机械工程专业英语文献阅读之六  Words Learning
obtain  达到, 得到, 获得
We can obtain the data of yield strength and ultimate strength of this material by making test on tension machine.
我们可在拉伸试验机上作试验而获得这种材料的屈服强度和极限强度的数据。
She obtain the honor by all students for her excellent teaching.
她出色的教学水平赢得了广大学生的尊敬。
No wonder  不足为奇，难怪
The cylinder is leaking oil so seriously no wonder the oil pressure is so low.
油缸严重漏油，难怪油压那么低。
 
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之六  The Strength of Mechanical Elements 2
To sum up, the fundamental problem of the designer is to use the simple tension-test data and relate them to the strength of the part, regardless of the stress state or the loading situation. It is possible for two metals to have exactly the same strength and hardness, yet one of these metals may have a superior ability to absorb overloads, because of the property called
ductility. Ductility is measured by the percentage elongation which occurs in the material at fracture. The usual dividing line between ductility and brittleness is 5 percent elongation. A material having less than 5 percent elongation at fracture is said to be brittle, while one having more is said to be ductile.
 
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之六  Words Learning
To sum up  概括, 总结
Now I sum up my views in a few words.
现在把我的观点用几句话来概括一下。
regardless  不管，不顾，不考虑，不注意
Regardless of the consequences, danger and expense he started the experiment of uranium.
他不顾后果、危险和代价开始了对铀的试验。
superior  优秀的,优等的,好的，强的，上级
The properties of this material are superior to other two.
这种材料的各项性能都优于其它两种材料。
This machine is superior in many respects to that.
这台机器在很多方面比那台好。
 
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之六  Words Learning
absorb   吸收，缓冲，消减
A fabric can absorbs sound and a bumper cab absorbs impact.
纤维可以吸收声音, 缓冲器可以减震。
occur   发生，出现
Plastic deformation of the material occurs after elastic deformation.
材料的塑性变形发生在弹性变形之后。
dividing line  分界线
To gain the dividing line between the liquid and solid for these new material we have to do a lot of experiments.
要得到这些新材料的固液分界线，我们还需做大量试验。
 
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之六  The Strength of Mechanical Elements 2
The elongation of a material is usually measured over 50mm gauge length. Since this is not a measure of the actual strain, another method of determining ductility is sometimes used. After the specimen has been fractured, measurements are made of the area of the cross section at the fracture. Ductility can then be expressed as the percentage reduction in cross-sectional area.The characteristic of a ductile material which permits it to absorb large overloads is an additional safety factor in design. Ductility is also important because it is a measure of that property of a material which permits it to be cold-worked. Such operations as bending and drawing are metal-processing operations which require ductile materials.
 
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之六  Words Learning
gauge   标准尺, 规格, 量规, 计量
A gauge is an instrument for measuring or testing such as air gauge, angle block gauge, bearing gauge, chock gauge etc.
量规是一种测量或检验用的仪器如：空气压力计、角度块规、同心度量规、塞规等。
fracture   (使)破碎, (使)破裂,断口;断裂
The fracture is always occurred at ultimate strength when make a tension test to a specimen.
进行样品的拉伸试验时，断裂总是发生在极限强度达到时。
permits 充许，准许，许可
Too much impurity is not permitted  in the high quality steel.
优质钢中不充许有太多的杂质。
 
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之六  The Strength of Mechanical Elements 2
When a material is to be selected to resist wear, erosion, or plastic deformation, hardness is generally the most important property. Several methods of hardness testing are available, depending upon which particular property is most desired. The four hardness numbers in greatest use are the Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers, and Knoop.
Most hardness-testing systems employ a standard load which is applied to a ball or pyramid in contact with the material to be tested. The hardness is then expressed as a function of the size of the resulting indentation. This means that hardness is an easy property to measure, because the test is nondestructive and test specimens are not required. Usually the test can be conducted directly on an actual machine element.
 
