6、Montesquieu
   —→ was the first of the great French men of letters associated with the Enlightenment
           (第一个加入到启蒙运动的法国人)
      —→ Persian Letters (波斯人的信札)
      —→ The spirit of the Laws (论法的精神)
7、It is an investigation (研究) of the environmental and social relationships that lie behind the laws of civilized society.
8、The definition of law by Montesquieu.
9、“must be adapted to each people” 是Montesquieu 在 The Spirit of the Laws 中提到
10、The theory of the separation of powers (三权分立理论) was put forward by Montesquieu in his work The Spirit of the Laws. He believed that the legislative (立法), executive (行政) and judicial (司法) powers must be confided (托付) to different individuals, acting independently. (独立的行为)
11、The theory of the separation of powers was accepted by the U.S. Constitution.
    (三权分立的思想被美国宪法所接受)
12、Voltaire (伏尔泰) —→ His works are an outstanding embodiment (杰出的体现) of the principles (原则性的) of the French Enlightenment.
                    —→ Letters Anglaise (Letters philosophiques) 哲学信件
                    —→ Candide (名字)
13、Rousseau (卢梭)
The greatest figures of the French Enlightenment (对浪漫主义文学思潮产生影响的法国哲学家是卢梭) he glorified human nature and attacked social inequality. (赞扬人的本质反对社会不平等)
           —→ The Origin of Human Inequality (论人类平等的根源)
                “man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”
      —→ The Social Contract (社会契约论) social democracy 呼唤社会的民主
14、Rousseau 之所以比 Hobbes 和 Locke 更高级是因为他提出了 social democracy. P233
15、Daniel Defoe —→ Robinson Crusoe (鲁滨逊漂流记)
                —→ One of the greatest fiction writers (小说作家) of 18th century England.
    在启蒙运动中英国有一部触及现实主义的作品和人是：Daniel Defoe
16ft  —→ Satirist (讽刺大师) in the English language
          —→ A modest Proposal (温和的建议)
          —→ Gulliver’s Travels (格列佛游记)
17、Fielding —→ Father of the English novel (英国现代小说之父) 第一个写小说的是乔叟
            —→ 小说类型为：Modern novel
            —→ The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (一个弃儿的历史)
18、He was also the first person to approach the genre (类型) with a fully worked-out theory of the novel.  (用小说理论进行创作的第一人)
19、Goethe (歌德) —→ 德国文学第一人
                 —→ The Sorrows of Young Werther (少年维特的烦恼) 郭沫若翻译
                 —→ Faust (浮士德)
                 —→ Poetry and Truth (诗和真理)  Autobiography (自传体)
20、Schiller (席勒) —→ He was a founder of modern German literature. 多产的作家
                      Schiller and Goethe are the chief representatives of German classicism
                  —→ The Robber (抢劫者)
                  —→ Cabal and Love (阴谋与爱情)
                  —→ Wilhelm Tell (威廉如是说)
21、Kant (康德) —→ Waterhead of modern philosophy (当代哲学的源头)
                    nebular hypothesis (那不勒假说 or 星云假说)
        —→ General History of Nature and Theory of the Heavens
(自然发展史和天体理论) nebular hypothesis在这部作品中提出
                —→ Critique of Pure Reason (论纯粹的推理)
                 rationalism with empiricism (把理论主义与经验主义融为一体)在上书中
                 human knowledge is limited to the phenomenal world. 局限于外部世界
22、The Musical Enlightenment (音乐启蒙运动)名词解释
    By the beginning of the 18th century the art of creating music had become almost entirely (完全) rationalized (理性化).  It came to its richest fruition (高潮) in the works of Bach (巴赫) and Handel (亨德尔).  Bach and Handel represented a trend (趋势) towards greater regularity (规律性) of style in the clearly defined types and forms, in a series (系列) of standardized formulas (公式).
23、Bach (巴赫)
      —Bach created a synthetic art (人为艺术) which summarized (总结) all the developments of the Baroque era.
      —为 Haydn (海顿), Mozart, and Beethoven 打下基础的人是Bach
      —Schumann said, “Music owes as much to Bach as Christianity does to its Founder.”
                   (欧洲现代主义音乐的创始人)
24、Handel (亨德尔)
      —combination (结合) of the Italian traditions of solo (独奏为主) and instrumental style, the English choral (合唱) tradition.
      —→ Messiah (米赛亚)轻歌剧教会音乐 ☆
25、The Baroque Period was followed by the Classical Period, roughly between 1750 and 1820.
26、Classical Period 三大代表：Haydn (海顿), Mozart, and Beethoven.
27、以上三位代表为：Viennese School (维也纳流派)
28、Haydn (海顿) —→ Austrian
                 —→ London symphonies (伦敦交响乐) 以交响乐为主
29、Mozart (莫扎特) 歌剧成就最高 英年早逝(文学上为：Keats)
                 —→ Operas (歌剧)
                 —→ Don Giovanni (唐璜)
                 —→ The Marriage of Figaro (费加罗的婚礼)

