6.    课文节选
Posthumous Papers of the pickwick club匹克威克传
Oliver twist 雾都孤儿：this passage tells us the terrible conditions in the english workhouse of the time and the cruel treatment of a poor orphan by the so-called “Philanthropists”慈善事业。
William makepeace thackeray威廉。梅克皮斯。萨克雷
课文节选：
The vanity fair名利场：its sub-title is a novel without a hero. the writer’s intention was not to portray individuals, but the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole. The main plot of Vanity Fair renders on the story of two women: Amelia Sedlley 阿美利亚。赛迪尼And Rebecca Sharp瑞比卡。夏普。
George eliot乔治。艾略特
Life: 原名Mary Ann Evans玛丽。安埃。文斯。主要作品：Adam Bede亚当比德，The mill on the floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊，silas marner织工马南。
作品特色：1，her novels ,for the most part, describe rural life,deal with moral problems and contain psychological studies of the characters.2,she has rich humor and keen observation, and her characters are real men and women of her time.3,her novels are very philosophical.4,with her the transition from critical realism to naturalism began in english literature.
课文节选：Adam bede亚当比德：主要人物：Adam, heety sorrel:海蒂苏洛：adam最初喜欢的人，arthur donnithorne亚瑟。唐尼桑恩：海蒂喜欢的人，Seth赛斯: adam’s brother, Dinah Morris:戴娜。莫里斯：seth喜欢的人，同时也是adam 最后喜欢的人。
Charlotte bronte(1816—1855) and emily bronte(1818—1848)
夏洛蒂。勃朗特和艾米丽。勃朗特
Charlotte bronte:主要作品：the professor, jane eyre, shirley雪莉, villette维莱特.
emily bronte主要作品：wuthering heights呼啸山庄：it is influenced both by the Romantic Movement as well as Gothic writing.
The novel deals with a kind of raw天然的 passion. It is not to be judged by its moral context背景. Her novel has nothing to do with moral issue. How passion works in human beings. Wuthering Heights: the place stands for storm, violence
Thrush画眉鸟: civilization文明, very gentle, mild.
Her mentality心态 is much in line with what Wuthering Height stands for.
Complex structure, layers层面板 of narration叙述
Wuthering Height:
Class distinction: emphasis decency庄重, respect
课文节选：jane eyre., wuthering heights主要人物：lockwood洛兹伍德，Heathcliff西斯克里夫，catherine，Hindley辛迪尼。
Thomas hood（1799—1845）托马斯。胡德
Most of his works were humorous poems, containing topical comments on contemporary events and manners.主要作品：the princess, in memorian悼念：是为了悼念朋友hallam而写 ,Idylls of the king国王叙述诗
课文节选：the song of the shirt衬衫之歌：this poem presents a vivid picture of the miserable life of the british seamstresses.女裁缝。The bridge of sighs叹息桥
Alfred， Lord Tennyson艾尔弗雷德.丁尼生（1809—1892）
He is the representative of Victorianism. His poem has an exquisite 精致的sense of music.
课文节选：Ulysses尤利西斯：A Greek hero
If life is not without experience, struggle. It is not life at all. A typical ambition of Victorian age, a confidence. The age is full of ambition, desire to explore the world. The poet expresses this through the image of Ulysses.
Break ,break ,break 碎了，碎了，碎了：把自己痛失密友的悲伤之情同渔家子女的嬉戏和少年水手的歌唱等天真快乐对比，并同撞击海岸那无情的海浪以及驶入港湾那冷漠的航船进行对照，书法自己的悲痛心情。crossing the bar过沙洲：注重本能和自然
Robert Browning  1812-1889
代表作：the ring and the book指环与书
Dramatic monologue独白poem in which there is one imaginary speaker addressing an imaginary audience. In his dramatic monologues, he penetrates to depth the psychology of his characters and through their won speeches, he analyses and dissects分析is characters and reveals the innermost secret of their lives
dramatic monologue
. ¬It has a single person who is not the poet himself as the speaker. He utters at the critic moment.
--The person addresses and interacts with one or more people. We can feel the presence of the auditor. We can infer what they say and they do from the clues in the course of the speaker.
--The principle to select a piece of poem: it should reveal temperament and character of the speaker.
课文节选：My last Duchess我已故的公爵夫人 Ferrara费拉拉
An image of a lively young lady. Dramatic situation  which reveal the psychology of the character. It paved铺 the way for the upcoming即将到来的 of the 20th century poetry.
Critical moment, single speaker, and interaction合作: the speaker is talking to a specified auditor旁听者 or speaker.
