Dred, a Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp <德雷德，阴暗的大沼泽地的故事>
The Civil War (1861—1865) brought the Romantic period to an end
IV The Age of Realism (1865—1918)
A reaction against “the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism”
3 great advocators of American realistic literature in the 19th century
William Dean Howells (1837—1920) 威廉.狄恩.豪威尔斯
Henry James (1843—1916) 亨利.詹姆斯
Mark Twain (1835—1910) 马克.吐温
1 Beginning
(1) William Dean Howells (1837—1920) 威廉.狄恩.豪威尔斯
Novelist, literary critic and playwright
Standard-bearer of realistic literature 现实主义文学的旗手
Made for the triumph of realism over romanticism
Remained for over 3 decades the de facto dean of American literature
The Rise of Silas Lapman <赛拉斯.拉帕姆的发迹>
(2) Henry James (1843—1916) 亨利.詹姆斯
Master of psychological realism 心理现实主义的大师
novelist of psychological analysis 心理分析小说家
pioneer of American Stream of Consciousness 意识流文学先驱
Novel of manners 世态小说
Daisy Miller <苔瑟.密勒>
The Portrait of a Lady <贵夫人画像>
2 Local Colorism 乡土文学
Mark Twain (1835—1910) 马克.吐温

pseudonym of Samuel Langhorne Clemens 塞缪尔.朗荷恩.克莱门斯
Famous American humorous novelist
The Celebrated jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865) <卡拉维拉县弛名的跳蛙>
Innocents Abroad  (1869) <傻子国外旅行记>
Roughing It (1872) <艰苦岁月>
The Gilded Age  (1873) <镀金时代>
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer  (1876) <汤姆.索亚历险记>
The Prince and the Pauper (1881) <王子和贫儿>
Life on the Mississippi  (1883) <密西西比河上>
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn  (1886)<哈克贝里.费恩历险记>
----fathered Modern American literature
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (1889) <在亚瑟王朝廷里的康涅狄格州美国人>
3 American Naturalism (the last decade of the 19th century)
Naturalism
Late 19th- and early 20th-century literary approach of French origin that vividly depicted social problems and viewed human beings as helpless victims of larger social and economic forces.

(1) Stephen Crane (1871—1900) 斯蒂芬.克兰
American novelist and poet
Writer and journalist
Novels:
Maggie, A Girl of the Street <街头女郎玛琪>
----the first naturalistic work in American literature history
The Red Badge of Courage <红色英勇勋章>
(2) Theodore Dreiser (1871—1945) 西奥多.德莱塞
American naturalistic writer
Journalist
Sister Carrie <嘉莉妹妹>
Jennie Gerhardt <珍妮姑娘>
The Financier <金融家>
The Titan <巨头>
The “Genius” <天才>
An American Tragedy <美国的悲剧>----the greatest American novel
(3) O. Henry (1862—1910) 欧.亨利
William Sydney 威廉.辛德尼
Short-story writers:
The Gift of Magi <麦琪的礼物>
The Cop and The Anthem <警察与赞美诗>
Ironic coincidence and surprising ending
(4) Jack London (1876—1916) 杰克.伦敦
Martin Eden <马丁.伊登>----semi-autobiography
The Call of the Wild <野性的呼唤>
White Fang <白芳>
4 muckrakers 黑幕揭发者
journalists in majority
expose the greed and cruelty of big businesses as well as the corruption of political circles
①Upton Sinclair (1878—1968) 厄普顿.辛克莱
The Jungle <屠场>--Chicago slaughterhouse
②David Graham Phillips (1867—1911) 大卫.格雷厄姆.菲利普斯
③Robert Herrick (1868—1938) 罗伯特.赫里克
V American Modernism (1918—1945) 现代主义时期
American Modernism first began in poetry.
Chicago : the revolutionary center against traditional poetry
Poetry <诗刊> (a magazine)
(I) Poems Between Two Centuries ( the 19th and 20th centuries):
3 types of poems:
A: Chicago Poets
Adhere to the tradition of Whitman
Reflect feelings of laboring people
(1) Carl Sandburg (1878—1967)卡尔.桑德堡
 