论述简答
一、What is the historical context for the Enlightenment to develop?
答：
1、The American War of Independence (美国独立战争) of 1776 ended British colonial (殖民) rule over that country and got victory in 1783.
☆ The Declaration of Independence (独立宣言)
2、The French Revolution broke out in 1789. The seizure (占领) of the Bastille (巴士底狱). The first French Republic was born in 1792.
☆ Declaration of the Rights of Man (人权宣言)
3、The Industrial Revolution (工业革命) the 1760’s — the 1830’s, beginning with the invention of the steam engine, rapidly (迅速的) changed the face of the world (世界的面貌), and ushered in a completely new age. (开创了一个崭新的时代)
二、What is the great significant of the Industrial Revolution? (只要问到工业革命就答这个)
答：
1、The introdution引入 of machines which reduced the need for hand labour in making goods.
2、The substitution (替代) of steam power for water, wind, and animal power.
3、The change from manufacturing (手工作坊) in the home to the factory system.
4、New and faster method of transportation (交通方式) on land and on water.
5、The growth of modern capitalism and the working class. (两大阶级的对立)

第七章

1、Romanticism名词解释
    Romanticism was a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.  Starting from the ideas of Rousseau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement (狂飙运动) in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations (灵感) above those of society.  As a reaction (反应) to the industrial revolution (工业革命), it looked to (承上启下) the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature (与大自然的直接接触) for inspiration (灵感).  Romanticism gave impetus (动力支持) to the national liberation movement (民族解放运动) in 19th century Europe.
2、The literary and philosophical trend (倾向) in the Romantic philosophy was represented by Transcendentalism.(先验论) <Emerson爱默生>
3、the theoretical (理论上的) groundwork (基础) for capitalism was Adam Smith’s the wealth of Nations.
4、Brotherhood最早由犬儒派提出，惠特曼的草叶集也提到
5、French revolution with its slogans (口号) of liberty (自由), equality and universal brotherhood.
6、Blake  —→  Songs of Innocence (清白之歌)  happy world
             —→  Songs of Experience (经验之歌)  bitter world (苦涩)
7、The Laker poets (The Lakers)
① Wordsworth —→  Lyrical Ballads (抒情民谣) 与 Coleridge 合写
                    —→  The Prelude (序曲)
② Coleridge   —→   Kubla Khan (忽必烈汗)  exotic culture (外来文化)
                    —→   The Rime of the ancient Mariner (古舟船泳)
8、Lyrical Ballads marked the beginning of the Romantic literature.
9、Coleridge’s works possessed the characteristic of exotic culture. (外来文化)
10、Byron  —→  Isles of Greece (希腊诸岛)
             —→  Don Juan (唐璜) 莫扎特改编成歌剧 (选择)
  ⊙Byron 是浪漫主义时期中国最熟悉的
  ⊙两个战役 hence (战役) the mention (提到的) of Marathon (马拉松) and Thermopylae
    ⊙Byronic hero 对中国影响最深的是鲁迅
11、Byron created a typical hero which is call The Byronic hero.
12、Byron mentioned two important wars of Marathon and Thermopylae in Isles of Greece.
13、Byronic hero名词解释
    Byronic hero was created by Byron in the Romantic period of the English literature. The Byronic hero is characterized by bravery and hard working spirit, such as Don Juan as the best representative of the Byronic hero.
14、Shelly —→  Ode to the West Wind (西风颂) (If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?)
              —→  Prometheus Unbound  The Lyrical drama 抒情戏剧
15、”If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” was written in Ode to the West Wind by Shelly.
16、Shelly wrote a Lyrical drama Prometheus Unbound which is a parody Prometheus bound written by Aeschylus
17、Keats —→  Ode to a Nightingale (夜莺赋)  <非正式场合>
          —→  Ode on a Grecian Urn (希腊古瓮颂)  Beauty is truth, truth beauty.
          —→  sonnets (伤籁 十四行诗)            只有真理才是永恒的美
18、“Beauty is truth, truth beauty,”was written in Ode on a Grecian Urn by Keats.
19、(略)Scott  —→  The Heart of Mid-lothian (密德罗安市的监狱)
              —→  Ivanhoe (撒克逊劫后英雄传)
20、The death of Scott marked the end of Romanticism in England. 他的死标志着浪漫主义结束
21、Victor Hugo —→ Cromwell  (介于浪漫主义与古典主义之间)
               —→  Notre Dame de Paris (巴黎圣母院)
               —→  Les Miserables (悲惨世界) 主人公：Jean Valjean
22、Victor Hugo was a best representative writer of Romanticism in France.
23、George Sand —→  Indiana (印第安纳州) misunderstook woman没受到公正待遇的女性
24、Russian Romantic literature was against The Tzarist rule.(沙皇统治)
25、The representative writers of Russia Romanticism were Pushkin and Lermontov.
26、Pushkin  —→  Ruslan and Liudmila (罗斯兰与雷尔达米拉) 与 leaves of grass 相似
        —→  Boris Godunov (布达耶夫)
It is people, not the Tzar that could change history.不是沙皇改变了历史而是人
             —→  Eugene Onegin (奥涅金) based on Byron’s model Don Juan.
    ⊙Pushkin was himself a “Byronic hero”
27、Lermontov (雷蒙托夫) —→  The death of a Poet 主人公 (poet) 是: Pushkin
                         —→  A Hero of Our Time (时代英雄)
28、Romantic Music名词解释 承前启后的年代音乐家是重点
The Romantic Movement in music dominated (统治) the period about 1830 to about 1900. It was merely part of a general movement, which, all over Europe, especially in Germany and France, affected (感染着) all arts. The Romantic Music is divided into two periods: The early Romantic Music represented by Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin, Schumann, and the later Romantic Music represented by Brahms and Tchaikovsky.
29、Beethoven —→  Fate (命运交响曲)
      German   —→  Pastoral (田园交响曲)
30、Beethoven’s most important contributions to the musical world were in those musical forms associated with (伴随着) the growth of the sonata.（把奏鸣曲放入钢琴去中）
31、His treatment of the piano.
32、Schubert  —→  Lied (art song) 艺术歌曲是由 Schubert创的  Austrian (奥地利)
    Music came to him as naturally as breathing. (像呼吸一样顺畅) 是形容Schubert的
33、Chopin (肖邦) Polish (波兰)
    ⊙ piano music的奠基者
    ⊙ He stood in the same relation to piano music that handle did to the oratorio (清唱剧), Mozart to the concerto (协奏曲) and opera, Beethoven to the symphony (交响乐), and Schubert to the lied (艺术歌曲).
34、Schumann  German
    ⊙ His works were full of imagination. (充满幻想力)
    ⊙ He went a good deal further than most towards individualization (个性化) and program music (标题音乐).
35、Mendelssohn (门德尔松)  —→   Fingal’s Cave (圣格尔的洞穴)  German
    ⊙ He was also a master in painting landscapes in music. (像描述风景一样)
36、Belioz   —→  Fantastic Symphony (交响乐狂想曲)
37、Brahms浪漫主义与古典主义的完美结合—→German cerebral composer (理智的作曲家)
38、Three B’s refers to Bach, Brahms, Beethoven.
39、Tchaikovsky (Russian)  —→  Ballet (芭蕾舞) —→ Swan Lake (天鹅湖)
    His music mirrored the deep, emotional character of his people. (National emotion)民族情节

