ƒ请将所选答案字母涂黑。如：[A][B][C][D]④ 总分: 100分； 考试时间： 180分钟I. Use of English (10 points / 0.5 point each)Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C andD on the ANSWER SHEET.The term e-commerce refers to all commercial transactions conducted over the Internet, including transactions by consumers and business-to-business transactions. Conceptually, e-commerce does not __1__ from well-known commercial offerings such as banking by phone, “mail order” catalogs, or sending a purchase order to supplier __2__ fax.E-commerce follows the same model __3__ in other business transactions; the difference __4__ in the details.To a consumer, the most visible form of e-commerce consists __5__ online ordering. A customer begins with a catalog of possible items, __6__ an item, arranges a form of payment, and __7__ an order. Instead of a physical catalog, e-commerce arranges for catalogs to be __8__ on the Internet. Instead of sending an order on paper or by telephone, e-commerce arranges for orders to be sent __9__ a computer network. Finally, instead of sending a paper representation of payment such as a check, e-commerce __10__ one to send payment information electronically.
In the decade __11__ 1993, e-commerce grew from an __12__ novelty to a mainstream business influence. In 1993, few __13__ had a web page, and __14__ a handful allowed one to order products or services online. Ten years __15__, both large and small businesses had web pages, and most __16__ users with the opportunity to place an order. __17__, many banks added online access, __18__ online banking and bill paying became __19__. More importantly, the value of goods and services __20__ over the Internet grew dramatically after 1997.
1.[A] distract [B] descend [C] differ [D] derive
2.[A] with [B] via [C] from [D] off
3.[A] appeared [B] used [C] resorted [D] served
4.[A] situates [B] lies [C] roots [D] locates
5.[A] on [B] of [C] for [D] to
6.[A] reflects [B] detects [C] protects [D] selects
7.[A] sends in [B] puts out [C] stands for [D] carries away
8.[A] visible [B] responsible [C] feasible [D] sensible
9.[A] beside [B] over [C] beyond [D] up
10.[A] appeals [B] admits [C] advocates [D] allows
11.[A] after [B] behind [C] until [D] toward
12.[A] optional [B] invalid [C] occasional [D] insignificant
13.[A] communities [B] corps [C] corporations [D] compounds
14.[A] largely [B] slightly [C] solely [D] only
15.[A] lately [B] later [C] late [D] latter
16.[A] offered [B] convinced [C] equipped [D] provided
17.[A] Instead [B] Nevertheless[C] However [D] Besides
18.[A] and [B] or [C] but [D] though
19.[A] different [B] flexible [C] widespread [D] productive
20.[A] acquired [B] adapted [C] practiced [D] proceeded
II. Reading Comprehension(40 points / 2 points each)Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C and D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.TEXT ONEHigh-quality customer service is preached by many ,but actually keeping customers happy is easier said than doneShoppers seldom complain to the manager or owner of a retail store, but instead will alert their friends, relatives, co-workers, strangers-and anyone who will listen.Store managers are often the last to hear complaints, and often find out only when their regular customers decide t frequent their competitors, according to a study jointly conducted by Verde group and Wharton school“Storytelling hurts retailers and entertains consumers,”said Paula Courtney, President of the Verde group.”the store loses the customer, but the shopper must also find a replacement.”On average, every unhappy customer will complain to at least four other, and will no longer visit the specific store for every dissatisfied customer, a store will lose up to three more due to negative reviews. The resulting “snowball effect” can be disastrous to retailers.According to the research, shoppers who purchased clothing encountered the most problems. ranked second and third were grocery and electronics customers.The most common complaints include filled parking lots, cluttered shelves, overloaded racks, out-of-stock items, long check-out lines, and rude salespeople.During peak shopping hours, some retailers solved the parking problems by getting moonlighting local police to work as parking attendants. Some hired flag wavers to direct customers to empty parking spaces. This guidance eliminated the need for customers to circle the parking lot endlessly, and avoided confrontation between those eyeing the same parking space.Retailers can relieve the headaches by redesigning store layouts, pre-stocking sales items, hiring speedy and experienced cashiers, and having sales representatives on hand to answer questions.Most importantly, salespeople should be diplomatic and polite with angry customers.“Retailers who’re responsive and friendly are more likely to smooth over issues than those who aren’t so friendly.” said Professor Stephen Hoch.“Maybe something as simple as a greeter at the store entrance would help.”Customers can also improve future shopping experiences by filing complaints to the retailer, instead of complaining to the rest of the world. Retailers are hard-pressed to improve when they have no idea what is wrong.
