4．B 推理题。由第四段第二句“The government estimates that 95 million people still qualify for shots under the voluntary restrictions announced last week．”中可以知道有9500万人有资格注射疫苗。根据第四段第三句“That's nearly twice the number of doses that clinics will have on hand，but only 60 million Americans seek out shots in a normal year.”和前一句可以推断出美国现有大约4700万份流感疫苗库存，由此可推断出美国至少还有4700多万有资格注射疫苗的人无法得到注射。

5．B 细节题。从第一段倒数第二句“Instead of beseeching us all to get vaccinated，they're now urging most healthy people between the ages of 2 and 64 not to.”可以判断出美国只呼吁2～64岁的健康人不接种流感疫苗，而不是所有的美国人，因此答案A是错误的。从第二段最后一句可以看出疫苗生产厂家无法临时增加疫苗生产量不是由于他们不愿意，而是由于受精鸡蛋的生产已经预先计划好，无法提供更多的受精鸡蛋，由此可见答案C是错误的。从第三段第三句“Flu vaccines are harder than most to produce this way”可以判断出答案D是错误的，因为流感疫苗比别的疫苗更难用细菌培育的方式生产。而由第三段第二句“The main challenge is to shift production from eggs into cell cultures—a medium already used to make most other vaccines．”以及上一句可见，改造疫苗生产工艺的关键在于革新病毒培育技术，因此答案B是正确的。





参考译文



流感疫苗短缺在美国不足为奇，但今年的短缺传闻却是一个弥天大谎。到上周为止，好像还有1亿美国人能在今年秋季接种流感疫苗。紧接着，英国当局因为担心一家位于利物浦的生产厂的质量控制问题而禁止所有Chiron Corp公司的产品供应。一夜之间，美国的疫苗供应量减少了近一半——而联邦卫生官员也发现他们正在提出一项不同寻常的请求：不是请求我们去注射疫苗，而是敦促那些年龄在2～64岁之间的绝大多数健康人不去注射疫苗。“这再次凸显出我们疫苗供应的脆弱性，”全国免疫信息网的马丁·迈尔斯医生说，“此外，我们也没有必要的补救机制。”

为什么这种基本的保健服务会如此不堪一击呢？主要原因是私人公司生产积极性不高。生产每一份流感疫苗，生产商都要在一枚受精两星期的鸡蛋中培育活病毒，然后打破鸡蛋，提取病毒和用来激发免疫反应的蛋白质。利润率低，需求不稳定，此外由于每年的流感病毒不同，剩余的疫苗只能报废。因此美国目前只有两家大的供应商（Chiron Corp和Aventis Pasteur）——当其中一家公司遇到麻烦时，另一家公司也无能为力。“疫苗生产商根本不可能打个电话多要4000万个受精鸡蛋，”在康涅狄格一家蛋白质科学公司工作的马农·考克斯说，“整个鸡蛋生产都是按计划进行的。什么时间生产多少鸡蛋都是已经预先计划好的。”

目前的生产已经采用更好的技术。专家们希望今年的教训能够加快技术革新的步伐。最大的挑战是如何将疫苗生产从鸡蛋培育转向细胞培育——该技术已经广泛应用于其他大部分疫苗的生产。用细胞培育技术生产流感疫苗比生产其他大部分疫苗难度更大。尽管如此，几家生物技术公司正在进行这方面的尝试。索马尔Invivac医药公司研制的一种基于细菌培育技术的产品已经获准在欧洲销售。

对美国来说，当务之急是要利用好有限的流感疫苗。政府预计，尽管上周发布了自愿限制公告，仍有9500万人有资格注射疫苗。这个数字几乎是医院临床流感疫苗库存量的两倍。但正常情况下，每年仅有6000万美国人接种流感疫苗。事实上，许多专家希望这次疫苗短缺问题能成为一次提高公民道德意识的活动——鼓励那些确实需要注射疫苗的人们去注射。





Unit 86


It was a big week for Alzheimer's disease，and not just because PBS aired The Forgetting，a first-rate documentary about Alzheimer's worth catching in reruns if you missed it the first time．There was also a flurry of scientific news that offered hope to the families already struggling with Alzheimer’s，as well as to the baby-boom generation that's up next．Unless something dramatic happens，the number of Americans living with this terrifying brain disease could triple，to about 16 million，over the next 50 years．There's still no cure in sight，but there is progress on several fronts．Among them:

MEGADOSE VITAMINS Doctors knew vitamins E and C，both antioxidants，help stave off Alzheimer’s，at least in folks who haven’t already developed the disorder．① What they didn’t know—but a big study involving 4,740 participants published in the Archives of Neurology showed—was that the two vitamins taken together in huge daily doses（at least 400 IU of E and more than 500 mg of C） could reduce the risk of Alzheimer's a remarkable 78%.

