Enlightenment
An 18th-century movement that focused on the ideals of good sense, benevolence, and a belief in liberty, justice, and equality as the natural rights of man.
The Great Awakening: series of religious revivals, which began with the evangelicalism of Jonathan Edwards.
Revolutionary War
The War of Independence, 1775-1783, fought by the American colonies against Great Britain.
 (1)Jonathan Edwards (1703—1785) 乔纳森.爱德华兹
Outstanding representative of Puritanism
Personal Narrative (<自述>1740);
Freedom of the Will (<意志的自由>1754);
The Doctrine of Original Sin Defend (<原罪说辩>1758);
Images or Shadows of Divine Things (<神灵的形影>)
(2) Benjamin Franklin (1706—1790) 本杰明.富兰克林
social reform; scientist;
The Autobiography (<自传>)
Poor Richard’s Almanac (<格言历书>)
“Thirteen Virtues” （13条美德）
1 Temperance: eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation;
2 Silence: speak not but what may benefit other or yourself; avoid trifling conversation;
3 Order: let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.
4 Resolution: resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.
5 Frugality: make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e. waste nothing.
6 Industry: lose no time; be always employed in something useful; cut off all unnecessary actions.
7 Sincerity: use no hurtful deceit; think accordingly and justly; and if you speak, speak accordingly.
8 Justice: wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.
9 Moderation: avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.
10 Cleanliness: tolerate no uncleannliess in body, clothes, or habitation.
11 Tranquility: be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.
12 Chastity: rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another’s peace or reputation.
13 Humility: imitate Jesus and Socrates.

(3) Thomas Jefferson (1743—1862) 托马斯.杰斐逊
3rd President of the U. S.
Declaration of Independence (<独立宣言>1776)
II The Age of Romanticism (1800—1865)
1 American Romanticism
Romance
Emotionally heightened, symbolic American novels associated with the Romantic period.
Romanticism
A reaction against neoclassicism. This early 19th- century movement elevated the individual, the passions, and the inner life. It stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom from classical correctness in art forms, and rebellion against social conventions.
Neoclassicism
An 18th-century artistic movement, associated with the Enlightenment, drawing on classical models and emphasizing reason, harmony, and restraint.
(1) Washington Irving (1783—1859) 华盛顿.欧文
father of American literature
the first American writer of imaginative literature
inspiring the American romantic imagination
The Sketch Book or The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon <见闻札记>
“Rip Van Winkle” <里普.凡.温克尔>
“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” <睡谷的传说>
(2) James Fenimore Cooper (1789—1851) 詹姆斯.费尼莫.库柏
The Spy  <间谍> (1821)
The Leather-Stocking Tales <皮袜子五部曲>：
The Pioneers <开拓者>（1823）
The Last of the Mohicans <最后的莫希干人> (1826)
The Prairie  <草原> (1827)
The Pathfinder <探路者> (1840)
The Deerslayer <杀鹿者> (1841)
2 New England Transcendentalism 新英格兰超验主义
or American Renaissance
Transcendentalism
A broad, philosophical movement in New England during the Romantic era (peaking between 1835 and 1845). It stressed the role of divinity in nature and the individual s intuition, and exalted feeling over reason.

(1) Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803—1882) 拉尔夫.瓦尔多.爱默生
 
A founder of the Transcendental movement. Moreover, Emerson was not only the shaper of a distinctly American philosophy embracing optimism, individuality, and mysticism, but one of the most influential figures of the nineteenth century. The American Scholar, an address delivered before Harvard’s Phi Beta Kappa Society, attacked American dependence on European thought urged the creation of a new literary heritage Language
Transcendentalist Club
The Dial <日晷>杂志
Nature <论自然>
Self Reliance <论自立>
Essays: First Series <散文选：第一集>
Essays: Second Series <散文选：第二集>
Representative Men <代表性人物>
English Traits <英国人的特性>
The Conduct of Life <论为人处事>
(2) Henry David Thoreau (1817—1862) 亨利.大卫.梭罗

 
Walden is now considered one of the best-selling books in the history of American literature, and its critical reputation continues to grow as much as its popular acceptance. In addition, Walden has long been a staple of the American literature curriculum at universities in the U.S
Waldon or Life in the Woods <沃尔登/华尔腾or林中生活>
Civil Disobedience <非暴力反抗>or<论公民的不服从>
The Maine Woods <缅因森林>
Letters to Various Person <书信集>
(3) Edgar Allan Poe （1809—1849）埃德加.爱伦.坡
Famous American poet, short-story writer, and literary critic
Most controversial and misunderstood in America
Well received in Europe, England, Spain, esp. in France
A: Poems
To Helen  <献给海伦>
The Raven  <乌鸦>
Israfel  <伊斯拉菲尔>
B: Short stories: Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque
MS. Found in a Bottle  <在瓶子里发现的手稿>
The Fall of the House of Usher  <厄舍古屋的倒塌>
The Masque of the Red Death  <红色死亡的化妆舞会>
C: literary theory
The Poetic Principle <诗歌原理>
The Philosophy of Composition <创作哲学>
Review of Twice-Told Tales 评霍桑的<故事重述>
3 Romantic Poets:
(1) Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807—1882) 亨利.华兹渥斯.朗费罗
Voices of the Night <夜籁集>--catch the attention
Ballads and Other Poems <歌谣及其它>
Evangeline <伊凡吉林>
Hiawatha or The Song of Hiawatha <海华莎之歌>
The Courtship of Miles Standish <麦尔思.斯丹狄士的求婚>
Tales of a Wayside Inn <路边酒肆的故事>
(2) Walt Whitman (1819—1892) 沃尔特.惠特曼
 
The greatest Romantic poet in the 19th century
Leaves of Grass (1855)<草叶集>
Drum-taps (1865) <桴鼓集>
(3) Emily Dickinson (1830—1886) 艾米莉.狄金森
 
Great female productive American poet
Write about common things in daily life
Poetry of Emily Dickson (1955) <艾米莉.狄金森诗集>:
Because I Could Not Stop for Death <因为我不能等待死神>
I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I Died <我死时听到了苍蝇的嗡嗡声>
My Life Closed Twice before Its Close <我从未失掉过这么多但有两次
4 Romantic Novelists:
(1) Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804—1864) 纳撒尼尔.霍桑
affected by Puritanism and enlightened by Transcendentalism
pioneer of psychological novel 心理小说的开创者
wrote about the dark side of society and human nature
using symbolism
The Scarlet Letter <红字>
(2) Herman Melville (1819—1891) 赫尔曼.梅尔维尔
sailor and whale-hunter
Moby Dcik <白鯨>
5 Slavery-Abolishing Movement: 废奴运动
Abolitionism
Active movement to end slavery in the U.S. North before the Civil War in the 1860s.

(1) Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811—1896) 哈丽特.比彻.斯托夫人
Uncle Tom’s Cabin <汤姆叔叔的小屋>