现在，拥有世界上最大的混合动力公交车队的西雅图已经成为一块试验田，用来检测这项混合动力车技术究竟能否大幅度降低空气污染和燃料消耗。在20世纪90年代，诸如亚利桑那州滕比这样的城市就曾有过接近35辆这样的示范车。这些早年的混合动力车至今仍有16辆服务于意大利的热那亚。在热那亚，途经城市市区的建筑瑰宝时，司机就会把柴油动力转换成电力动力。但是没有哪座城市的做法赶得上西雅图，去年它以每辆645,000美元的价格购买了235辆美国通用汽车公司生产的混合动力公共汽车。今年12月，当最后一辆车生产出来的时候，该地区的公交系统中混合动力车将占到15%。

可为什么是西雅图？而且为什么又是现在呢？美国太平洋西北部长期以来一直是绿色政治和尖端科技产生的摇篮。14年前，西雅图地区曾购买了236辆意大利制造的布雷达公共汽车，用于一英里长的市区隧道中。本指望能把它们当作洁净的电力有轨地下电车，但是车上的转换装置经常出毛病，“而且汽车在穿越隧道时就像是辆柴油机，”布恩说，“噪音太大，烟雾太多。”

2002年，当布雷达汽车到了“退休”的年龄时，由布恩进行新的采购。他之所以选择美国通用汽车是因为他们使用的是自动转换装置和用来爬斜坡不费力的柴油推进器。在多山的西雅图，能够像柴油机（车）那样上下行驶，加速时又不冒黑烟的混合动力车，其售价比普通汽车高出200,000美元还是合理的。“看着柴油机冒着黑烟开走的日子终于结束了，”布恩说，“我们开车驶过乡村，用手绢擦拭排气管的内部可以发现手绢一尘不染。”

专家认为公共汽车是实现提高功效和净化空气双赢的关键。按照布恩的预计，上千辆混合动力小汽车节省下来的汽油（750,000加仑）才和公共汽车每年为西雅图节省的汽油一样多。美国通用汽车公司声称，他们的这种新型汽车产生的一种已知致癌物比传统柴油机（车）排出的少90%。“公共汽车在任何一座城市里都是主要的污染源，”普吉特海湾清洁空气监测站的戴夫·奇瑟说，“汽车一开动，人们就开始在呼吸这种废气。因此这是在汽车排放物方面迈出的重要一步。”

这类车在市场方面的进展也向前迈出了重要的一步：最近几个月，费城、火奴鲁鲁、长堤、加州和新墨西哥州的阿尔伯克基都购买了通用生产的公共汽车。现在，通用汽车公司在广告中把自己吹嘘成最棒的混合动力公共汽车的改革者，但是与通用公司竞争这一新生意的还有全球性的大公司——西门子；纽约计划到2006年配备325辆BAE系统的混合动力车。“这还有得争。”《混合动力机动车时事通讯》的编辑詹姆士·坎农如是说。看来好像不只西雅图一座城市想要远离肮脏。





Unit 26


The idea that corporations bear a responsibility that stretches beyond their shareholders is not new．Many companies in the 19th century built special housing for their employees in the belief that a well-housed employee was more productive than one living in a dump．In the early years of the 20th century，Theodore Roosevelt，then president of the United States，said，“Corporations are indispensable instruments of our modern civilization; but I believe that they should be so supervised and so regulated that they shall act for the interests of the community as a whole.” He introduced antitrust legislation and rules on health and safety，and on working hours．

In 1987，Adrian Cadbury，head of the Eponymous chocolate firm，wrote in Harvard Business Review: the possibility that ethical and commercial considerations will conflict has always faced those who run companies．It is not a new problem．The difference now is that a more widespread and critical interest is being taken in our decisions and in the ethical judgments which lie behind them.

The debate then focused on how much of Roosevelt's supervision and regulation was needed to make sure that corporations act sufficiently in the interests of the wider community．Extreme free-marketers say all that is required to ensure the responsible behavior of corporations is transparency about their affairs．Corporations will then behave responsibly towards the wider community without any coercion because it is in their own best interests．“Being good”，said Anita Roddick，founder of an“ethical” cosmetics firm，The Body Shop，“is good business.” In the United States，the Better Business Bureau goes further and argues that unethical business is bad for business as a whole，not just for individual firms.

