★ considerable adj. 相当大(或多)的

★ considering prep. 考虑到；就……而论；鉴于

※ consider ... as 把……视作；把……看作

 

 

Unit 03

subject

词频 ★★★★★

v. [səbˈdʒekt] 使遭受；使服从；使隶属

n. [ˈsʌbdʒɪkt] 主题；题目；学科；科目；主语

adj. [ˈsʌbdʒɪkt] 受……支配的；服从于……的

形近词：subjective

【例】[v] 使服从

2012 年完型

At the very least, the court should make itself subject to the code of conduct that applies to the rest of the federal judiciary.

参考译文：至少，法院应该遵守适用于联邦司法系统其他部门的行为准则。

形近词

subjective [səbˈdʒektɪv]

adj. 主观的，主观上的；主体的；个人的

补充词汇

[词组]

be subject to：遭受；承受

【例】遭受；承受

2009 年阅读 Text 2

In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.

参考译文：另外，一个公司使用的评估血缘关系的计算机程序可能申报了专利，而不受同行的评审或外界的评估。

lead

词频 ★★★★★

v. [liːd] 领导；引导；促进；领先；占首位；通向；导致；带来

n. [liːd] 带领；领头；引导；铅

形近词：leadership, mislead, leader, plead, leading

【例】[v] 通向；带来

2013 年阅读Text 3

Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.

参考译文：(那时候我们觉得)科学和技术将会消除人类所有的不幸与苦恼，让人人享有机会，尽情生活。

形近词

leadership [ˈliːdə(r)ʃɪp]

n. 领导能力；领导地位，领导阶层

【例】[n] 领导能力

2007 年阅读 Text 2

Research has found that IQ predicted leadership skills when the tests were given under low-stress conditions, but under high-stress conditions, IQ was negatively correlated with leadership—that is, it predicted the opposite.

参考译文：研究发现，测试在压力小的情况下进行时，能预测领导能力；而在压力大的情况下，智商与领导能力呈负相关，也就是说它会预测出相反的结果。

mislead [mɪsˈliːd]

v. 误导；使误信；将……引入歧途

【例】[v] 误导(此处为mislead 的现在分词作表语)

2008 年阅读新题型

According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is ______.

[A] soothing

[B] ambiguous

[C] compensatory

[D] misleading

参考译文：根据第四段，那些明星杂志所传达的信息是______。

[A] 抚慰的

[B] 模糊的

[C] 补偿性的

[D] 误导的

【例】[v] 误导(此处为mislead 的现在分词作定语)

2010 年完型

It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to misleading interpretation of what happened.

参考译文：事实证明，奇怪的实验方法也许会导致对已发生事件的误导性解释。

leader [ˈliːdə(r)]

n. 领袖，领导者；首领；指挥者

【例】[n] 领导者

2009 年阅读 Text 3

Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity.

参考译文：日本过去是，现在也依然是汽车装配生产的全球领导者。

plead [pliːd]

v. 请求；恳求；为……辩护；提出……为理由

【例】[v] 请求；恳求

2016 年阅读Text 2

Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land.

参考译文：只有英国独立党觉察出机会来了，站在了那些力争通过更加深思熟虑的方式来使用绿地的人一边。

[词组]

side with：与(某人)站在同一边，和(某人)抱同样的见解

plead for：恳求……，乞求……；在法庭上为……辩护

leading [ˈliːdɪŋ]

adj. 卓越的；最重要的

【例】[adj] 卓越的

2011 年阅读新题型

However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess.

参考译文：然而，许多美国一流大学都希望他们的本科生具备一些基本的思想准则，这也是每个受过教育的人应该具备的。

补充词汇

[词组]

lead someone on：误导(某人)；蒙骗(某人)

lead up to：导致，逐渐导致；使话题(渐渐)转向；为……作准备

【例】使话题(渐渐)转向

2008 年阅读新题型

Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.

参考译文：她没有用那段话，反而加了一段描述伦格尔暴躁地对待女孩们的话，这样她就能使话题渐渐转向他实行的A&P“政策”。

take the lead：带头，为首；起带头作用；领导

【例】起带头作用

2007 年阅读 Text 4

It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that ______.