21. Why are store managers often the last to hear complaints?[A] Most customers won’t bother to complain even if they have had unhappy experiences.[B] Customers would rather relate their unhappy experiences to people around them.[C] Few customers believe the service will be improved.[D] Customers have no easy access to store managers.
22. What does Paula Courtney imply by saying “ …the shopper must also find a replacement” (Line 2, Para. 4)?[A] New customers are bound to replace old ones.[B] It is not likely the shopper can find the same products in other stores.[C] Most stores provide the same[D] Not complaining to the manager causes the shopper some trouble too.
23. Shop owners often hire moonlighting police as parking attendants so that shoppers______.[A] can stay longer browsing in the store[B] won’t have trouble parking their cars[C] won’t have any worries about security[D] can find their cars easily after shopping
24. What contributes most to smoothing over issues with customers?[A] Manners of the salespeople[B] Hiring of efficient employees[C] Huge supply of goods for sale[D] Design of the store layout.
25. To achieve better shopping experiences, customers are advised to _________.[A] exert pressure on stores to improve their service[B] settle their disputes with stores in a diplomatic way[C] voice their dissatisfaction to store managers directly[D] shop around and make comparisons between stores
TEXT TWOScientists have devised a way to determine roughly where a person has lived using a strand of hair , a technique that could help track the movements of criminal suspects or unidentified murder victims . The method relies on measuring how chemical variations in drinking water show up in people’s hair. “You’re what you eat and drink, and that’s recorded in you hair,” said Thure Cerling, a geologist at the University of Utah. While U.S diet is relatively identical, water supplies vary. The differences result from weather patterns. The chemical composition of rainfall changes slightly as raid clouds move.Most hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are stable , but traces of both elements are also present as heavierisotopes. The heaviest raid falls first .As a result, storms that form over the Pacific deliver heavier water to California than to Utah.Similar patterns exist throughout the U.S. By measuring the proportion of heavier hydrogen and oxygen isotopes along a strand of hair, scientists can construct a geographic timeline. Each inch of hair corresponds to about two months. Cerling’s team collected tap water samples from 600 cities and constructed a mop of the regional differences. They checked the accuracy of the map by testing 200 hair samples collected from 65 barber shops.They were able to accurately place the hair samples in broad regions roughly corresponding to the movement of raid systems.“It’s not good for pinpointing ,” Cerling said . “It’s good for eliminating many possibilities.”Todd Park, a local detective, said the method has helped him learn more about an unidentified woman whose skeleton was found near Great Salt Lake.The woman was 5 feet tall. Police recovered 26 bones, a T-shirt and several strands of hair.When Park heard about the research, he gave the hair samples to the researchers. Chemical testing showed that over the two years before her death, she moved about every two months.She stayed in the Northwest, although the test could not be more specific than somewhere between eastern Oregon and western Wyoming.“It’s still a substantial area,” Park said “But it narrows it way down for me.”26. What is the scientists’ new discovery?[A] One’s hair growth has to do with the amount of water they drink.[B] A person’s hair may reveal where they have lived.[C] Hair analysis accurately identifies criminal suspects. [D] The chemical composition of hair varies from person to person.
27. What does the author mean by “You’re what you eat and drink.” (Line 2, Para.2)?[A] Food and drink affect one’s personality development.[B] Food and drink preferences vary with individuals.[C] Food and drink leave traces in one’s body tissues. [D] Food and drink are indispensable to one’s existence.
28. What is said about the rainfall in America’s West?[A] There is much more rainfall in California than in Utah.[B] The water it delivers becomes lighter when it moves inland.[C] Its chemical composition is less stable than in other areas. [D] It gathers more light isotopes as it moves eastward.
29. What did Cerling’s team produce in their research?[A] A map showing the regional differences of tap water.[B] A collection of hair samples from various barber shops. [C] A method to measure the amount of water in human hair. [D] A chart illustrating the movement of the rain system.