Elizabeth barrett browning伊丽莎白。巴雷特。布朗宁
代表作：casa guidi windowsk卡萨。吉迪的窗子，aurora leigh奥罗拉。利， poems before congress议会前的诗
课文节选：from sonnets from the portuguese葡萄牙十四行诗：表达诗人对爱情的赞美和对幸福的追求。
Part IX Twentieth century literature20世纪文学
The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literatue
Historical background:对文学产生影响的两个因素：1，imperialism帝国主义：统治世界的精神的觉醒。相继爆发了第一，二次世界大战。2，widespread demand for social reform of every kind.
Thomas Hardy 托马斯。哈代（1840—1928）
1.    His life
He was born in Dorset多赛特, an agricultural district in the south of England. His father was an architect. After studying in Dorset and in London, he returned to settle down in his native place. While he worked as an architect, he began to write novels and stories. Later he became a full—time writer.
His principal主要的 works are the Wessex伟克塞斯 novels, novels describing the characters and environment of native countryside.
  He was a writer who sees the turn of the century. He witnessed the change of the society, the fashion; he was the last of the Victorian novelist and one of the forerunners of the modern writing.
代表作：Tess of the d’urbervilles德伯家的苔丝，jude the obscure无名的裘得，epic drama：the dynasts统治者
课文节选:Tess of the D’urbevilles：是哈代“性格和环境小说”中一部分量颇重的长篇小说，导致苔丝悲剧的不是盲目的无从追究责任的命运，而是环境和社会的力量。
Setting环境: the agricultural region of the southern countries of England.
The impoverishment使贫穷 and decay腐烂 of small farmers who became hired field hands and roamed漫步 the country in search of seasonal jobs.   His tone is pessimistic悲观的
Mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile and mysterious fate, which brings misfortune to human life.
The double moral standard for men and women exposes曝光 the hypocritical虚伪的 morality in bourgeois society.
Why does Hardy call her a pure woman?
According to the values of that age, Tess is a stained 玷污的woman, she gave birth to a child outside marriage, and she became the mistress情妇 of Alec艾立可 later.
The son’s veto儿子的否决权：小说反映了生活的多层面，还对受挫以后的幸福提出了重建。女主人公名叫Sophy.
John Galsworthy约翰。高尔斯华朔
他是20世纪英国杰出的批判现实主义小说家和剧作家。
代表作：the man of property有产业的人：was the highest point of social criticism ever attained by Galsworthy,它是福赛特世家中的第一部， the forsyte saga福赛特世家，the sivler box银匣
课文节选： 有产业的人中 chapter X diagnose of a forsyte福尔赛的诊断, conscience良心
Oscar wilde奥斯卡。王尔德
出生于Dublin，have a homosexual relationship with Lord Alfred douglas和艾尔弗雷德。道格拉斯有同性恋关系
代表作：长篇小说：The portrait of dorian gray多里安。格雷的画像，Salome莎乐美：唯美主义的代表作，是戏剧，喜剧：Lady windermere’s fan温得梅尔夫人的扇子, a woman of no importance无足轻重的女人, an ideal husband理想丈夫, and the importance of being earnest认真的重要.
课文节选：The portrait of dorian gray多里安。格雷的画像
George Bernard Shaw（1856—1950）乔治。萧伯纳
George Bernard Shaw was dramatist, essayist随笔作家, and critic. He was born of Irish Protestant新教徒 parents in Dublin. In 1876 Shaw left Ireland for good. During his life time he wrote lots of dramas. He is considered to be the best –known English dramatist since Shakespeare. His works are the best example of all the plays that are inspired by social criticism. In most of his plays, he expressed a strong indignation against political and economic exploitation开发, against hypocrisy虚伪 and corruption腐败, against prostitution作践自己 and slavery奴隶制度, and against poverty and dirt.

His style:
1.    didactic教导的，学究式的
2.    Made his lessons “palatable”可口的 through comedy.
3.    Use his wit to ridicule嘲笑 the things he attacked—witty rather than humorous.
4.    Inversion倒装 of ideas—made things usually considered good and just to appear absurd荒谬的 and ridiculous.
5.    Exaggerated, sometimes grossly很，非常, in order to achieve comedy.
6.    Plays made up-to-date references and used modern stage props小道具.
7.    Destructive破坏性的 in his criticism, but constructive建设性 in his analysis and interpretation 解释of life.
Features of his plays:
1.    His plays witty rather than humorous—avoidance of emotion and sympathy.
2.    Improved upon play craftsmanship of his predecessors—increased stage directions.
3.    Frequently subordinates下级得 dramatic interest to expounding论述 his ideas. His characters are his mouthpieces代言人.
4.    characters lack true life
5.    His plays vehicles to express his many ideas.