[A] data leakage is more severe in Europe

[B] FTC’s decision is essential to data security

[C] California takes the lead in security legisla-tion

[D] legal penalty is a major solution to data leakage

参考译文：从第五段可以得出 ______。

[A] 数据泄露在欧洲更严重

[B] 联邦贸易委员会的决定对数据安全非常重要

[C] 加利福尼亚在安全立法方面起了带头作用

[D] 法律惩罚是解决数据泄露的主要办法

intend

词频 ★★★★★

v. [ɪnˈtend] 想要；打算；企图

【例】[v] 打算

2012 年阅读Text 2

Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next.

参考译文：或许安特吉公司从来就没真打算信守这些承诺，又或许它只是没有预料到接下来会发生什么。

补充词汇

[词组]

intend to do/intend doing sth.：打算做某事

sector

词频 ★★★★★

n. [ˈsektə(r)] (经济的)部门；行业；领域

【例】[n] (经济的)部门

2012 年阅读Text 4

But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.

参考译文：然而在现行体制下，有许多公共部门的人也深受其害。

account

词频 ★★★★★

v. [əˈkaʊnt] 说明；解释；导致；把……视作

n. [əˈkaʊnt] 账目；账户；描述；叙述；解释；说明

形近词：accountant

【例】[n] 解释；说明

2010 年翻译

It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today.

参考译文：如今读这些拐弯抹角的解释很令人痛心。

【例】[n] 账目

2010 年阅读Text 4

It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets.

参考译文：恰恰是银行脱离实际，它们的账目大大高估了资产。

【例】[n] 账户

2014 年阅读Text 3

Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs.

参考译文：许多奖项，比如基础物理学奖，是由互联网企业家出资设立的，他们银行账户中的数字就像电话号码一样长。

形近词

accountant [əˈkaʊntənt]

n. 会计师，会计

补充词汇

[词组]

account for：占据；解释；说明

【例】解释；说明

2007 年阅读 Text 1

What might account for this strange phenomenon?

参考译文：什么才可能来解释这一奇怪的现象呢？

take into account：考虑到；体谅

leave sth. out of account：不考虑

【例】不考虑

2009 年翻译

The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account.

参考译文：培训的必要性太明显了。改变他们态度和习惯的压力非常迫切，以致不能对这些结果完全不予以考虑。

on account of：因为，由于

[同义词]

description [dɪˈskrɪpʃ(ə)n]

n. 描述；形容

explanation [ˌekspləˈneɪʃ(ə)n]

n. 解释；说明

【例】[n] 解释；说明

2011 年阅读 Text 2

When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of` America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up.

参考译文：当利亚姆·麦吉在8月份从美国银行辞去总裁一职时，他的解释出人意料地坦率。

consumer

词频 ★★★★★

n. [kənˈsjuːmə(r)] 顾客，消费者

形近词：consumption, consuming, consumerism

These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.

参考译文：这些品牌鼓励有时尚意识的消费者将衣服看作一次性商品，洗一两水后就不能再穿了(虽然他们并没有这么宣传)，还鼓励他们每过几周就更新他们的衣橱。

形近词

consumption [kənˈsʌmpʃ(ə)n]

n. 消费；消耗

【例】[n] 消耗

2011 年完型

But despite some claims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does produce short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, boosting heart rate and oxygen consumption. But because hard laughter is difficult to sustain, a good laugh is unlikely to have measurable benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.

参考译文：尽管有人反对以下这种说法，但是大笑对健康的影响可能确实微乎其微。大笑的确能在短期内改善心脏及心血管的功能，增强心率和耗氧量。但是，由于大笑很难持续，所以一场酣畅淋漓的大笑不可能像散步或慢跑那样带来显著的好处。

consuming [kənˈsjuːmɪŋ]

adj. 消耗的；消费的

consumerism [kənˈsjuːməˌrɪz(ə)m]

n. 消费者权益保护；消费主义

补充词汇

[同义词]

client [ˈklaɪənt]

n. 客户；顾客；委托人

【例】[n] 委托人

2014 年阅读 Text 2

But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America.

