边际替代率：在同一无差异曲线上，一国为需求一单位第二种商品而必须放弃的第一种产品的数量。它由无差异曲线上第二种产品消费增加时该消费点的斜率决定。
Marginal rate of transformation,MRT: The amount of one commodity that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit of another commodity. This is another name for the opportunity cost of a commodity and is given by the slope of the production frontier at the point of production.
边际转换率：一国要多生产一件某产品而必须放弃的另一种产品的数量。这是商品的机会成本的另一个名字，由生产点上生产可能性曲线的斜率给出。
Offer curve: A curve that shows how much of its import commodity a nation demands to be willing to supply various amounts of its export commodity, or the willingness of the nation to import and export at various relative commodity prices.
提供曲线：表示一国需要的进口商品中有多少愿意提供于出口，或在各种相对商品价格下，一国愿意进口和出口的程度。
Opportunity cost theory: The theory that the cost of a commodity is the amount of a second commodity that must be given up to release just enough resources to produce one more unit of the first commodity.
机会成本理论：该理论指出某商品的成本等于要多生产1单位的该产品而必须放弃的资源可生产第二种产品的数量。
Persistent dumping:The continuous tendency of a domestic monopolist to maximize total profits by selling the commodity at a lower price abroad than domestically, also called international price discrimination.
持久性倾销：国内垄断者为其利润最大化，而以低于国内价格的低价在国外销售商品的持久性倾向，也叫做国家价格歧视。
44、Predatory dumping: The temporary sale of commodity at a lower price abroad in order to drive foreign producers out of business, after which prices are raised to take advantage of the newly acquired monopoly power abroad.
掠夺性倾销：暂时以低价在国外销售以挤垮外国生产者，然后可以提价，利用新获得的国外的垄断优势获取利益。
Product cycle model: The hypothesis, advanced by Vernon, that new products introduced by industrial nations and produced with skilled labor eventually become standardized and can be produced in other nations with less skilled labor.
产品周期模型：该模型由费农首创，指出新产品首先由发达国家引入，用技能较高的工人生产，最终标准化后可以在其他国家用技能较低的劳动力生产出来。 Production possibility frontier: A curve showing the various alternative combinations of two commodities that a nation can produce by fully utilizing all of its resources with the best technology available to it.
生产可能性边界：表示一国完全使用其所有资源，并利用最优技术，而可能生产两种商品各种最大的不同组合的曲线。
Purchasing-power parity(PPP) theory: The theory that postulates that the change in the exchange rate between two currencies is proportional to the change in the ratio in the two countries’ general price levels.
购买力平价理论：该理论认为两种货币汇率的变化部分原因是两国一般价格水平比的变化。
Quota: A direct quantitative restriction on trade.
配额：对贸易的直接数量限制。
Rate of effective protection: The tariff calculated on the domestic value added in the production of a commodity.
有效保护率：以生产某产品的国内附加值计算的税率。
Relative purchasing-power parity theory: Postulates that the change in the exchange rate over a period of time should be proportional to the relative change in the price levels in the two nations. This version of the PPP theory has some value.
相对购买力平价：该理论指出汇率在一段时期内的变化主要是由两国价格水平的相对变化引起的，购买力平价理论的解释也是如此。
Small-country case: The situation where trade takes place at the pretrade-relative commodity prices in the large nation so that the small nation receives all of the benefits from trade.
小国情况：贸易以大国贸易前的相对商品价格进行，以至于小国得到了所有贸易好处的情况。
Specific tariff: A tariff expressed as a fixed sum per unit of a traded commodity.
特别关税：一种将关税表现为每单位贸易商品中的固定数额的税收形式。
Speculation: The acceptance of a foreign exchange risk, or open position, in the hope of making a profit.
投机：指接受一外汇汇率风险，或一头寸风险，以期获得收益。
Spot rate:The exchange rate in foreign exchange transactions that calls for the payment and receipt of the foreign exchange within two business days from the date when the transaction is agreed upon. 即期利率：外汇交易中从交易确认的那天起，在两个交易日之间要求收付外汇的汇率。
Terms of trade: The ratio of the index price of a nation’s export to its import commodities.
贸易条件：一国出口商品价格指数与进口商品价格指数之比。