The recent debate about corporate social responsibility（CSR）has focused on three main areas:

● The environment．This has stretched way beyond the simple demand that companies stop belching smoke out of factory chimneys to a demand that they control their appetite for natural resources—for bits of Brazilian rain forest，for example，or for the skins of rare animals．The organized hostility to such behavior has forced companies to change．For example，suppliers frightened by the venom of the anti-fur lobby felt compelled to boast:“Make no mistake; all our furs are fake.”

● Exploitation．The second strand is the exploitation of workers，especially of women in the developed world and of children in the developing world．There is a feeling that globalization has increased the power of multinationals to exploit the poor and underpaid，at the same time as it has weakened the influence of trade unions and other organizations designed to protect them.

● Bribery and corruption．The third strand focuses on corruption，in particular on the question of what constitutes a bribe（when does generous corporate hospitality step over the line?），and what protections should be given to whistleblowers（employees or other insiders who report corporate misdeeds）．Here there is a strong cultural element to confuse the issue．What constitutes bribery in western countries，for example，may not be considered such in regions such as the Middle East.


注（1）：本文选自Economist；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象为2004年真题Text 1。



1．What was Theodore Roosevelt's view on corporate social responsibility（CSR）?

A) He thought that corporations should be able to fulfill CSR for their own interests.

B) He insisted that CSR meant all employees should be treated equally.

C) He believed that the fulfillment of CSR must rely on government.

D) He suspected that CSR would violate corporations’ own benefit.

2．Which of the following is NOT an aspect relevant to CSR?

A) Governmental regulation.

B) Ethics.

C) Transparency.

D) Community responsibility.

3．The expression“Being good”（Line 5，Paragraph 3）most probably means ______.

A) producing quality products

B) maintaining profitable business

C) being conscious of community

D) being socially accountable

4．The debate about CSR in the three main areas reveals that ______.

A) companies’ environmental protection measures should focus on factory chimneys

B) a better understanding of the best CSR practices requires a thorough comprehension of various cultures

C) globalization is by nature against the promotion of CSR

D) CSR makes it more difficult to bribe in a decent way

5．What can we infer from the text?

A) CSR is a recent concept，emerging from the 20th century.

B) Theodore Roosevelt was the first US president who was concerned with CSR.

C) CSR is not only beneficial to individual companies，but the entire business sphere.

D) Trade unions are equally powerful in developed and developing countries.





篇章剖析


本文主要讨论企业的社会责任问题（即CSR）。第一段介绍了历史上对企业社会责任问题的看法，主要是罗斯福总统采取的一些措施；第二段承上启下，自然过渡到如今企业社会责任的新变化；第三段至文章最后概述了目前关于企业社会责任这个概念的争论及其所涉及的主要方面。





词汇注释


dump /dʌmp/ n. 脏乱的地方

indispensable /ˌɪndɪsˈpensəbl/ adj. 必不可少的，必需的

supervise /ˈsjuːpəvaɪz/ v. 监督，管理，指导

antitrust /ˌæntɪˈtrʌst/ adj. 反托拉斯的，反垄断的

legislation /ˌledʒɪsˈleɪʃən/ n. 制定法律，立法

transparency /trænsˈpærənsi/ n. 透明，透明度

coercion /kəʊˈəːʃən/ n. 强迫，胁迫

belch /beltʃ/ v. 喷出，喷射

venom /ˈvenəm/ n. 怨恨，愤恨

strand /strænd/ n. （构成整体的）一个组成部分

multinational /ˈmʌltɪˈnæʃənl/ n. 跨国公司

bribery /ˈbraɪbəri/ n. 行贿，受贿

constitute /ˈkɒnstɪtjuːt/ v．构成，组成





难句突破


This has stretched way beyond the simple demand that companies stop belching smoke out of factory chimneys to a demand that they control their appetite for natural resources—for bits of Brazilian rain forest，for example，or for the skins of rare animals．

主体句式：This has stretched way beyond...to...

