得分重点：

原因状语从句，whether引导的宾语从句，定语从句

 

50、We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education — that of direct tuition or schooling.

结构分析：

主句//We are thus led to distinguish, 插入语//within the broad educational process定语从句// which we have been so far considering, 主句的宾语/a more formal kind of education – 定语从句的宾语/that of direct tuition or schooling.

词义推敲：

distinguish区分，区别

the broad educational process宽泛的教育进程

so far到目前（现在）为止，直至目前（现在）

that 在此处代指“教育”

direct tuition直接教导

schooling学校教育

参考译文：

因此，我们可以在上文所述及（目前为止已经考虑到地）的宽泛的教育进程中，区分出一种更加正规的教育，即直接教导或学校教育。

得分重点：

插入语，定语从句，后置插入语

在人们从与其他人相处中受到的教育和对年轻人的有意的教育之间，有着显著的不同。在前一种情况下，教育是偶然的，它自然而然地发生，而且至关重要，但它并不是（社会）联系的直接原因。46.可以说，对任何社会制度的价值的衡量在于它在扩展和改进经验方面的效应，但是这种效应并不是它原始动机的一部分。比如，宗教社团产生于这样一种愿望：确保反抗强权压迫、阻挡邪恶势力；家庭生活产生于满足欲望、确保家庭永续的愿望之下；而系统的劳动，在很大程度上是始于对他人的奴役等。47.制度的这种副效应是逐渐地被意识到的，而这种效应被视为制度运转的指导性因素则需要更加缓慢的过程。即使今天，在我们的工业化生活里，除了勤俭和节约等某些价值观之外，与物量产出相比，让世界得以前行的人类不同形式社会关系中所存在的智识和情感反应却受到极少关注。

但是在与年轻人接触时，交往事实本身作为一项直接的人类事实，日益重要。48.虽然在我们与年轻人接触时，很容易忽略我们的行为对他们的性格产生的影响，但这并不像与成年人打交道那么简单。培训的必要性显而易见；改变他们态度和习惯的要求如此迫切，我们不能对这些后果置之不理。49.既然我们的主要职责在于使年轻人参与共同生活，那么我们不得不考虑我们是否在构建能够确保我们这种能力的力量。如果人类有所进展，意识到每项制度的终极价值在于它独特的人类效应的话，我们可以认为这个教训很大程度上源于与年轻人的接触。50.因此，我们可以在上文所述及的宽泛的教育进程中，区分出一种更加正规的教育，即直接教导或学校教育。在落后的社会群体中，我们几乎看不到正规的教育和培训。这些群体主要依赖于培养年轻人各种必需的品质，而正是这种同样类型的社会联系保持着成年人对自身群体的忠诚。

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2010

One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that mostmembers of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members ofthe biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled tocontinuance.
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .Weinvert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds weresupposed to be disappearing. （46） Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctlyshaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.
It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, （47） butwe have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as amatter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantageto us.
A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. （48） Timewas when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creaturespreserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on"worthless" species.
Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters becausethey grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. （49） In Europe,where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species arerecognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, withinreason.