Bond: . 】(政府、公司发行的)公债，债券A certificate of debt issued by a government or corporate guaranteeing payment of the original investment plus interest by a specified future date.
Equity: 公司的)股票值；股本Common stock and preferred stock which represent ownership to a business organization.

Just-in-time: It is a management philosophy that strives to eliminate sources of manufacturing waste by producing the right part in the right place at the right time.
Stock turnover: 存货周转率The number of times a particular stock of goods is sold and restored during a given period of time. 【经济学】(公司为减少原材料等物品的库存必要时才进货的)适时制(的)，零库存(的)，及时盘存调节法(的)，按需及时发送(的)[略作JIT]
Outsource: 外包To farm out(work, for example) to an outside provider or manufacture in order to cut costs.
•    Supply chain: 供应链 A number of business establishments through which products are moved from producers to end-users. 在物流领域中,供应链(SupplyChain)和供应链管理(Supply Chain Management)已经是大家所熟知的概念了,而供应链管理中恰恰是信息构成了其管理的逻辑载体,它既包含在供...

Lead time: 交付周期 The period of time between the actual ordering of parts or equipment and the delivery of them.

Investment banker: 投资银行家Companies that help other companies raise capital through the sale of new stock and bonds.

Initial public offering首次公开募股: Private company’s first offer of stock to the public. 是指某公司（股份有限公司或有限责任公司）首次向社会公众公开招股的发行方式。有限责任公司IPO后会成为股份有限公司。2009年IPO重启后,在239只新股、次新股中，两市已有51支新股破发。
Second market: 第二市场Where securities are trade after their initial issuance.

Spending sprees: Overindulgence in spending
Liquidity squeeze: 头寸紧张, 流动性短缺Financial pressure caused by shortage or narrowing economic margins.

•    Mutual fund共有基金
: An investment company that continually offers new shares and buys existing shares back on demand and uses its capital to invest in diversified securities of other companies.

共同基金的概念其实很简单，就是汇集许多小钱凑成大钱，交给专人或专业机构操作管理以获取利润的一种集资式的投资工具。
在国内，共同基金的正式名称为「证券投资信托基金」，是由投信公司依信托契约的形式发行受益凭证，主要的投资标的为股票、期货、债券、短期票券等有价证券。

Money market: The trade in short-term, low-risk securities. Such as certificates of deposits an U.S Treasury notes.

Bull market: 牛市
 A market, especially securities market, which is going up or expected to go up. 多头市场，指证券市场行情普遍看涨，延续时间较长的大升市。 此处的证券市场，泛指常见的股票、债券、期货、期权（选择权）、外汇、基金、可转让定存单、衍生性金融商品及其它各种证券。其他一些投资和投机性市场，也可用牛市和熊市来表述，如房市、邮（票）市、卡市等等。
Liquidity: 资产变卖能力；资产折现力The quality of being readily convertible into cash..

Hedge fund: 套保基金An investment company that uses high-risk techniques, such as borrowing money and selling short, in an effort to make extraordinary capital gains.
Up market: Appealing to or designed for high-income consumers. 对冲基金（hedge fund），是指由金融期货（financial futures）和金融期权（financial option）等金融衍生工具（financial derivatives）与金融组织结合后以高风险投机为手段并以盈利为目的的金融基金。

Personal disposable income: Personal income less personal direct taxes and other current transfers from persons to government. 个人可支配所得

Zero-sum game: ]零和博弈
Zero-sum describes a situation in which a participant's gain (or loss) is exactly balanced by the losses (or gains) of the other participant(s). It is so named because when you add up the total gains of the participants and subtract the total losses then they will sum to zero.
零和博弈又称“零和游戏”，与非零和博弈相对，是博弈论的一个概念，属非合作博弈，指参与博弈的各方，在严格竞争下，一方的收益必然意味着另一方的损失，博弈各方的收益和损失相加总和永远为“零”。双方不存在合作的可能。
Floating exchange rate system: 浮动汇率制度A system in which a rate whose value is determined purely by the market forces of supply and demand with no direct intervention of the central bank. (Also referred to as a flexible exchange rate.) 浮动汇率制度是指汇率完全有市场的供求决定，政府不加任何干预的汇率制度。鉴于各国对浮动汇率的管理方式和宽松程度不一样，该制度又有诸多分类。按政府是否干预，可以分为自由浮动和管理浮动。按浮动形式，可分为单独浮动和联合浮动。按被盯住的货币不同，可分为盯住单一货币浮动以及盯住合成货币。

Concessional Sale: 优惠销售A sale on terms that are more generous than normal commercial conditions would otherwise dictate. Such terms may include reduced sales prices, special low-interest financing or extended payment terms, or acceptance of a "soft" currency in settlement of the transaction. Concessional sales are often made in conjunction with foreign aid programs, but they may also be an aspect of governmental or corporate competitive policies and practices .
 