30. What is the practical value of Cerling’s research?[A] It helps analyze the quality of water in different regions. [B] It helps the police determine where a crime is committed. [C] It helps the police narrow down possibilities in detective work.[D] It helps identify the drinking habits of the person under investigation.TEXT THREEBy almost any measure , there is a boom in Internet-based instruction . In just a few years , 34 percent of American universities have begun offering some form of distance learning (DL), and among the larger schools , it’s closer to 90 percent . If you doubt the popularity of the trend, you probably haven’t . It enrolls 90,000 student , a statistic used to support its claim to be the largest private university in the country.While the kinds of instruction offered in these programs will differ, DL usually signifies a course in which the instructions post syllabi, reading assignments , and schedules on Websites , and students send in their assignments by e-mail . Generally speaking , face-to-face communication with an instructor is minimized or eliminated altogether.The attraction for students might at first seem obvious . Primarily , there’s the convenience promised by courses on the Net: you can do the work, as they say , in your pajamas. But figures indicate that the reduced effort results in a reduced commitment to the course . While dropout rates for all freshmen at American universities is around 20 percent , the rate for online students is 35 percent . Students themselves seem to understand the weaknesses inherent in the setup . In a survey conducted for e-Cornell , the DL division of Cornell University , less than a third of the respondents expected the quality of the online course to be as good as the classroom course.Clearly from the schools perspective , there’s a lot of money to be saved . Although some of the more ambitious programs require new investments in servers and networks to support collaborative software , most DL courses can run on existing or minimally upgraded systems . The more students who enroll in a course but don’t come to campus , the more the school saves on keeping the lights on in the classrooms , paying doorkeepers , and maintaining parking lots , And there’s evidence that instructors must work harder to run a DL course for a variety of reasons , won’t be paid any more , and might well be paid less.
31. What is the most striking feature of the University of Phoenix?[A] All its courses are offered online.[B] Its online courses are of the best quality.[C] It boasts the largest number of students on campus[D] Anyone taking its online courses is sure to get a degree.
32．According to the passage , distance learning is basically characterized by_______.[A] A considerable flexibility in its academic requirements[B] The great diversity of students’ academic backgrounds[C] A minimum or total absence of face-to-face instruction[D] t the casual relationship between students and professors
33. Many students take Internet -based courses mainly because they can___________.[A] Earn their academic degrees with much less effort[B] Save a great deal on traveling and boarding expenses[C] Select courses from various colleges and universities[D] Work on the required courses whenever and wherever
34. What accounts for the high drop-out rates for online students?[A] There is no strict control over the academic standards of the courses.[B] The evaluation system used by online universities is inherently weak.[C] There is no mechanism to ensure that they make the required effort.[D] Lack of classroom interaction reduces the effectiveness of instruction.
35. According to the passage, universities show great enthusiasm for DL programs for the purpose of____________.[A] building up their reputation [C] upgrading their teaching facilities[B] cutting down on their expenses [D] providing convenience for students
TEXT FOUREveryone is interested in whether different foods or nutrients affect our odds of getting diseases like cancer or of developing risk factors for those diseases, such as too much weight or high blood pressure. But there are many barriers to studying dietary change, which is why we still have no easy answers to the question of what, exactly, we should eat to be at our healthiest. It's also why you can be forgiven for often feeling whipsawed by headlines: Is coffee good or bad? What about alcohol, garlic, or chocolate?This week, researchers reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association that breast cancer survivors who cram their diets with fruits and vegetables are no more likely to escape a recurrence than women who stick to the usual five-a-day recommendation. Does that mean fruits and vegetables don't protect against cancer? No—just that in this specific group of women with breast cancer, the extra greens and additional apples didn't seem to help.We asked researchers to explain why studies involving dietary changes are so hard to do—and what consumers should keep in mind when they read about them. Here's what the experts said.Most diet studies take place in the real world. That means study subjects are keeping diaries of what they eat as they go rather than having their intake strictly controlled by someone else. You can give them meal advice, counseling, and how-to books up to their ears, but at the end of the day, they are on their own when it comes to what they put in their mouths. It's easier to get people to add something—like garlic, in the form of tasty sandwich spreads, or dark chocolate—than to take something away; no wonder a recent study comparing low-fat and low-crab diet plans found that almost no one was sticking to them by the end.In studies focusing on diet, including the recent study on breast cancer recurrence, the amount of calories subjects reported eating would have caused them to lose far more weight than they actually did lose. The misreporting isn't necessarily vicious, but the inaccuracies add up. Say you're phoned about your daily intake on a day when it was someone's birthday at work and you had a slice of cake. You may not report it, thinking that a typical day wouldn't include the cake...forgetting yesterday's “special occasion” piece of pizza, and the Big Gulp of the day before. Or, despite the portion size guides you get, you characterize your bagel from the deli as a 4-ounce standard serving when a 4-ounce bagel hasn't been sighted in any major city for a decade.“You can't put a camera in everyone's belly and see exactly what they ate,” says Christopher Gardner, a nutrition scientist at the Stanford Prevention Research Center who has recently published research on garlic and diet plans. You can get around this in some studies by taking objective measurements. Weight, for example, or if you're assessing intake of fruits and veggies, you can measure the level of pigments called adenoids in the blood. In the breast cancer study, blood tests showed that the study subjects actually did eat more fruits and veggies (adenoids concentration was 73 percent higher in those women after one year and 43 percent higher after four years). But objective measures can't definitively nail down whether someone is eating nutrients in certain proportions.