COMBINATION THERAPY A yearlong study of more than 400 Alzheimer's patients showed that two drugs that work differently on the brain's chemistry act well together to help slow down the disease．② Patients who were being treated with donepezil（sold as Aricept），an older drug that preserves the neurotransmitter acetylcholine，were also given memantine（Namenda），a new drug approved by the FDA last October that blocks overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate. The two drugs worked even better in combination than they did alone，providing substantial benefit for patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s，according to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association.

BRAIN IMAGING Finally，scientists at the University of Pittsburgh announced that they had successfully developed a procedure that allows them to peer into the brains of Alzheimer's patients with positron emission tomography（PET）scans to see telltale plaque deposits．Before now，doctors could not track the progress of these plaques until after the patient died，when the brain could be autopsied．Using the new technique，doctors may be able to begin treatment long before the first symptoms appear.

None of these advances is a magic bullet for Alzheimer's disease．If you or your loved ones are concerned，the first step is careful evaluation by your doctor．Not all memory lapses are Alzheimer’s，and there are reversible causes of forgetfulness that can be treated if caught early．Also，remember the old adage “use it or lose it.” Mental exercise—reading，doing crossword puzzles，playing chess or Scrabble—is as good for preserving your mind as physical exercise is for your body.


注（1）：本文选自Time；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象：第1、3题分别模仿2002年Text 4第1题和Text 3第3题，第2题模仿1994年真题Text 2 第3题，第4～5题分别模仿2004年Text 3第4、5题。



1．From the first paragraph，we learn that ______.

A) the baby-boom generation will not suffer from Alzheimer's disease

B) recent progress brings hope for Alzheimer victims

C) the week was very important for Alzheimer’s，mainly because a documentary about it was shown on PBS

D) the new achievements made on several fronts show that Alzheimer's disease can be cured

2．The phrase“stave off ” （Line 1，Paragraph 2）most probably means ______ .

A) getting

B) treating

C) curing

D) preventing

3．The report in the Journal of the American Medical Association shows that ______.

A) combination therapy refers to combining two different ways of treatment

B) donepezil helps block overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate

C) combination therapy is of great benefit to all patients with Alzheimer’s

D) Aricept and Namenda have better effect when used together than used separately

4．Why is brain imaging considered progress in treating Alzheimer’s?

A) Because it helps doctors diagnose and treat the disease in an early phase by tracking the progress of plaques in the brain.

B) Because it helps doctors autopsy the brains of the patients after they died.

C) Because it helps doctors see the plaque deposits clearly so that they can operate on the brain.

D) Because it helps doctors develop a new procedure of tracking the progress of the disease.

5．To which of the following is the author likely to agree?

A) Alzheimer's disease can be cured thanks to the new advances.

B) Forgetfulness can be cured by doing mental exercise.

C) Careful evaluation is important because it can tell Alzheimer's from curable memory lapses，which can be treated if found in an early phase.

D) Mental exercises do good only to forgetfulness caused by reversible causes.





篇章剖析


本篇文章介绍了阿尔茨海默病研究领域取得的新成果。第一段，作者介绍了两件对阿尔茨海默病来说非常重要的事情：其一，纪录片《遗忘》的播出；其二，对该疾病的研究取得新发现。第二段介绍了新成果之一：大量服用维生素C和E有助于预防阿尔茨海默病。第三段介绍了新成果之二：药物治疗上的新发现——同时服用两种对大脑的化学特性起不同作用的药品有助于缓解病情。第四段介绍了新成果之三：大脑成像技术。用正电子放射X线断层摄影术自动程序控制技术检查大脑内的斑块，能够及早发现疾病隐患，及早治疗。第五段作者指出新的科研成果并不能治愈阿尔茨海默病，重要的是要多做脑力训练。





