B.a self-driven mechanism

C.a cost-effective approach

D.a top down process

【答案】C

【解析】根据题干可知这是一道观点细节题。根据题干关键词可定位在第五、六段“Elizabeth R. DeSombre argues that the best way to collectively change the behavior of large number of people is for the change to be structural” 由该段可知，DeSombre认为集体性的改变大多数人行为的最好的方式就是使其变成结构性的。六段进一步从人们和政府的角度，阐述了这种结构化的改变，所以选项C a top-down process，自上而下的过程，符合文意。



40.【题干】The author concludes that individual efforts

【选项】

A.can be too aggressive

B.can be too inconsistent

C.are far from sufficient

D.are far from rational

【答案】B

【解析】根据题干可知这是一道观点细节题。根据题干关键词可定位在最后一段，“None of this is about writing off the individual. It's just about putting things into perspective. We don't have time to wait. We need progressive policies that shape collective action, alongside engaged citizens pushing for change.”由该段可知，作者认为并不是要抹杀个人，只是换一个角度去思考问题，我们没时间再等待，我们需要能够形成集体行为的进步政策，以及推动变革的热心公民。所以作者强调个人的努力还远远不够，还需要政策的进一步支持，选择B选项，are far from sufficient。



第 1 页：完形填空

Part B

Directions:

You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Five ways to make conversation with anyone

In choosing a new home, Camille McClain's kids have a single demand: a backyard.

McClain's little ones aren't the only kids who have an opinion when it comes to housing, and in many cases youngsters' views weigh heavily on parents' real estate decisions, according to a 2018 Harris Poll survey of more than 2,000 U.S. adults.

While more families buck an older-generation proclivity to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions, realty agents and psychologists have mixed views about the financial, personal and long-term effects kids' opinions may have.

The idea of involving children in a big decision is a great idea because it can help them feel a sense of control and ownership in what can be an overwhelming process, said Ryan Hooper, a clinical psychologist in Chicago.

“Children may face serious difficulties in coping with significant moves, especially if it removes them from their current school or support system,” he said.

Greg Jaroszewski, a real estate brokers with Gagliardo Realty Associates, said he's not convinced that kids should be involved in selecting a home --- but their opinions should be considered in regards to proximity to friends and social activities, if possible.

Younger children should feel like they're choosing their home --- without actually getting a choice in the matter, said Adam Bailey, a real estate attorney based in New York.

Asking them questions about what they like about the backyard of a potential home will make them feel like they're being included in the decision-making process, Bailey said.

Many of the aspects of homebuying aren't a consideration for children, said Tracey Hampson, a real estate agent based in Santa Clarita, Calif. And placing too much emphasis on their opinions can ruin a fantastic home purchase.

“Speaking with your children before you make a real estate decision is wise, but I wouldn't base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions.” Hampson said.

The other issue is that many children - especially older ones - may base their real estate knowledge on HGTV shows, said Aaron Norris of The Norris Group in Riverside , Calif .

“They love Chip and Joanna Gaines just as much as the rest of us,” he said. “HGTV has seriously changed how people view real estate. It's not shelter , it's a lifestyle. With that mindset change come some serious money consequences.”

Kids tend to get stuck in the features and the immediate benefits to them personally, Norris said.

Parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires may change over time, said Julie Gurner, a real estate analyst with Fit Small Business. com.

“Their opinions can change tomorrow,” Gurner said. “Harsh as it may be to say, that decision should likely not be made contingent on a child's opinions, but rather made for them with great consideration into what home can meet their needs best - and give them an opportunity to customize it a bit and make it their own.”

This advice is more relevant now than ever before, even as more parents want to embrace the ideas of their children, despite the current housing crunch.

A. remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children.

B. says that it is wise to leave kids in the dark about real estate decisions.

C. advises that home purchases should not be based only on children's opinions.

D. thinks that children should be given a sense of involvement in homebuying decisions.

E. notes that aspects like children's friends and social activities should be considered upon homebuying.

F. believes that homebuying decisions should be based on children's needs rather than their opinions.

G. assumes that many children's views on real estate are influenced by the media.

41. 【题干】Ryan Hooper_____.

【选项】

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

E.E

F.F

G.G

【答案】A(remarks that significant moves may pose challenges to children)

【解析】题干考察Ryan Hooper的观点，回文定位Ryan Hooper这个人说的话，一共两句，很多同学容易根据第一句话(第四段)误选D选项。仔细观察D选项，原文第四段说的是应该给孩子a sense of control and ownership, D选项说的是a sense of involvement，属于偷换概念，因此排除;再看Ryan Hooper说的第二句话(第5段)，根据第二句话，得出A选项是Ryan Hooper观点的等价代换，其中significant moves 对应原文中的significant moves，pose challenges to children就等于原文中的children may face serious difficulties. 故此题选A。



42. 【题干】Adam Bailey_____.

【选项】

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

E.E

F.F

G.G

【答案】D

【解析】题干考察Adam Bailey的观点，回文定位Ryan Hooper这个人说的话在第七段，第八段。其实这两句话意思几乎一致，为同义复现，第七段中的 should feel like they are choosing their home 等同于第八段中的...will make them feel like they are being included in the decision-making process，D选项中的involvement 对应原文中的being included, in homebuying decisions对应原文的in the decision-making process. 故此题选择D。



43. 【题干】Tracey Hampson_____.

【选项】

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

E.E

F.F

G.G

【答案】C

【解析】 根据人名“Tracy Hampson”定位至第十段，“Speaking with your children before you make a decision is wise, but I wouldn't base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions.”这句话中的 wouldn't base the purchasing decision solely on their opinions是 should not be based only on children's opinions 的同义改写。



44. 【题干】Aaron Norris_____.

【选项】

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

E.E

F.F

G.G

【答案】G

【解析】定位Aaron Norris,在原文第十一段，往前看他的观点The other issue is that...on HGTV shows句意为很多孩子对房地产的知识基于HGTV的节目，再看下一段(也是Aaron Norris的观点)，HGTV has...changed how people view real estate...首先HGTV shows为G选项中media的同义替换，其次view real estate三词均可在选项和原文中找到对应，最后选项中influenced对应文中的changed，所以正答为G。



45. 【题干】Julie Gurner_____.

【选项】

A.A

B.B

C.C

D.D

E.E

F.F

G.G

【答案】F

【解析】本题问的是Julie Gurner的观点。定位至文章倒数第二、三段。倒数三段中说到parents need to remind their children that their needs and desires…在此提出了父母要向孩子说明needs需求以及desires欲望这两方面，而紧接着倒数二段中直接又提到their opinions can change tomorrow…能够确定JG这人对于opinions持否定态度正好对应到F选项中的rather than their opinions。因此确定F选项为正确答案。