论述简答
一、What is the historical background for Romanticism to develop?
    (What gave a push for Romanticism?)
启蒙运动的三个背景的后两个为浪漫主义的背景
答：
1、The Enlightenment brought about two revolutions and they caused Romanticism to rise.
2、First, the French revolution which broke out in 1789, established bourgeois democracy with its slogans (口号) of liberty (自由), equality and universal brotherhood (博爱). Individualism prevailed (个人主义流行).
3、Second, the Industrial Revolution, made possible by technological advances such as James Watt’s (瓦特) invention of the steam engine in 1764, brought unforeseen (无法预料的) changes to each individual and society as a whole. Man’s thinking was fundamentally affected (发生了根本性的变化). New economic ideas were put forward by Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations laid the theoretical (理论上的) groundwork (基础) for capitalism.

第八章

1、The Manifesto of the Communist Party (共产党宣言)  马恩合作
2、Darwin’s theory of evolution (进化)名词解释
   Darwin’s theory of evolution contains four major arguments:
①new species appear (新物种的发现).
②those new species have evolved (进化) from older species.
③The evolution of species is result (导致) of natural selection.
④The natural selection depends on variations (变异) and the maintenance (保护) of variations in spite of (不管) the tendency (趋势) of natural selection to eliminate (消除) unfit (不适当的) variants. Natural selection名词解释
3、Social Darwinism名词解释
   For the term “natural selection” Spencer substituted (替代) the survival of the fittest. (适者生存)
4、The term the survival of the fittest by Darwin. (错)
5、For the term “natural selection” Spencer substitute the “survival of the fittest”
6、Darwin 发现了人类社会发展的规律和资本主义的生产模式

论述简答
一、What are the three sources (来源) of Marxism?
答：
1、German Classical Philosophy and Marxist Philosophy:
Hegelian dialectics and Feuerbach’s materialism (黑格尔辩证法和费尔巴哈唯物主义)
2、English Classical Political Economy and Marxist Political Economy
3、Utopian Socialism and Scientific Socialism (空想社会主义和科学社会主义)