Cross-licensing: 相互特约经销An arrangement in which a firm grants a license to another firm to exploit proprietary rights in its patents, trademarks, or trade secrets, in exchange for similar licensure to use intellectual property rights of the recipient firm.

Cross-subsidization. 交叉补贴The use of financial resources accumulated by a multinational f1rn1 in one part of the world to fight a competitive battle in another region or country .See globalization. 交叉补贴（Cross Subsidization）是主导运营商运用其市场主导地位进行的一种妨碍竞争的定价行为。交叉补贴是一种定价战略。其思路是，通过有意识地以优惠甚至亏本的价格出售一种产品（称之为“优惠产品”），而达到促进销售盈利更多的产品（称之为盈利产品）的目的。

Glossary
"Gnomes of Zurich"苏黎世地精  Epithet coined by Britain's chancellor of the Exchequor for the speculators he thought were abandoning the British pound and making it increasingly difficult to defend a pegged exchanged rate in the mid-1960s. 苏黎世地精”(gnomes of Zurich)苏黎世的大银行家，是一个贬损瑞士银行家的词组。瑞士银行家一般都会与极为秘密的政策联系起来。
"The Snake in the Tunnel"蛇形浮动   A scheme set up by members of the EEC in 1971 whereby each currency would float inside a specified band against every other member currency (the snake), and a maximum limit was set on the difference between the most appreciating and most depreciating currencies (the tunnel). This was a predecessor to the EMS.
(Foreign) Exchange Rate 外汇率ice of one country's currency expressed in terms of another country's currency. (Note that in this text, the exchange rate is expressed in terms of domestic currency units required to purchase one unit of foreign currency.)
Antidumping Duty  反倾销税Tariffs sanctioned under the International Anti-Dumping Code (signed by most members of the WTO) to counteract or prevent dumping. Antitrade Pattern of
 
Appreciation/Depreciation 增值，贬值increase (decrease) in the market price of a currency under a floating exchange rate system.

Arbitrage套利  Buying something at a low price in one market and reselling it at a higher price in another market. 套利( arbitrage): ，指同时买进和卖出两张不同种类的期货合约。交易者买进自认为是"便宜的"合约，同时卖出那些"高价的"合约，从两合约价格间的变动关系中获利。在进行套利时，交易者注意的是合约之间的相互价格关系，而不是绝对价格水平。

Balance of Payments  国际收支平衡表The systematic set of accounts that record all economic transactions between residents of that country and the rest of the world during a given period of time. 国际收支平衡表是反映一定时期一国同外国的全部经济往来的收支流量表。国际收支平衡表是对一个国家与其他国家进行经济技术交流过程中所发生的贸易、非贸易、资本往来以及储备资产的实际动态所作的系统记录，是国际收支核算的重要工具。通过国际收支平衡表，可综合反映一国的国际收支平衡状况、收支结构及储备资产的增减变动情况，为制定对外经济政策，分析影响国际收支平衡的基本经济因素，采取相应的调控措施提供依据，并为其他核算表中有关国外部分提供基础性资料。
Barter Trade  易货贸易A method of exchanging goods and services directly for other goods and services without using a separate unit of account or medium of exchange.
Basis for Trade  贸易基础The mechanism that explains differences in (relative) prices in different countries, which in turn gives rise to trade between countries
Brain Drain人才外流  The emigration mainly from developing countries of highly skilled and educated people toward better paying countries (usually industrial economies, but recently some OPEC nations as well).
Bretton Woods System  布雷顿森林体系Under this post-World War II agreement, countries were allowed devaluations and revaluations of an adjustable peg exchange rate when faced with fundamental disequilibria that would otherwise require drastic domestic adjustment to keep the exchange rate fixed. Keynes was one of the architects of the Bretton Woods system. 布雷顿森林货币体系(Bretton Woods system)是指战后以美元为中心的国际货币体系。关税总协定作为1944年布雷顿森林会议的补充，连同布雷顿森林会议通过的各项协定，统称为“布雷顿森林体系”，即以外汇自由化、资本自由化和贸易自由化为主要内容的多边经济制度，构成资本主义集团的核心内容，是按照美国制定的原则，实现美国经济霸权的体制。