结构分析：本句的难点在于stretch beyond...to...这个结构。beyond的宾语the simple demand又跟了一个that引导的定语从句，to后面的宾语是a demand，也跟了一个that引导的同语从句来进一步说明，最后破折号后面的内容是对the appetite for natural resources的补充说明。

句子译文：这不仅仅是要求企业停止用烟囱排烟，还要求它们控制其对自然资源的掠夺，例如巴西的热带雨林，或者稀有动物的皮。





题目分析


1．C 细节题。文章第一段西奥多·罗斯福说：“企业是现代文明进程中不可或缺的工具，但是我认为必须对其加以监管，使其为整个社会的利益服务”，也就是说他认为企业必须要有政府的监督，才能履行社会责任，因此C为正确选项。选项A的含义与之相反，选项B和D在文中均没有对应信息，因此都是错误的。

2．A 细节题。第三段开头指出“人们争论的焦点在于，要确保企业充分地为整个社会谋利，罗斯福所提出的监管有多大必要。”因此可见政府规定并不属于CSR的一个方面，而是一个外在因素。B、C、D三个选项在第二、三段均有提及。

3．D 语义题。本文主要谈的是企业如何对社区和社会尽到社会责任，因此安妮塔·罗迪克说的good business指的就是负责任的企业，因此D是最佳答案。C选项具有一定迷惑性，但是仅仅有社区意识是不够的，企业需要用实际行动去履行自己的责任，因此该选项不正确。

4．B 细节题。文章最后一段指出“在西方国家被认定为贿赂的行为在中东地区或许是合情合理的。”可见要更好地实践CSR还需要理解不同文化，因此B是正确答案。文章倒数第三段指出“这不仅仅是要求企业停止用烟囱排烟，还要求制约对自然资源的掠夺，例如巴西的热带雨林，或者稀有动物的皮。”而A选项说，环境保护措施应侧重于工厂的烟囱，这显然是不正确的。倒数第二段指出“人们觉得全球化助长了跨国公司剥削穷困工人的势力，同时也削弱了工会和其他为保护员工权益而设立的组织的影响力。”可见这里仅仅是一个猜测，选项C用了by nature是不对的。D选项的说法本身错误。

5．C 推理题。文章第一段指出19世纪就出现了企业履行社会责任的做法，因此A不正确。B和D的信息文章中没有提供，因此也不能入选。文章第三段指出“个别缺乏社会责任感的企业不仅会影响企业自身的声誉，还会累及整个行业”，所以C是正确答案。





参考译文



企业不只对股东负有责任，这一观念并不是最近才出现。19世纪，很多企业专门为员工提供了住房，他们认为，比起居住条件简陋的员工，居住条件好的员工生产效率更高。20世纪初期，时任美国总统的西奥多·罗斯福就说：“企业是现代文明进程中不可或缺的工具，但是我认为必须对其加以监管，使其为整个社会的利益服务。”罗斯福在位期间颁布了“反托拉斯法”，以及一系列关于健康、安全、工时等的法规。

1987年，吉百利巧克力公司的董事长阿德里安·卡德伯里在《哈佛商业评论》中写道：道德和商业决策之间会存在冲突是公司经营者一直面临的问题。这并不是一个新问题，如今的不同在于，每个决策及其背后的道德评判都触及了更广、更重要的利益。

人们争论的焦点在于，要确保企业充分地为整个社会谋利，罗斯福所提出的监管有多大必要。极端自由市场主义者认为，要保证企业承担责任，只需将其各项事务透明公开。这样一来，不需要任何强制措施，公司就会主动承担社会责任，因为这样做符合公司自身的利益。英国化妆品公司“美体小铺”是一家“道德水平高的”公司，其创始人安妮塔·罗迪克说：“做善事的企业，才是好的企业。”美国的商业促进局更进一步表示，个别缺乏社会责任感的企业不仅会影响企业自身的声誉，还会累及整个行业。

近期对企业社会责任的争论主要集中在以下三方面：

一、环境。这不仅仅是要求企业停止用烟囱排烟，还要求它们控制其对自然资源的掠夺，例如巴西的热带雨林，或者稀有动物的皮。有组织的抗争活动已迫使相关企业做出改变。例如，慑于反皮毛游说组织的攻击，一些供应商不得不声称：“不要搞错，我们所有的皮毛都是仿制品。”

二、剥削行为。第二方面是企业对工人的剥削，尤其是在发达国家对女性员工的剥削，和在发展中国家对童工的剥削。人们觉得全球化助长了跨国公司剥削穷困工人的势力，同时也削弱了工会和其他为保护员工权益而设立的组织的影响力。

三、贿赂和腐败。第三方面是腐败问题，尤其是如何定义腐败（企业各种慷慨接待的底线在哪），以及怎样保护举报者（举报公司不当行为的内部员工或其他知情者）。文化因素使这些问题更加复杂。例如，在西方国家被认定为贿赂的行为在中东地区或许是合情合理的。





Unit 27


In both rich and poor countries，poverty most often has a feminine face．It is bad enough in America: according to the Census Bureau 14.1% of women live in poverty，compared with 11.1% of men．In the developing world，the situation is much worse．By some estimates 70% of the world's poor are women and the depth of their deprivation，which often involves subsisting on less than $2 a day，makes American poverty look positively benign.

The World Bank would like this to change．Late in February，together with the OECD and several European governments，it convened a conference in Berlin on increasing the economic power of women．The bank reckons that restricting women's participation in the economy is not merely unfair，but bad economics．To put matters right it has released a“Gender Action Plan”，which calls for better data and a harder push for World Bank schemes that seek to move women into the economic mainstream.

Currently，the World Bank says that women earn an average of 22% less than men，and have much less access to credit; in Africa，for example，they receive just 1% of the credit going to the agricultural sector．Changing this could have an enormous impact on deprivation around the world．This is why Grameen Bank，among other poverty-fighting institutions，has chosen to focus its efforts on women．Almost all of its borrowers are women，and the micro-lender tries to ensure that its loans raise the economic status of women within their families by ensuring，for example，that ownership of houses built with Grameen loans staying with the women.

There is also evidence that giving women more financial power fosters economic development．Where men control most of the finances，it is more likely that households will distribute what they have unequally between male and female children，leaving the female family members with insufficient resources to meet basic needs．This，in turn，can hinder development of both mind and body．Giving women economic power can significantly alter decision-making in ways that improve general welfare．Households where women contribute a significant portion of the revenue spend more money on food and childcare and less on alcohol and tobacco.

But the World Bank may have cause and effect reversed．Does liberating women promote economic growth or does economic growth spur women's liberation? In an economy where adding economic value involves muscle power，women are bound to be paid less，and valued less，than men even before the effects of childbirth and childcare are taken into account．And in most societies，lower economic value translates into reduced social and political status.

The experience of developed countries certainly seems to indicate that economic growth is profoundly liberating for women．As the value of brute force falls opportunities in the labour market for women grow．Modern contraceptives，and labour-saving appliances，make it easier for them to take paid work．And with that comes economic and political power．There is a strong argument that women's liberation movement owes less to the“feminine mystique” than to the dishwashers and washing machines that reduced household drudgery．If so the bank would do better to concentrate on spurring economic growth rather than fretting about gender.


注（1）：本文选自Economist；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象为2004年真题Text 1。



1．Why does the author claim that poverty has a feminine face?

A) Because it is a global phenomenon that women are in general poorer than men.

B) Because most of the world's poorest people are women who are unable to sustain themselves.

C) Because there is a higher concentration of women in poverty than men.

D) Because it is a common practice around the world that women are paid less than men.

2．Which of the following is NOT the opinion of the World Bank?

A) Changing American poverty situation does not fall into the World Bank's consideration.

B) Raising women's economic status is not only a political issue，but is desirable in terms of sheer economic concern.

C) Women should be entitled to access more credit and that is going to change the world.

D) Giving women more economic power is good for families in the micro perspective.

3．The expression“translates into” （Line 5，Paragraph 5）most probably means _______.

A) turning one language into another

B) transforming into

C) transfering to

D) leading to

4．What is the author's attitude towards the World Bank's interpretation of female poverty?

A) Reserved consent．

B) Strong disapproval.

C) Slight contempt.

D) Enthusiastic support.

5．Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?

A) Poverty in America is of the similar condition as that of the rest of the world.

B) Female children and male children usually receive equal attention in households.

C) To raise women's economic status，it is important to liberate them from housework.

D) Grameen Bank only deals with small-loan businesses.





篇章剖析


本文是一篇以女性贫困为话题的议论文。第一段简单介绍了当前世界上关于女性的贫困问题；第二段中世界银行指出女性经济地位低导致了其贫困状况，第三、四段通过事例和理论分析来进一步论证上述观点；第五、六段为作者对世界银行观点的反驳。





词汇注释


deprivation /ˌdeprɪˈveɪˈʃən/ n. 剥夺

subsist /səbˈsɪst/ v. 生存，存在，供养

alter /ˈɔːltə/ v. 改变

contraceptive /ˌkɒntrəˈseptɪv/ n. 避孕品，避孕用具

mystique /mɪsˈtiːk/ n. 神秘性，奥秘

drudgery /ˈdrʌdʒəri/ n. 苦差事，苦工

fret /fret/ v. （使）烦恼，（使）焦急