54.Malformation (畸形) -is a morphologic defect of an organ, part of an organ, or a larger region of the body from an abnormal developmental process.
55.Disruption (破裂) -is a morphologic defect of an organ, part of an organ, or a larger region of the body resulting from breakdown of, or an interference with, an originally normal development process.
56.Deformation (变形) -is an abnormal form, shape, or position of a part of the body caused by mechanical forces.
57.Dysplasia (发育异常) -abnormal growth of a particular tissue.
58.Epistatic effect(上位效应): 影响同一性状的两对非等位基因,其中一对基因(显性或隐性的)抑制(或掩盖)另一对显性基因的作用时所表现的遗传效应。 即一对基因显性基因的表现受到另一对非等位基因的作用,这种非等位基因间的抑制或遮掩作用叫上位效应。起抑制作用的基因称为上位基因,被抑制的基因称为下位基因。(1) 显性上位:一对基因中的显性基因阻碍了其他对基因的作用。(2) 隐性上位:一对隐性基因对另一对基因起阻碍作用时叫隐性上位。
59.Tag SNPs:指能够代表某一基因组区域的所有SNPs的最小子集,它们在群体内相互连锁。Tag SNPs非常有用,因为最小子集的SNPs的等位基因组成的单倍体能够代表这一区域内所有的单倍型。
60.HapMap: A set of haplotypes, defined by tag SNPs, distributed throughout the genome, used for association studies.
61.二代测序技术 massively parallel sequencing (MPS) technology OR next-generation sequencing OR second-generation sequencing OR high-throughput sequencing
62.Translational medicine: An effort to carry scientific knowledge "from bench to bedside," translational medicine builds on basic research advances - studies of biological processes using cell cultures, for example, or animal models - and uses them to develop new therapies or medical procedures.
Ⅱ.Answer questions ( 60 points )(注意任选5题,请勿多选):
1.What are the effects of disease-causing mutations on function of gene product?
a) Loss of function
b) Gain of function
c) Acquisition of novel property
d) Abnormal expression: heterochronic(wrong time) or ectopic (wrong place)
2. How to identify and confirm a disease-causing gene?
a) Disease gene can be identified by 2 major approaches: positional cloning and candidate gene
b) Disease gene can be confirmed by segregation analysis, functional assay and animal study.
3. What are the major types of Genetic Defects?
• Somatic cell genetic defects 体细胞
• Multifactorial and polygenic defects 多因素和多基因=complex disorders
• Chromosomal genetic defects 染色体
• Mitochondrial genetic defects 线粒体
• Monogenic defects 单基因缺陷=single-gene defects
主要单基因遗传:AD,AR,XD,XR,Y。
4. What are the 4P’s medicine?
a) personal, 个人
b) predictive 预测
c) preventive 预防
D) participatory 参与性
5. What are the indications for prenatal genetic diagnosis? Why?产前诊断
(1)35岁以上的高龄孕妇;
(2)夫妇一方有致畸物质接触史的孕妇;
(3)夫妇之一有染色体畸变的,特别是平衡易位携带者;或夫妇核型正常,但曾生过患儿;
(4)夫妇之一有开放性神经管畸形,或生育过这种畸形儿的孕妇;
(5)夫妇之一有先天性代谢缺陷或生育过这种患儿的孕妇;
(6)X连锁遗传病基因携带者孕妇;
(7)有异常胎儿超声波检查结果者(含羊水过多者);
(8)有不明原因的习惯性流产史、畸胎史、死胎或死产史的孕妇;
(9)具有遗传性家族史,又近亲婚配的孕妇。
因为这些情况的夫妇生出有遗传缺陷子女的概率相对高出很多,因此进行产前诊断避免些遗传病的发生是非常必要的。
6. Goals of Clinical Molecular Genetics
• Accurate diagnosis
• Precise classification
• Elucidation of basic defect
• Prevention
• Effective therapy
7.principles of prenatal diagnosis 产前诊断的途径:
(1)孕早期绒毛取材(chorionic villus sampling, CVS)
绒毛组织:与胎儿共同起源于同一受精卵,具有相同的遗传学组成,最终将发育为胎盘。
(2)孕中期羊膜腔穿刺(Amniocentesis, AM)
羊膜腔:羊水、胎儿排泄物、脱落物
脱落细胞:消化道上皮、神经管上皮、羊膜细胞等,遗传构成与胎儿一致
(3)孕晚期脐带穿刺(cordocentesis)
胎儿血取材(fetal blood sampling,FBS)
脐带:胎儿的附属器官
由胎儿的脐动脉和脐静脉组成胎儿血
(4)母血胎儿细胞分离 对母儿均无伤害,但分离技术尚不完善,目前未进入临床应用
(5)植入前遗传学诊断