31. One can be forgiven for feeling whipsawed by those headlines because___________.[A] there is no solid and convincing scientific hypothesis on these subjects[B] they question about what the healthiest food is has no answers[C] opinions on these subjects are quite contradictory[D] there is no authoritative answer to these questions
32.Which one of the following statements is TURE of the conclusion of the study on breast cancer recurrence ? [A] Women who stick to the five-a-day recommendation are less likely to have a recurrence. [B] Women who eat extra greens and vegetables are less likely to escape a recurrence.[C] Women could not depend on fruit diet to avoid the breast cancer recurrence. [D] Fruits and vegetables are no good to women with breast cancer.
33.From the results of the studies focusing on diet, it can be inferred that______________.[A] the amount of calories set in diet could not help people to lose weight[B] people are reluctant to take part in such studies[C] it is difficult to get valuable conclusion from these studies[D] this kind of studies is not objective enough
34.The fact that a 4-ounce bagel hasn't been sighted in any major city for a decade implies that ______________.[A] you should re-examine the standard size of the food you intake[B] you tend to give an inaccurate report of your actual diet[C] you fail to cooperate with the doctor by false record of your daily food[D] you make a mistake in noting down the size of standard serving
35.The limitation of the objective measurements mentioned in the last paragraph is that ______________.[A] they could only assess the proportion of fruits and veggies study subjects have taken[B] they could not have the subjects follow exactly the food proportion of their diet[C] they could not identify the levels of all the nutrients in patients’blood[D] they could not tell the exact proportions of nutrients study subjects have eaten.
III. True or False(5 points / 1 point each)Directions: Read the following text and decide whether each of the statements is true or false. Choose “T” if the statement is true or “F”if the statement is not true. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.Copying Birds May Save Aircraft FuelBoth Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and 350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.The answer, says Dr Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, scientists have known that birds flying in formation-a V-shape-expend less energy. The air flowing over a bird’s wings curls upwards behind the wingtips. a phenomenon known as up-wash. Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spent less energy propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California, has suggested that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%.When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr Kroo and his team modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angles, San Francisco and I as Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation occasionally change places so all could have a turn in the most favorable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel (coupled with a reduction in carbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter.There are, of course, knots to be worked out . One consideration is safety, or at least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable traveling in companion? Dr Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles, and would not be in the intimate groupings favored by display teams like the Red Arrows , A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation Organization has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes’ wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flight.As it happens, America’s armed forces are on the on case already. Earlier this year the country’s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate formation flight, though the program has yet to begin . There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the Second World War, but Dr Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated. “My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin,” he adds. So he should know.41. Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new Boeing and Airbus aircraft.42. The up-wash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing resistance.43. Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other plans.44. The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.45. It has been documented that during World War Ⅱ, America’s armed forces once tried formation flight to save fuel. IV. Translation (25 points)Part A : E-C Translation (15 points / 3 points each)Directions: Read the the following five sentences carefully and put them into Chinese,then write down the Chinese sentences on the ANSWER SHEET.46.The poor are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means to fight their way out of poverty.47.It is common experience that a certain amount of regular exercise improves the health and contributes to a feeling of well-being whether or not exercise adds to the length of life.48.To keep the wheels of industry turning, we manufacture consumer goods in endless quantities, and, in the process, are rapidly exhausting our natural resources.49.Without gravitation, our feet no longer stay on the ground, we float around in the air, and the slightest touch may send us drifting off in the opposite direction.50.The possibility of earning a fixed salary in a factory or office was more attractive than the possibility of staying on the farm and having one’s work destroyed by frost, storms, or droughts.Part B : C-E Translation (10 points / 2 points each)Directions: Read the the following five sentences carefully and put them into English,then write down the English sentences on the ANSWER SHEET.51.当一个人对自己的外表感到满意有信心而且懂得自我保养时,就会形成积极健康的外在形象。52.考虑到许多年轻人在成长过程中遇到的各种困境，更多的青少年会在未来遇到危险。53.过去的几十年中,大多数从人才市场上退休的个体劳力都经历了平均年龄显著下降的过程。54.虽然空气污染是最危险的一种污染，但它只是危害人类最基本生活活动的几种污染之一。55.女性吸烟已经到了四处蔓延的程度，而且如果不采取行动还将继续蔓延下去。
V. Writing (20 points)Directions: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)Explain its intended meaning, and3)Give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.