Capital Account  固定资产帐户Records the values of financial assets purchased and sold abroad by private residents (not monetary authorities) of the home country.
Capital Controls资本管制  Government limits placed on the use of the foreign exchange market to make payments related to international financial activity as opposed to payments for goods and services. 　在经济学上，资本管制是一种货币政策工具，是国家政府机关等权力机构用来掌控资本从国家资本账户等的流进和流出，以及定向投资金额从国家或货币中的进出。资本管制从克林顿政府祈求通过国际社会的努力创建世界贸易组织（WTO)起变得越来越突出，最初是因为全球化已经提升了区域强势货币的加快速度，换句话说，给一些货币超出其自然地理界限的效用。
资本流动受国家施加的资本管制的影响。各国政府对进入该国的资本流量往往具有控制权。例如，一个国家的政府能够对本国投资者在国外资本所得课以特别税，这种税收迫使本国投资者不再向国外市场输出资金，因而增加了本国的资本帐户余额。然而，其他受此税收影响的国家会对其本国投资者课以类似的税收加以报复，结果各国投资者在外国的投资均减少。
Capital Flight资金外流  When investors flee a country (taking their capital with them) because of doubts about government policies.
Central Bank  ]中央银行The official authority that controls monetary policy and also (usually) undertakes the official intervention in the foreign exchange market.

CITES （onvention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora）
  The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, first signed in 1973 and now with over 130 member countries. Calls for strict regulation of trade in products related to species threatened with extinction. 华盛顿公约（CITES）的精神在于管制而非完全禁止野生物的国际贸易，其用物种分级与许可证的方式，以达成野生物市场的永续利用性。该公约管制国际贸易的物种，可归类成三项附录，附录一的物种为若再进行国际贸易会导致灭绝的动植物，明白规定禁止其国际性的交易；附录二的物种则为目前无灭绝危机，管制其国际贸易的物种，若仍面临贸易压力，族群量继续降低，则将其升级入附录一。附录三是各国视其国内需要，区域性管制国际贸易的物种。Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
Clean Float  清洁浮动，自由变动的行市制度(政府不介入而由市场的供求关系自动调节的行市制度)
 Exchange rates determined by a freely functioning foreign exchange market.
Clearing  清算ermitting payments to be made between entities who want to hold or use different currencies. Community Indifference

Common Market欧洲共同体   An international union going beyond a customs union by also allowing for the free movement of labor and capital (factor flows) among member nations.

•    Consumption Effect消费效应  The welfare loss to consumers in the importing nation that corresponds to their being forced to cut their total consumption as a result of the tariff. 关税的消费效应（consumption effect）：是指关税征收导致商品价格上升，消费量减少了，也就产生了消费效应，而福利必然下降。

 Countervailing Import Duties反补贴税  Retaliatory duties against a foreign government subsidizing exports into your national market. 反补贴税，是指对进口商品使用的一种超过正常关税的特殊关税，目的在于为了抵消国外竞争者得到奖励和补助产生的影响，从而保护进口国的制造商。
Covered Interest Arbitrage   Buying a country's currency spot and selling it forward to make a net profit off the combination of higher interest rates in the country and any forward premium on its currency.

Crawling Peg小幅度调整汇率  An exchange rate system in which the pegged rate is changed frequently according to a set of indicators or in response to monetary authority direction.
Currency Board  货币局制One system for fixing a country's exchange rate. The board stands ready to exchange domestic currency for foreign currency at a rate specified and fixed rate, and can issue new domestic currency only in exchange for foreign reserves. In essence, the domestic currency is fully backed by reserves of foreign exchange. Currency boards are popular in emerging economies. 　货币局制度是一种汇率机制，它有两项基本原则，一是本国货币钉住一种强势货币，与之建立货币联系，此货币成为锚货币，二是本国通货发行以外汇储备——特别是锚货币的外汇储备为发行保证，保证本国货币与外币随时可按固定汇率兑汇。
 