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之六  Words Learning
resist  抵抗, 反抗, 抗, 忍得住
Asbestos material is used on the furnace to resist heat.
炉子中的石棉材料是用来隔热的。
Coating layer on the metal is used to resist corrosion.
金属上的镀层用于抗腐蚀。
desire  期望,希望,愿望,要求
It is desired that the modular machining system can be put into practical use.
期望模块化加工系统能在实际中得到应用。
employ  雇用,使用,利用，从事
Working efficiency is greatly improved by employing new machining methods.
使用了新的加工方法使工作效率大大提高。
 
机械工程专业英语文献阅读之六  Words Learning
function   功能, 作用, [数]函数
The value of deformation is the function of force. 
变形量是力的大小的函数。
The function of a lathe is to manufacture the circular parts.
车床的作用是加工回转形的零件。
nondestructive   非破坏性的, 无损的
A new measuring method which do not destroy the mechanical parts is called nondestructive measurement.
一种不破坏机械零件的新检测方法称为无损检测。
conduct  指导, 进行, 控制, 传导
All parts are readied to conduct the installation.
进行安装用的所有零件都加工好了。
 
机械工程专业英语   作业  English in  Mechanical Engineering (home work)
 


7机械工程专业英语  第七课
 
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate
一. 基本概念: 
    英译汉时,常将形式上的肯定句处理为否定句， 或将含有一个以上否定词的句子处理为肯定句或各种否定句。有时也会将形式上
的否定句处理为肯定句。
（一）形式上的肯定句译为汉语的否定句
1. The experiment is too difficult to make.
实验太难了，因而不能做。（结构上的肯定句，意义上的否定句）
2. Sliding friction is independent of the area of surface in contact.
滑动摩擦与相互接触的表面积无关。（表语含有否定意义的词）
3. A true scientific law admits of no exception.
真正的科学定律不容许有例外. (谓语是肯定式，但宾语中有否定词)
 
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate
（二）句子中有两个或两个以上的否定词，可根据否定词数量分别译为肯定句或否定句
1. Without radio we can not observe satellites at all.
没有无线电我们根本不可能观测卫星。（双重否定译法）
或：我们观察卫星必须有无线电才行。（肯定译法）
（本句谓语是否定形式。但由于还有一个表示否定的词without, 因此，实际上表示肯定意义。）
2. No one has never found a way to create energy out of nothing.
谁也没找到一种凭空产生能量的方法。
（本句有三个否定词：no one, never, nothing。双重否定表示肯定，那么，三重否定仍表示否定。）
 
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate
(三)英语形式上的否定句译为汉语的肯定句
The importance of preloading of bolts cannot be overestimated
对螺栓预加载荷的重要性无论怎样估计也不会过高。
(本句是对“过高估计”这个概念的完全否定,不可译成“不能过高估计”
The masses Ma and Mc are located at supports where they cannot move.
质量Ma和Mc位于固定支座上。 
二、英语否定词的位置：英语最典型的否定词是no, not。no用于否定名词，not用于否定动词、形容词和副词。
（一）谓语用否定式的否定句
The electric current does not flow if there is not potential difference between the ends of a conductor.
如果导体两端没有电位差，电流就不会流动。
 
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate
（二）谓语用肯定式，但主语或宾语被否定的否定句
1. Clearly no profession can exist in isolation.
显然，没有哪种职业能孤立地存在。（否定主语）
2. An ideal machine has no friction.
理想的机器是没有摩擦力的。（否定宾语）
3. It is important not to confuse mass, volume and density.
不把质量、体积和密度弄混淆是很重要的。（否定动词不定式）
注意：有些句子，形式上否定主句，实际上否定从句。这种情况主要为表示“相信”“想”“让”“认为”等一类的词
I don’t suppose he has any chance of success.
我想他没有成功的希望。（不译为：我不想他有成功的希望。）
 
翻译的基本方法 – 肯定与否定处理 Skills of Translation –affirm and negate
三、否定句的种类
1. 一般否定
例：Electromagnetic waves cannot be seen.
电磁波是看不见的。
（一般意义的否定，并无表示完全否定之类的语气强烈的词。）
2. 完全否定
例:The efficiency of a practical machine can never reach 100%.
一台机器的实用效率绝不可能达到百分之百。