American modern poet and biographical writer
Benefit from his humble personal backgrounds and rich experience
Write plain poems for plain people “为朴素的人民写朴素的诗”
To be sound of the people 成为“人民的声音”
Contribution to colloquial style of American literature
be awarded the American Poetry Society prize in 1919 and 1920
be awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his Complete Poems in 1950
<诗歌全集>
In Reckless Ecstasy <心醉神迷>
Chicago Poems <芝加哥诗集>
Famous Imagist poems:
Fog <雾>
Lost <失落>
The Harbor <港口>←→Chicago <芝加哥>
Cool Tombs <清冷的墓>
I Am the People, the Mob <我是人民群众>
The People, Yes <人民，是的>
The American Songbag <美国歌集>
--folk songs of cowboys, vagabond and black people
Biography of Lincoln  (6 volumes) <林肯传>
1 autobiography
1 historical novel
Cornhuskers  <碾米机>
Smoke and Steel <烟与钢>
Good Morning, America <早安，美国>
Collected Poems <诗集>
B: Leading figures in the poetic revolution
Imagism and New-poetry Movement
(1) Ezra Pound (1885—1972) 埃兹拉.庞德
a Established Imagism（意象派）with British poet T. E. Hulme in 1908;
(1908—1917) T. E. 休姆 (1883—1917)
b Suggested 3 principles for Imagism with Richard Aldington （理查德.奥尔丁顿）and Hilda Doolittle (1886—1961)（希尔达.杜利特尔）
c Sponsored Vorticism (漩涡主义) with painter Windham Lewis
(1882—1957) (温德姆.刘易斯) in 1914;
d the leading role in poetic renovation and renaissance in the first 25 years of the 20th century
e father of modern American poetry
Personae (1909) 《人物》
Exultations (1909) 《狂喜》
Cathay (1915) 译著《华夏》
Homage to Sextus Propertius (1917) 《向赛克斯特斯.普罗波蒂斯致敬》
Hugh Selwyn Mauberley <休.赛尔温.毛伯利> (1920)
The Cantos <诗章>
(2) William Carlos Williams (1883—1963)威廉.卡洛斯.威廉斯
The Red Wheelbarrow <红色手推车>
Paterson <佩特森>
unique theory on literary composition
“say it! No ideas but in things.” (Book I, Paterson)“思想仅寓于事物中”
Free verse and accentual verse 自由体诗、重音诗
a most important figure in modern American poetry
(3) T. S. Eliot (1888—1972) T. S. 艾略特
famous American poet, playwright and critic
major figure in New Poetry Movement
a key to modern British and American poetry了解现代美国诗歌的钥匙
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock <J. 阿尔弗雷德.普鲁弗洛克的情歌>
Gerontion <小老头>
The Waste Land <荒原>
The Hollow Men <空心人>
Ash-Wednesday <圣灰节>
Four Quartets <四个四重奏>
(4) E. E. Cummings (1894—1962) 卡明斯
Poet and modern painter
Against traditional poetry with bold attempts at composing poems
Unique style
Cubism & Dadaism--guide his poems 以立体派、达达派风格指导诗歌创作
Tulips and Chimneys <郁金香和烟囱>
XLI Poems <诗四十一首>
Is 5 <是5>
No thanks <不谢>
Complete Poems <全集>
Drama: Him <他>
Santa Claus <圣诞老人>
Prose:
The Enormous Room--4 months’ wrong experience in prison
<巨大的房间>
Eimi—his experience in Russia <艾米>
Six Non-lectures—speeches at Harvard <六个非讲座>
C: in-between poets
1 Robert Frost (1874—1963) 罗伯特.弗罗斯特
Robert Frost (1874-1963):
 
Frost received four Pulitzer Prizes for his poetry.
The Road Not Taken
Mending Wall
Fire and Ice
Acquainted with the Night