参考译文：但也没几个地方的委托人能比在美国的委托人更有理由抱怨。

environment

词频 ★★★★★

n. [ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt] 环境；周围状况

形近词：environmental, environmentally, environmentalist

形近词

environmental [ɪnˌvaɪrənˈment(ə)l]

adj. 环境的；有关环境的

【例】[adj] 环境的，有关环境的

2008 年阅读 Text 3

And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University.

参考译文：他们不可能长得更高了。莱特州立大学的人类学家威廉·卡梅隆·查姆利说：“就现在的总人口来说，以这种遗传和环境的水平，我们已经达到了我们所能达到的极限。”

environmentally [ɪnˌvaɪrənˈ-ment(ə)li]

adv. 有关环境地

environmentalist [ɪnˌvaɪrənˈ-ment(ə)lɪst]

n. 环境保护论者；环境论者

补充词汇

[同义词]

surroundings [səˈraʊndɪŋz]

n. 周边；周围环境

atmosphere [ˈætməsˌfɪə(r)]

n. 大气层；氛围

[近义词]

situation [ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃ(ə)n]

n. 状况；形势

essay

词频 ★★★★★

n. [ˈeseɪ] 论文；杂文；散文；(学生就某门课程所写的)论说文，短文

【例】[n] 杂文

2010 年阅读Text 1

Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket.

参考译文：遗憾的是，这些评论家几乎都被遗忘了。内维尔·卡达斯从1917年至1975年去世前不久一直在为《曼彻斯特卫报》撰字，但如今的人们只知道他是个写板球比赛相关文章的人。

补充词汇

[同义词]

article [ˈɑː(r)tɪk(ə)l]

n. 文章；论文

【例】[n] 文章

2014 年阅读 Text 3

As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years.

参考译文：正如《自然》杂志新闻特写栏目的一篇文章所讨论的那样，近年来，为研究人员设立的一系列报酬丰厚的奖项已经加入了诺贝尔奖的行列。

matter

词频 ★★★★★

n. [ˈmætə(r)] (有形的)物质；(某一类型的)物质；(印刷或阅读的)材料

v. [ˈmætə(r)] 要紧；有关系；有影响

【例】[v] 要紧；有关系

2007 年阅读Text 2

Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.

参考译文：任何一个为SAT而奋战过的人都可以证实，考试技巧也很重要，比如要知道什么时候靠猜测，哪些问题要跳过。

补充词汇

[词组]

as a matter of fact：其实，实际上

[近义词]

substance [ˈsʌbstəns]

n. 物质；实质；重要性

stuff [stʌf]

n. 材料；本质；要素

material [məˈtɪəriəl]

n. 物质；材料；原料

fund

词频 ★★★★★

v. [fʌnd] 拨款，为……提供资金

n. [fʌnd] 专款；基金；资金

形近词：fundamental, fundamentally, nonfundamentalist, underfund

【例】[v] 拨款，为……提供资金

2014 年阅读Text 3

Many, like the Fundamental Physics Prize, are funded from the telephone-number-sized bank accounts of Internet entrepreneurs.

参考译文：许多奖项，比如基础物理学奖，是由互联网企业家出资设立的，他们银行账户中的数字就像电话号码一样长。

形近词

fundamental [ˌfʌndəˈment(ə)l]

adj. 基础的；根本的

fundamentally [ˌfʌndəˈment(ə)li]

adv. 从根本上地；基础地

【例】[adv] 从根本上地

2011 年阅读 Text 2

“The traditional rule was it’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter.

参考译文：一个猎头说：“传统的规则是待在原地不动才是更为安全的，但是现在这一规则已经彻底改变了。”

nonfundamentalist [nɒnˌfʌndəˈment(ə)lɪst]

n. 非原教旨主义者

underfund [ˌʌndə(r)ˈfʌnd]

v. 对……资金提供不足

hold

v. [həʊld] 保持；拿着；握住；保有；拥有；拖住；支持

n. [həʊld] 握住；掌握；货舱，行李舱

形近词：household, holder, withhold, shareholder, shareholding, stockholder, stakeholder

【例】[v] 拿着；握住

2017 年阅读Text 4

But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.