词汇注释


Alzheimer's disease 阿尔茨海默病（最常见的老年期痴呆类型）

PBS 美国公共广播公司（Public Broadcasting Service）

rerun /ˈriːˈrʌn/ n. 重播

flurry /ˈflʌri/ n．一阵

baby-boom n. 生育高峰

megadose /ˈmegədəʊs/ v. 给予…大剂量

antioxidant /ˈæntɪˈɒksɪdənt/ n. 【化】抗氧化剂

stave off 避开，延迟

chemistry /ˈkemɪstri/ n. 化学特性

neurotransmitter /ˌnjʊərətrænsˈmɪtə/ n. 【生】神经传递素

acetylcholine /əˌsiːtəlˈkəʊlɪn/ n. 【化】乙酰胆碱

FDA （美国）食品及药物管理局（Food and Drug Administration）

glutamate /ˈgluːtəmeɪt/ n. 【化】谷氨酸盐

substantial /səbˈstænʃəl/ adj. 巨大的

the American Medical Association 美国医学协会

imaging /ɪˈmɪdʒɪŋ/ n. 成像

peer into 窥视

positron emission tomography 正电子放射X线断层摄影术

scan /skæn/ n. 扫描

telltale /ˈtelteɪl/ adj. 泄密的

plaque /plɑːk/ n. 斑

deposit /dɪˈpɒzit/ n. 沉积物

autopsy /ˈɔːtəpsi/ v. （为查明死因而做的）尸体解剖

lapse /læps/ n. 丧失

reversible /riˈvɜːsəbl/ adj. 可逆的

adage /ˈædɪdʒ/ n. 格言，谚语

scrabble /ˈskræbl/ n. 一种拼字游戏

preserve /prɪˈzɜːv/ v. 保护，保持，保存





难句突破


① What they didn't know—but a big study involving 4,740 participants published in the Archives of Neurology showed—was that the two vitamins taken together in huge daily doses（at least 400 IU of E and more than 500 mg of C）could reduce the risk of Alzheimer's a remarkable 78%.

主体句式：What they didn’t know was that...

结构分析：本句的难点是句子长，结构复杂，不容易看出各句子成分之间的关系。What they didn't know是主语从句；but a big study involving 4,740 participants published in the Archives of Neurology showed是插入语，用于补充说明新发现的背景信息；was 后是that引导的表语从句，用于说明过去医生不知道的情况，即新发现的内容是：每日大剂量服用维生素C和E能有效预防阿尔茨海默病。

句子译文：发表在《神经病学档案》杂志上的一项涉及4740名参加者的重大研究成果显示，每天同时大剂量服用这两种维生素（至少400国际单位维生素E和500毫克以上的维生素C）能大幅度降低阿尔茨海默病的患病几率，降低幅度为78%。

② Patients who were being treated with donepezil（sold as Aricept），an older drug that preserves the neurotransmitter acetylcholine，were also given memantine（Namenda），a new drug approved by the FDA last October that blocks overproduction of a harmful brain chemical called glutamate.

主体句式：Patients..．were also given memantine.

结构分析：该句的难点有两个。其一是本句医学词汇多，影响理解。针对这一问题，重要的是不要勉强自己去理解每个单词的意思，而是要努力理解句子的主旨。其二是句子结构复杂而且句子长。who were being treated with donepezil（sold as Aricept），an older drug that preserves the neurotransmitter acetylcholine修饰Patients，作它的定语从句，而其中的an older drug that preserves the neurotransmitter acetylcholine是donepezil（sold as Aricept）的同位语，解释其功能；后半句中关键词memantine（Namenda）也带有一个长长的同位语a new drug..．glutamate，介绍这种新药的基本情况。

句子译文：患者在服用保护神经传递乙酰胆碱的donepezil （药品销售名称为Aricept）的同时服用美国食品及药物管理局去年刚刚批准的一种用于抑制有害大脑的化学物质——谷氨酸盐——过剩的药物memantine（药品销售名称是Namenda）。





题目分析


1．B 推理题。该题主要考查对第一段主旨思想的理解。第一段主要是引入下文的研究新成果，因此，主旨句是最后一句：There's still no cure in sight，but there is progress on several fronts．其他干扰项涉及本段其他句子的意义理解。

2．D 语义题。从“stave off ”后的“at least in folks who haven't already developed the disorder”可知，该短语指的是“起到预防作用”。

3．D 推理题。第三段第五至六行“The two drugs worked even better in combination than they did alone”是理解本题的关键。首先需要根据上下文理解这两种药品指：Aricept and Namenda；其次，要理解in combination的意思，其意为“结合”，在本句中指“同时使用两种药物”，再次要理解第三段第二行“help slow down the disease”中的disease 在第二段中曾被指为disorder。

4．A 细节题。从第四段最后一句“Using the new technique，doctors may be able to begin treatment long before the first symptoms appear.”可以推断出这种新技术能使医生及早诊断和治疗阿尔茨海默病。从第四段第三、四两行“..．to see telltale plaque deposits．Before now，doctors could not track the progress of these plaques until after the patient died,”可以推断出通过大脑成像技术跟踪斑块的病变情况是早期诊断阿尔茨海默病的关键。

5．C 推理题。从第五段第二句“If you or your loved ones are concerned，the first step is careful evaluation by your doctor.”可以推断出仔细的测评非常重要。第三句“Not all memory lapses are Alzheimer's，and there are reversible causes of forgetfulness that can be treated if caught early．”解释了细致测评的重要性：能根据测评判断出是否是阿尔茨海默病引起的健忘症状，如果是可逆性原因引起的健忘，发现及时，是可以治疗的。从以上两句可以推断出C正确。





