dilemma

C.make more online shoppers pay sules tax

D.force some states to cut sales tax

【答案】C

【解析】根据题干可知这是一道典型的细节题。根据题干关键词“The Supreme Court Decision Thursday”定位到首段首句，States will be able to force more shoppers to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.由该句可知，最高法院的裁决可以让州政府去强制消费者在网上购物时要上缴销售税(营业税)，直接得出选项[C] make more online shoppers pay sales tax，让更多在线购物者支付销售税。



37.【题干】It can be learned from Paragraphs 2 and 3 that the overruled desicisons _____.

【选项】

A.have led to the domainance of e-commerce

B.have cost consumers a lot over the years

C.were widely criticized by online purchases

D.were consider unfavorable by states

【答案】D

【解析】根据题干可知这是一道典型的推理题。根据题干定位范围确定为第二，三段，再根据题干细节： overruled decisions确定定位句为第二段的第一句与第二句，第二句that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually州政府抱怨之前的政策导致每年税收损失惨重。第三句The decisions made it more difficult for states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases，原政策让州政府很难收取网上购物的营业税。综合两句情感色彩都为负向，对州政府不利，从而得出答案[D] were considered unfavorable by states 州政府认为原政策对州不利。



38.【题干】According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule has _____.

【选项】

A.hindered economic development

B.brought prosperity to the country

C.harmed fair market competition

D.Doosted growth in states, revenue

【答案】D

【解析】根据题干可知这是一道典型的观点细节题。根据题干定位Anthony Kennedy定位在第四段，再根据题干细节physical presence rule确定定位句为第四段的第二句与第三句。第二句"Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States，实体店规定导致州政府税收亏损严重，第三句the rule "limited States' ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.该规定限制了州政府持长期繁荣，并妨碍了所有市场参与者公平竞争，从而得出答案[D] harmed fair market competition破坏了公平市场竞争。



39.【题干】Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling _____.

【选项】

A.Internet enterpreneurs

B.Big-chair owners

C.Third-party sellers

D.Small retailers

【答案】B

【解析】根据题干可知这是一道推理题。根据题干定位范围确定为第五段，再根据题干细节：more likely to welcome the Supreme Court ruling确定定位句为第五段的第一句，第一句the ruling is a victory for big chains这项裁决对于大型连锁公司来说是个胜利。从而得出答案[B] Big-chain owners 大型连锁公司。



40.【题干】In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday the author _____.

【选项】

A.gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequence

B.describes the long and complicated process of its making

C.presents its main points with conflicting views on them

D.cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implications

【答案】D

【解析】根据题干可知这是一道行文架构题，考查学生对文章结构的把握。整篇文章首段直接点名最高法院通过新的裁决，征收在线营业税。第二段介绍原来的判决及其后果，不利州政府。第三段描述原来判决涉及到的案例。第四段列举大法官观点，以前判决有瑕疵。第五段论述新判决的影响：对大型连锁店有利。第六段谈及新裁决对州外卖家的影响。第七段明确新裁决受到零售界的肯定。根据各段主旨可以看出作者的行文思路为：首段先介绍新判决，然后二三四段列出一些与此有关的案例，五六七段论其对行业内各界的影响。由此得出正确选项[D] cites some cases related to it and analyses their implications 引用相关案例，并论其影响。



Part B

Directions:

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these Paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing form the list-A-G and filling theam into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET (10 points)

A. These tools can help you win every argument-not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments-from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding---then we change the very nature of what it means to "win" an argument.

B. Of course many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.

C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies

D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions-like

say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.

E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: There is only one way. to get the best of an arguments-and that is to avoid it. This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives-and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.

F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don't get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win- in one way.

G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, "Yes," and I yell. "No," neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers

41_____→42_____→F→43_____→44_____→C→45_____

41.【题干】_____.

【选项】

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

E.E

F.F

G.G

【答案】E

【解析】快速浏览选项，F和C段为已知段。现在要确定的是剩下的段落哪一段可以作为段首。G段落开头为there is a better way…出现一个比较级，说明是和前面的一个方法相比较，因此不能做段首;A段落these tools开头，出现代词，不能组为段首;B段落many discussions are not so successful，出现词汇so，为代词，指代上面说的successful discussion，因此不能做句首;这样只剩D和E段落，D段落开头Carnegie would be right if…，这里出现了对人物观点进行正确与否的判断，判断正确与否的前提是首先要提到此人的存在以及其观点具体是什么，所以D段落不能为段首，因此此题答案为E。实际上，纵观全文，本段是以Carnegie的观点为切入，然后通过分析Carnegie观点，对有效辩论进行探讨。



42.【题干】_____.