参考译文：但与此同时，它(这里指美国最高法院)对麦克唐纳不道德的行为嗤之以鼻，其中就包括麦克唐纳收受贿赂，比如他就收过一家试图打通政府部门关系的公司的礼：一块劳力士表和一辆法拉利。

形近词

household

[ˈhaʊsˌhəʊld] n. 家庭；同住在一所房子里的人；一家人

[ˈhausˌhəuld] adj. 家庭的；家用的；家喻户晓的；众人皆知的

【例】[adj] 家庭的；家用的

2008 年阅读 Text 1

Alvarez’s salary barely covered her household expenses.

参考译文：阿尔瓦雷斯的薪水勉强够支付家庭日常开销。

【例】[n] 家庭

2009 年阅读 Text 2

In paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK’s ______.

[A] easy availability

[B] flexibility in pricing

[C] successful promotion

[D] popularity with households

参考译文：文章的第一、二段告诉我们，PTK ______。

[A]获取方便

[B]价格灵活

[C]成功促销

[D]受家庭欢迎

holder [ˈhəʊldə(r)]

n. 支持物；持有者；(支票等)持有人

【例】[n] 持有者

2010 年阅读 Text 2

The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.

参考译文：联邦巡回法院的行动是继最高法院最近的一系列决定之后展开的，这些决定缩小了对专利持有者的保护范围。

withhold [wɪðˈhəʊld]

v. 扣留；拒绝给予

shareholder [ˈʃeə(r)ˌhəʊldə(r)]

n. 股东

【例】[n] 股东

2011 年阅读 Text 2

As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on.

参考译文：当董事会迫于股东的压力仔细审查继任计划时，那些没有被同意继任的高管们或许也想离开。

shareholding [ˈʃeə(r)ˌhəʊldɪŋ]

n. 股权

stockholder [ˈstɒkˌhəʊldə(r)]

n. 股票持有者；股东

stakeholder [ˈsteɪkˌhəʊldə(r)]

n. 利益相关人；股东

【例】[n] 利益相关人

2011 年阅读 Text 3

Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.

参考译文：这种被劫持媒体与赢得媒体正好相反：某项资产或宣传活动会成为对某个品牌或产品不满的消费者、其他利益相关者或激进分子的“人质”。

补充词汇

[词组]

hold back：退缩；阻止；抑制

hold on：等一等；停一停；〈口〉别挂电话；坚持

hold out：伸出；递出；维持；保密；坚持；不屈服

hold up：举起；支持；耽搁；拦劫

[同义词]

cling [klɪŋ]

v. 紧紧抓住；抱紧；抓住(职位或财产)不放

【例】[v] 抓住(职位或财产)不放

2011 年阅读 Text 2

It can be inferred from the last paragraph that ______.

[A] top performers used to cling to their posts

[B] loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated

[C] top performers care more about reputations

[D] it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules

参考译文：

由最后一段可以推断出______。

[A] 高层人员过去往往坚守他们的职位

[B] 高层人员的忠诚已经过时

[C] 高层人员更关注名誉

[D] 坚守传统规则更安全

[近义词]

withstand [wɪðˈstænd]

v. 经受住；承受；顶住

【例】[v] 经受住；承受

2008 年阅读 Text 3

Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain inflicted by oversize limbs.

参考译文：而且，尽管人类已经直立行走了几百万年，但我们的双脚和背部仍然还在为维持两足直立的姿势而苦苦挣扎，不能再轻易承受过长的四肢所带来的持续重压。

seize [siːz]

v. 抓住；控制

function

词频 ★★★★★

v. [fʌŋkʃ(ə)n] 充当；工作；起作用

n. [fʌŋkʃ(ə)n] 功能；作用；职责；职务

形近词：functional

【例】[v] 充当

2012 年阅读新题型

The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier.

参考译文：20世纪后半叶见证了一群天才、勇士、企业家和有远见卓识的人发明出一种绝妙的机器：既有打字机的功能，又有印刷机的功能；既能做演播室，又能做剧院；既能当画笔，也能当展览馆；既能是钢琴，也能是收音机；既可以是邮局，也可以是邮递员。

形近词