参考译文



对于阿尔茨海默病来说，那是个重要的星期，不仅仅是因为美国公共广播公司播出了非常值得一看的纪录片《遗忘》，一部有关阿尔茨海默病的优秀纪录片。如果你错过了首播，建议你在重播时补看。此外，科学界喜讯频传，给众多与病魔做斗争的家庭以及在极可能患病的生育高峰期出生的一代带来了希望。除非有奇迹发生，否则在未来50年，美国患这种严重大脑疾病的患者人数将达到约1600万，是目前患者人数的3倍。虽然目前还没有治愈的办法，但科学家们在若干前沿领域的研究取得了新的成果。包括：

大剂量服用维生素：医生们过去就知道氧化剂维生素E和C有助于预防阿尔茨海默病，至少对于那些没有患上这种疾病的人们来说，是有预防作用的。可是他们不知道其预防作用到底有多大。发表在《神经病学档案》杂志上的一项涉及4740名参加者的重大研究成果显示，每天同时大剂量服用这两种维生素（至少400国际单位维生素E和500毫克以上的维生素C）能大幅度降低阿尔茨海默病的患病几率，降低幅度为78%。

联合治疗：对400多名阿尔茨海默病患者长达一年的研究表明，同时服用两种对大脑的化学特性起不同作用的药品有助于缓解病情。据发表在美国医学协会杂志上的一篇研究报告介绍，患者在服用保护神经传递乙酰胆碱的donepezil （药品销售名称为Aricept）的同时服用美国食品及药物管理局去年刚刚批准的一种用于抑制有害大脑的化学物质——谷氨酸盐——过剩的药物memantine（药品销售名称是Namenda）。报告还指出，同时服用两种药品对缓解中度和重度患者病情起到很大作用，疗效好于单独使用其中任何一种药物。

大脑成像技术：最后一个新成果是匹兹堡大学的科学家新近宣布的，他们已经成功研发出察看病人大脑内部的技术。他们用正电子放射X线断层摄影术自动程序控制技术察看大脑内泄露疾病成因秘密的斑块。从前，医生只能在病人去世后解剖大脑时研究斑块的形成。新技术的出现使医生们可以在病人的早期症状出现很久之前就开始治疗。

以上提到的成果都不能治愈阿尔茨海默病。如果您本人或您的亲朋好友不幸患上了这种疾病，第一步就是让医生做详细的测评。并不是所有的记忆力减退都意味着阿尔茨海默病，如果发现早，由可逆性病因造成的健忘症是可以治疗的。此外，请牢记那句古老的格言：“不用就会失去它。”正如体育运动锻炼身体一样，阅读、猜纵横字谜、下棋或玩拼字游戏等脑力训练有助于保持您的脑力。





Unit 87


The countdown goes something like this: 3）IRS auditor，2）ex-husband's new 20-year-old girlfriend，1）dentist．The top three people we most hate to see.

“Let's face it,” says Dr．Lorin Berland，a dentist in Dallas．“Dentistry can suck.” A third of Americans，according to the National Center for Health Statistics，haven’t even set foot in the dentist's office in the past year．Berland，along with an increasing number of dentists all over the country，is trying to change that．① He wants dental appointments to be less about pain and drilling and more about relaxation，foot massage and soothing aromatherapy.

Spa dentistry，as it's called，means you can enjoy a hot paraffin-wax hand treatment while getting your teeth cleaned．Or you can slip on some virtual-reality glasses and watch your favorite movie．Or you might just lie back and let the scent of lavender and the sound of falling water quiet your anxiety，while a licensed massage therapist eases the crick in your neck．Most vacations aren’t this good．In response to spa dentistry's growing popularity，the Chicago Dental Society will teach its first course on the practice at its annual midwinter meeting in February，expected to attract 35,000 industry professionals.

“Some people are born to cater to people，and others have to be taught,” says Dr．Grace Sun，a dentist in Los Angeles who，without benefit of a lecture，offers massage，fruit smoothies and movies．In addition，she provides luxury hotel-style concierge services: while you’re in the（vibrating，of course）chair，her staff makes dinner reservations，takes your cell-phone calls，baby-sits，dog-sits，orders in food or does just about anything else you ask.

Dr．Debra Gray King of the Atlanta Center for Cosmetic Dentistry calls her practice“the Ritz-Carlton of dentistry” and in fact sends her“dental concierges” to the Ritz-Carlton Leadership Center for training in client relations．They’re taught to squire each patient as he or she navigates the various rooms of the center's luxe 8,400-sq．-ft．Twelve Oaks-esque mansion．Once in the dentist's chair，King's patients can use the attached flat-panel monitor to watch TV，play a DVD or surf the Web．Can’t see the screen? No worries，there's one wired to the ceiling too．② Noise-reduction headphones block the screech of the drill and play a CD of your choice，and the specially constructed dental chair channels the sound waves from the music into a full-body massage.“The more relaxed the patient is,” says King，“the easier our job.”