【选项】

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

E.E

F.F

G.G

【答案】D

【解析】首段提及到Carnegie以及他书中的观点，根据人物线索，本题优先选择出现人物复现的段落，浏览剩余的段落发现只有选项D出现了Carnegie这个人。对这两个选项稍加分析得知，第一段论述了Carnegie书中的观点，D选项论述作者对此观点的评论，符合立论型文章的篇章结构。再者，根据已知段落F句首出现的代词指代线索也能得出答案。F首句提到These views of arguments与D段落尾句中的this kind of thinking 为同义复现，因此D为正确答案。



43.【题干】_____.

【选项】

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

E.E

F.F

G.G

【答案】G

【解析】该选项位于F项之后，F段最后一句“but they can help you win-in one way”中有“help you win-in one way”，而G段首句“There is a better way to win arguments.”的“a better way to win”是对“help you win-in one way”的进一步说明。因此G段则接着F段。



44.【题干】_____.

【选项】

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

E.E

F.F

G.G

【答案】B

【解析】本题位置为C的上一段。所以我们只需找到一段的尾句可以与C段首句进行关联即可。C段的第一句话：None of this will be easy...others refuse to...，句意为这样不容易，即使别人拒绝，但你可以开始...下文继续提到从反方面来对待你的观点。不难发现B项最后一句话提到了recognize weakness...accept ...on the opposite side...，此处opposite和refuse均为同义复现的替换词。此外，B项段尾是从心理上对待相反的论点，而C段中state...ask...spell...assess等均为做出的行动。先有想法再付诸行动的顺序也符合了B在前C在后，所以正确答案为B。



45.【题干】_____.

【选项】

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

E.E

F.F

G.G

【答案】A

【解析】已知段落C段末尾两句话讲到Next time you state your position…. Next time you talk with someone who…. Assess its strength…。由此可知段落讲的都是一些帮助取得辩论胜利的做法技巧，这与A段落开头的These tools can help you win every argument构成了呼应，尤其是C段后Next time you talk with someone who 与A段开头but in the better sense of learning about the issues…同时都在讲对于别人观点的看法。因此确定答案选A选项。



翻译

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end, that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was. I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. (46) There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.

Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science, but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it. What is important is not truth, but publication, which has become almost an end in itself. There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47) nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality, then, count the number.

(48) Attempts have been made to curb this tendency, for example, by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index, that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted elsewhere in the scientific literature, the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.

Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts, entails considerable savings in time, energy and ambiguity. Unfortunately, the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great. (50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions encourage that kind of science.

46) 【题干】There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.

【答案】医学期刊中存在大量由广播公司和新闻媒体报道的这种无稽之谈，这会导致健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。



47) 【题干】nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago.

【答案】如今，任何申请研究职位的人都必须发表两倍于10年前同一职位所需的论文数量。



48) 【题干】Attempts have been made to curb this kind tendency to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s published papers.

【答案】人们已经做出努力来遏制这种倾向，即将一些质量和数量纳入申请人发表的论文的评估当中。



49) 【题干】This would be reasonable enough if it were not for the fact that scientists can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publications, or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favors.

【答案】如果不是因为科学家们可以很容易地在未来的出版物中引用自己，或者让同事为他们这样做以换取类似的好处，这将是合理的。



50)【题干】If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible, we must ensure that our institutions incentivize that kind of science.

【答案】如果我们想认真确保科学既有意义又可再生，那么我们必须确保我们的制度可以激励这种科学的发展



Section III Writing

Part A

51. Directions：

【题干】Suppse you are working for the "Aiding rurd Primary School" project of your university write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunter, specifying the details of the project.

You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET .

Do not use your own name in the email ,use "Li Ming" instead.(10points)

【范文】

Dear Friend,

As one member working for the “Aiding Rural Primary School Project” of our university, I would be glad to receive your inquiry and inform you of some details about this project.

First, this project aims at aiding those poor kids living in some poverty-stricken families in some Chinese western rural areas aging from 9 to 12 years old. Second, as a volunteer, your primary task is to participate in our annual teaching activities organized on every summer vacation lasting for about two weeks. Finally, those children would be thrilled if you could bring some gifts from overseas representing cultures and customs abroad.

Once again, thank you for your time and attention. It is my sincere hope that you could contribute more to this project and if you have any further question, please feel free to contact with us. Looking forward to hearing from you soon.

Yours sincerely,

Li Ming



52.【题干】Directions:

Write an essay of 160-180 words based on the following picture.

In your essay, you should

1) describe the picture briefly;

2) interpret its intended meaning;

3) give your comments.
万题库：2019年考研《英语一》大作文范文

【范文】

The cartoon provides us with a thought-provoking scene: two men are climbing a hill, but one of them desires to give up due to tiredness, while the other one encourages him to keep going.