1. Articulatory phonetics mainly studies __.

a. the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech

b. the perception of sounds

c. the combination of sounds

d. the production of sounds

2. The distinction between vowel s and consonants lies in __

a. the place of articulation

b.the obstruction f airstream

c. the position of the tongue

d. the shape of the lips

3. What is the common factor of the three sounds: p, k t

a. voiceless

b. spread

c.voiced

d.nasal

4. What phonetic feature distinguish the p in please and the p in speak?

a. voicing

b. aspiration

c.roundness

d. nasality

5.Which of the following is not a distinctive feature in English?

a. voicing



b.nasal

c. approximation

d. aspiration

6.The phonological features of the consonant k are __

a. voiced stop

b. voiceless stop

c. voiced fricative

d. voiceless fricative

7.p is divverent from k in __

a. the manner of articulation

b. the shape of the lips

c. the vibration of the vocal cords

d.the palce of articualtion

8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in __

a. aspiration

b.nasality

c. obstruction

d. voicing

第三节 音位学 phonology

1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。

2.音位phoneme：最小语音单位

3.音位变体allophones:读音差别

4.对比性分布：如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中，而且产生了两个不同的单词，

5.互补性分布；如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中，那么它们之间就是互补性分布的关系，如送气p绝不会出现在s之后，不送气的p绝不会出现在词首

6.音节syllable，分为节首onset，节峰peak，节尾coda

7.辅音群:一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音，节尾不能超过4个

8.最小语音对minimal pairs

I. Introduction

1. What is Language

Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

2. What is Linguistics(语言学)

Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

3.Some Basic Distinctions(区分) in Linguistics

3.1 Speech and Writing

One general principle(原则) of linguistic analysis is the primacy of speech over writing. Writing gives language new scope(范畴) and uses that speech does not have.

3.2 Descriptive(描述性) or Prescriptive(说明性)

A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior.

3.3 Synchronic(共时) and Diachronic(历时) Studies

The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study and The description of a

language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.

3.4 Langue(语言) and Parole(言语)

This is a distinction made by the Swiss linguist F.De Saussure (索绪尔）early last century. langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actualized(实际的) language, or realization of langue.

3.5 Competence(能力)and Performance(行为)

Competence is the ideal language user's knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances(发声).

4. The Scope of Linguistics

General linguistics is the study of language as a whole. Phonetics(语音学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription.

Phonology(音韵学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of languages.

Morphology(词法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the form of words.

Syntax(句法) is the branch of linguistics which studies the rules governing the combination of words into sentences.

Semantics(语义学) is the branch of linguistics which studies the meaning of language.

Applied linguistics(应用语言学) is the study of the teaching of foreign and second languages.

Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society.

Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind.