Unit 75


On March 18th Margaret Spellings，the secretary of education，announced a pilot reform to the No Child Left Behind Act（NCLB），George Bush's education law，which was passed in 2002．Up to ten states，she said，would be allowed to target their resources at the most severely struggling schools，rather than at the vast number needing improvement．The change drew a predictable mix of praise and censure．Above all，though，it was a reminder of utter inaction elsewhere．

Congress，which was supposed to re-authorise the law last year，has made little progress．On the campaign trail，concerns over Iraq and the economy have made education a minor issue．Contrary to appearances，the law's main tenets are unlikely to be abandoned completely．But for the Democratic candidates in particular，a proper debate on NCLB is to be avoided like political quicksand．

Most politicians agree that the law has the right goals—to raise educational standards and hold schools accountable for meeting them．NCLB requires states to test pupils on maths and reading from third to eighth grade （that is，from the ages of eight to 13），and once in high school．Some science testing is being added．Schools that do not make“adequate yearly progress” towards meeting state standards face sanctions．Pupils in failing schools can supposedly transfer to a better one or get tutoring．Most also agree that NCLB has big flaws that must be fixed．Few pupils in bad schools actually transfer—less than 1% of those eligible did so in the 2003-04 school year．Teachers’ unions say the tests are focused too narrowly on maths and reading，fail to measure progress over time and encourage“teaching to the test”．They also complain that the law lacks proper funding．The Thomas B．Fordham Foundation，a conservative policy group，has exposed wide gaps in state standards．Test-data reflect this．In Mississippi 90% of fourth-graders were labelled“proficient” or better in the state reading test in 2006-07．Only 19% reached that level in a national test．

John McCain，the Republican presidential nominee，offers NCLB tepid support but fails to elaborate．At Democratic rallies，NCLB is little more than a whipping-boy．Hillary Clinton proclaims that she will“end the unfunded mandate known as No Child Left Behind”．But though she and Barack Obama deride NCLB publicly，each endorses the idea of accountability．They favour using more sophisticated“assessments” in place of tests，want to value a broader range of skills，punish schools less and support them more. How these ideas would be implemented remains unclear.

Not surprisingly，more controversial proposals can be found among those not running for president．Chester Finn of Fordham thinks the federal government needs greater power to set standards，while states should have more leeway in meeting them．A bipartisan commission on NCLB has issued a slew of proposals．Particularly contentious is a plan to use pupils’ test scores to help identify ineffective teachers as in need of retraining．Of course，standards alone do not improve education．Both Mrs Clinton and Mr Obama propose a host of new programmes for schools，described on their websites if rarely on campaign．But accountability is likely to remain a big part of school reform．


注（1）：本文选自Economist；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象为2003年真题Text 4。



1．The article begins with an announcement about a pilot reform of NCLB to ______.

A) show that the federal government is dedicated to improve education quality

B) tell us that Bush's education law was not properly designed and needs change

C) introduce how NCLB provokes different opinions and proposals

D) remind places of utter inaction to implement some measures

2．What is implied in Paragraph 3?

A) NCLB's principles are widely recognized but practices questioned.

B) The aim of NCLB is to encourage students to strive for entering better schools.

C) An important goal of NCLB is to improve students’ test-taking ability.

D) The definitions of“proficiency” are different on the state and federal levels.

3．The Democratic attitude toward NCLB is ______.

A) indifferent

B) disapproving

C) supportive

D) apprehensive

4．According to the proposals raised by those not running for president，______.

A) a more controversial debate should be carried on about NCLB

B) all the states should strictly meet the standards set by the federal government

C) teachers who fail to help students improve test scores should leave their schools

D) teachers should be provided with more pressure and assistance

5．The text intends to show ______.

A) that the presidency candidates are lukewarm towards educational issues

B) that NCLB is flawed with some fundamental problems

C) the discussion and controversies caused by a pilot reform to NCLB

D) how NCLB fails to comprehensively improve American education in general





篇章剖析


本文就美国教育部计划对《不让一个孩子掉队法案》进行试点改革这一事件展开讨论。第一段首先介绍了这一事件；第二段指出像NCLB这样的教育问题并不是总统竞选中的热门话题；第三段指出大多数政客支持NCLB的基本原则但是认为该法案存在很大问题；第四段简单介绍了两党候选人对NCLB的看法；最后一段就此问题深入展开，讨论更宏观的教育质量问题。





词汇注释


trail /treɪl/ n. 一长串；一系列；踪迹

tenet /ˈtenɪt/ n. 信条；主义；宗旨；原则

quicksand /ˈkwɪksænd/ n. 流沙

sanction /ˈsæŋkʃən/ n. 制裁，处罚

eligible /ˈelɪdʒəbl/ n. 合格者，适任者

proficient /prəˈfɪʃənt/ adj. 精通的，熟练的

tepid /ˈtepɪd/ adj．不热情的，不冷不热的

elaborate /ɪˈlæbərɪt/ v. 详尽阐述；详细制定

rally /ˈræli/ n. 集合，集会

mandate /ˈmændeɪt/ n. 命令，指令

deride /dɪˈraɪd/ v. 嘲笑；嘲弄

endorse /ɪnˈdɔːs/ v. 支持，赞同

leeway /ˈliːweɪ/ n. 余地；（时间等的）余裕

bipartisan /baɪˈpɑːtɪzən/ adj. 两党的，代表两党的

slew /sluː/ n. 许多

contentious /kənˈtenʃəs/ adj. 有异议的；引起争论的





难句突破


They favour using more sophisticated“assessments” in place of tests，want to value a broader range of skills，punish schools less and support them more.

主体句式：They favour...want...punish...and support...

结构分析：本句是一个简单句，其特色是有四个并列的谓语，整个句子读起来相当有节奏感，是一种值得借鉴的写作风格。

句子译文：他们倾向于用更复杂的“评估”来代替考试，重视更广泛的技能，增加对学校的支持，减少对其的处罚。





题目分析


1．C 细节题。从文章中可以看出，作者开头用美国教育部计划对NCLB进行试点改革这一事件作为一个引子，引出文章的重点，即各方的观点和提议，第一段也指出“The change drew a predictable mix of praise and censure.”，因此C是正确答案。

2．A 推理题。文章第三段指出“大多数政客一致认为NCLB的目标正确，即提高教育标准并使学校确保达标”，“同样，大多数政客也认为NCLB的问题很大，需要改进”，由此可见人们认同NCLB的基本原则但是质疑其具体做法，因此A是正确答案。虽然文中提到“在未达标的学校读书的学生可以转到好点的学校或者得到辅导”，但这并不是NCLB的目标，所以B项是错的。该段指出NCLB的一个问题是鼓励了应试教学，所以显然提高考试能力也不是NCLB的目标，C项也不正确。D的错误在于，该段最后说的是各州的标准不同，而不是国家和州对于“熟练”这个等级的定义不同。

3．B 情感态度题。文章第四段提到了两位民主党总统候选人对NCLB的看法，指出希拉里宣称她会“取消没有基金支持的NCLB条例”，同时她和奥巴马公开讽刺NCLB，这说明他们对NCLB持不支持的态度，因此答案为B。

4．D 细节题。本题主要针对文章最后一段。最后一段指出“那些没有参与总统竞选的人会提出更多具有争议性的方案”，但这里的controversial不是说这些人认为要进行更多的争论，因此可以首先排除A。B项对应的信息为“the federal government needs greater power to set standards，while states should have more leeway in meeting them”，这里的leeway指的是“回旋余地”，而不是B项所说的严格遵守标准，故排除。还有一个计划提出“应通过参考学生的考试分数来鉴定不合格的老师及其是否需要重新培训”，但没有说要让老师离开学校，因此C项也不正确。而这种做法正是给了老师们更大的压力，同时培训也是一种帮助，因此正确答案是D。

5．C 主旨题。纵观全文，文章首先说了美国教育部计划对NCLB进行试点改革这一事件，然后下面各个段落讨论了各方的观点和提议，因此C是正确答案。其他三个选项从表述上来说都是正确的，但是它们都只表达了文章的一个方面，不够全面，故排除。





参考译文



3月18日，美国教育部长玛格丽特·斯佩林斯宣布将对《不让一个孩子掉队法案》（简称NCLB）进行试点改革，这项教育法案是布什政府在2002年通过的。斯佩林斯指出，在此次试点改革中多达十个州将被允许把资源有针对性地投给那些最困难的学校，而不是分散地投给大批有待改进的学校。正如所料，这种改变引起的社会反应是毁誉参半。尽管如此，这项改革最重要的一点在于，它给那些完全没有采取任何行动的其他地方提出了一个警告。

国会原本计划在去年重新审定此法，但却进展缓慢。在总统竞选的过程中，候选人对伊拉克和经济事务的关注使得教育问题被挤到了一边。但与表面看起来不同，该法案的基本原则不可能被彻底丢弃。但特别是对民主党总统候选人来说，他们需要像绕开政治“流沙坑”一样回避对NCLB法案的认真讨论。

大多数政客一致认为NCLB的目标正确——即提高教育标准并使学校确保达标。NCLB要求各州测试三至八年级（8到13岁）学生的数学和阅读水平。学生进高中后要再考一次，并会增加一些对自然科学的考查。没有“适当逐年提高”达到教育标准的学校就会面临处罚。按照法律，在未达标的学校读书的学生可以转到好点的学校或者得到辅导。同样，大多数政客也认为NCLB的问题很大，需要改进。实际上，只有极少数（少于1%）符合条件的学生在2003～2004学年中从较差的学校转学。教师工会指出，仅仅测试数学和阅读范围过小，且考查不出学生随时间所取得的进步，却鼓励了“应试教学”。他们还指责该法律缺乏足够的资金保证。保守政策组织，托马斯B．福德姆基金会指出，各州的教育标准相差悬殊。而考试数据就反映出了这些差距：在密西西比州，90%的四年级学生在2006～2007学年的州阅读考试中被评定为“熟练”或更高级别，但在全国统考中仅有19%的学生达到了这个水平。

共和党总统提名人约翰·麦凯恩对NCLB仅予以不冷不热的支持，但未能对之详加阐述。在民主党的竞选集会上，NCLB只不过是个替罪羊。希拉里·克林顿宣称她会“取消没有基金支持的NCLB条例”。虽然她和巴拉克·奥巴马公开讽刺NCLB，但两人都支持教学效果考核制。他们倾向于用更复杂的“评估”来代替考试，重视更广泛的技能，增加对学校的支持，减少对其的处罚。但目前如何实现这些主张尚不明确。

毫不奇怪，那些没有参与总统竞选的人会提出更多具有争议性的方案。福德姆的切斯特·芬恩认为，联邦政府需要更大的权力来制定标准，同时各州在达标的过程中应该有更多的回旋余地。一个两党委员会针对NCLB发表了大量提案，其中的一个尤其引发争议，该计划提出，应通过参考学生的考试分数来鉴定不合格的老师及其是否需要重新培训。当然，单靠制定教育标准并不能提高教学质量。克林顿夫人和奥巴马先生为学校提出了一大堆方案，这些方案如果在竞选中没怎么被提及的话，也会在他们的网页上有详细解读。不过，教学效果考核制可能还是学校改革的主要部分。





Unit 76


Carmen Arace Middle School is situated in the pastoral town of Bloomfield，Conn．，but four years ago it faced many of the same challenges as inner-city schools in nearby Hartford: low scores on standardized tests，dropping enrollment and high rates of detention．Then the school's hard-driving principal，Delores Bolton，persuaded her board to shake up the place by buying a laptop computer for each student and teacher to use，in school and at home. For good measure，the board provided wireless Internet access at school．Total cost: $2.5 million．

Now，an hour before classes start，every seat in the library is taken by students eager to get online．Fifth-grade teacher Jen Friday talks about sedimentary rocks as students view them at a colorful website．After school，students on buses pull laptops from backpacks to get started on homework．Since the computers arrived，enrollment is up 20%．Disciplinary suspensions are down 80%．Scores on state achievement tests are up 35%．Bolton，who is black，is proud to run“a school with 90% black enrollment that is on the cutting edge.”

Indeed，school systems in rural Maine and New York City are eager to follow Arace Middle School's example．Governor Angus King has proposed using $50 million from an unexpected budget surplus to buy a laptop for all of Maine's 17,000 seventh-graders—and for new seventh-graders each fall．The funds would create a permanent endowment whose interest would help buy the computers．The plan，scaled back to $30 million in a compromise with the legislature，is scheduled to be voted on this week．

In the same spirit，the New York City board of education voted unanimously on April 12 to create a school Internet portal，which would make money by selling ads and licensing e-commerce sites．The portal will also provide e-mail service for the city's 1.1 million public school students．Profits will be used to buy laptops for each of the school system's 87,000 fourth-graders．Within nine years，all students in grades 4 and higher will have their own computers．

Back in Bloomfield，the school board is seeking federal grant money to expand its laptop program to high school students．In the meantime，most of the kinks have been worked out．Some students were using their computers to goof off or visit unauthorized websites．But teachers have the ability to track where students have been on the Web and to restrict them．“That is the worst when they disable you,” says eighth-grade honors student Jamie Bassell．“You go through laptop withdrawal.” The habit is rubbing off on parents．“I taught my mom to use e-mail,” says another eighth-grader，Katherine Hypolite．“And now she's taking computer classes．I’m so proud of her!”


注（1）：本文选自Time；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象：第1～5题分别模仿1994年真题Text 4第1～4题和Text 3第4题。



1．The example of Carmen Arace Middle School in the text is used to ______．

A) show the challenges schools are faced with today

B) prove that a school with high black enrollment can do well

C) emphasize the importance of computers and the Internet in modern education

D) indicate that laptops can help improve students’ school performance

2．According to the author，students in New York City's public schools will ______．

A) all have their own laptops within nine years

B) become more interested in their class activities with the application of laptop

C) spend more time visiting unauthorized websites with the expansion of the laptop program

D) enjoy e-mail service provided by the city's school system in the near future

3．By introducing the laptop program，Delore Bolton has ______．

A) shaken the beliefs of both teachers’ and students’

B) witnessed a remarkable improvement in enrollment and students’ test scores

C) found herself followers all over the country

D) revolutionized class-room teaching in public schools

4．The word“kink” （Line 2，Paragraph 5）most probably means ______．

A) plan

B) method

C) problem

D) process

5．From the passage we learn that ______．

A) the laptop program also has a positive influence on parents

B) the laptop program in public schools is sponsored mainly by endowment

C) a school Internet portal is the key to a laptop program

D) students generally like the idea of having their online activities tracked





篇章剖析


本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国的一些学校给在校师生配置笔记本电脑和引入网络教学的情况。文章一开始就引用卡曼·阿雷斯中学在引入笔记本电脑和网络教学之后发生的积极变化，以此说明这种做法值得尝试；接下来在第三段和第四段介绍了缅因州和纽约市的类似做法；最后一段介绍了教师如何确保学生将这一资源用于学习，以及这一举措的衍生价值：对家长产生积极的影响。





词汇注释


detention /dɪˈtenʃən/ n．阻止，滞留

laptop /ˈlæptɒp/ n. 便携式电脑

sedimentary /sedɪˈmentəri/ adj. 沉淀性的；冲积成的

backpack /ˈbækpæk/ n. 背包，背囊

disciplinary /ˈdɪsɪplɪnəri/ adj. 纪律的，执行纪律的

suspension /səsˈpenʃən/ n. 暂停，中止

surplus /ˈsɜːpləs/ n. 盈余；余款

endowment /ɪnˈdaʊmənt/ n. 资助，捐赠

scale /skeɪl/ v. （与up，down连用）按比例逐步增加；按比例逐步减少

unanimously /ju(ː)ˈnænɪməsli/ adv. 全体一致地，无异议地

portal /ˈpɔːtəl/ n. 【计】门户

license /ˈlaɪsəns/ v. 准许；发给执照；批准

e-commerce 电子商务

kink /kɪŋk/ n. （计划、系统中的）小问题

goof off 打发时间

unauthorized /ʌnˈɔːθəraɪzd/ adj. 未被授权的，未经认可的

rub off on （感情、习惯或者某种特点）感染，影响他人





难句突破


Then the school's hard-driving principal，Delores Bolton，persuaded her board to shake up the place by buying a laptop computer for each student and teacher to use，in school and at home.

主体句式：The school's..．principal persuaded her board to...

结构分析：这一句是个简单句，容易造成理解困难的是hard-driving这个单词和shake up the place这个短语。hard-driving用于指人的作风“强硬”，shake up the place的意思是“令这个地方震动”，说明这一措施非常大胆。

句子译文：后来该校作风强硬的校长德洛丽斯·博尔顿说服校董事会给每个学生和老师购置一台笔记本电脑供他们使用，这一举措在当地引起了不小的震动。





题目分析


1．D 细节题。从文中第二段引用的一系列数字可以看出，引入笔记本电脑和互联网以后，该校教育质量有了显著提高。所以该校的例子是为了说明笔记本电脑有助于提高学生的成绩。

2．D 细节题。这可以从第四段“The portal will also provide e-mail service for the city's 1.1 million public school students．”得知。