Currency Futures货币期货  Contracts to buy or sell a foreign currency on a specific date in the future at a price set today. In this sense, futures are exactly like forward exchange contracts. The difference lies in their form. While forward contracts are tailored to the needs of the customer in terms of amount of funds, due date of contract, and so on, futures contracts have standardized denominations and due dates. As a consequence they can be traded in organized markets such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. Almost anyone with some up-front funds can enter into a futures contract; only very large firms get forward contracts from their banks. 货币期货又称外汇期货，它是以汇率为标的物的期货合约，用来回避汇率风险
Currency Options外汇期权  A currency options contract gives parties the right (but not the requirement) to buy/sell foreign exchange in the future at a price set today. If someone purchases a call option she buys the right to obtain the currency at the strike price at a given date in the future. A person purchasing a put option buys the right to sell the currency at the strike price. A person expecting foreign currency to become pricier in the future might buy a call option; a person expecting the currency to fall in value might buy a put option. 外汇期权（currency options）是指外汇期权合约的购买者可以在合约期满日或在此之前按规定的汇率买进或卖出预先约定数量的外汇，也可以放弃执行合约的权利。
Current Account  活期存款帐户Records the values of goods and services sold and purchased abroad, plus net interest and other factor payments and net unilateral transfers and gifts.
Curves   An illustration of the different combinations of commodity quantities that would bring the whole community (here, the nation) the same level of satisfaction.
Customs Union关税联盟  One in which members remove all barriers to trade among themselves and adopt a common set of external barriers, thereby eliminating the need for customs inspection at internal borders (e.g., MERCOSUR today, and the EEC from 1957-1992). D关税同盟（Customsunion）是指两个或两个以上国家缔结协定，建立统一的关境，在统一关境内缔约国相互间减让或取消关税，对从关境以外的国家或地区的商品进口则实行共同的关税税率和外贸政策。关税同盟从欧洲开始，是经济一体化的组织形式之一。对内产行减免关税和贸易限制，商品自由流动；对外实行统一的关税和对外贸易政策。关税同盟有两种经济效应，静态效应和动态效应。

Dollar Crisis美元危机  Denotes the situation prevailing toward the end of the Bretton Woods era, with the excessive build up of dollar reserves in the hands of foreign central banks due to the large and persistent U.S. payments deficit. The gold backing of the dollar was questioned and ultimately the dollar allowed to float freely starting in 1973. 　　第一次美元危机指１９６０年１０月伦敦黄金市场价格猛涨到４１．５美元／盎司，超过官价２０％，美元大幅贬值，美元作为布雷顿森林体系所规定的储备货币第一次显示出信任危机。
在马歇尔计划中美国实行“廉价货币”政策，大量美元涌入欧洲，同时美国的国际收支状况恶化，造成美元贬值的压力，动摇了人们美元与黄金固定兑换比价的信心。
欧美各国中央银行和国际货币基金组织的应对措施：
建立“黄金总库”
签署货币互换协议
签署一般贷款协定
Dumping倾销  A form of international price discrimination in which an exporting firm sells at a lower price in a foreign market than it charges in other markets (usually its domestic market) or sells its exports at a price that is below its costs. 倾销，是指一国（地区）的生产商或出口商以低于其国内市场价格或低于成本价格将其商品抛售到另一国（地区）市场的行为。 对倾销的调查和确定，由对外贸易经济合作部负责。
Dutch Disease荷兰病  A famous example of the phenomenon described by the Rybczynski theorem. The term was used to describe a problem experienced by the Netherlands, where the discovery of new natural gas fields was thought to have led to a decline in the production of manufactured goods. 　　“荷兰病”（the Dutch disease）是指一国特别是指中小国家经济的某一初级产品部门异常繁荣而导致其他部门的衰落的现象。
Economic Sanction  经济制裁Discriminatory restrictions or complete bans on economics exchange, designed to punish the target country or countries. 经济制裁经济制裁（EconomicSanctions），指一国或数国对破坏国际义务、条约和协定的国家在经济上采取的惩罚性措施。
Economic Union  经济联盟；经济同盟One which extends a common market by harmonizing the monetary and fiscal policies of the member nations as well.
Economies of Scale  规模经济The percent reduction in average costs achieved by expanding all inputs by a given percentage.
Embargoes (boycotts)   禁止或限制贸易Complete bans on economic exchange.
  
Engel's Law恩格尔定律  The income-elasticity of demand for food is less than one. As per capita incomes rise in the long run, demand will shift away from food and the relative price of food will fall. 19世纪德国统计学家恩格尔根据统计资料，对消费结构的变化得出一个规律：一个家庭的收入越少，家庭收入中（或总支出中）用来购买食物的支出所占的比例就越大，随着家庭收入的增加，家庭收入中（或总支出中）用来购买食物的支出则会下降。推而广之，一个国家越穷，每个国民的平均收入中（或平均支出中）用于购买食物的支出所占比例就越大，随着国家的富裕，这个比例呈下降趋势。即随着家庭收入的增加，购买食物的支出则会下降。
 
Export Subsidy出口补贴  Government policy to encourage export of goods and discourage sale of goods on the domestic market through low-cost loans or tax relief for exporters, government-financed international advertising, etc出口补贴又称出口津贴 ，是一国政府为了降低出口商品的价格，增加其在国际市场的竞争力，在出口某商品时给予出口商的现金补贴或财政上的优惠待遇 。