“√”号（1分/题，共10分）
1．外汇的购买者或出卖者在合约的有效期内任何一天，只可要求银行实行交割的外汇业务
是：
A．择期业务                               B。期权业务
C．远期外汇业务                           D。掉期业务

2．以下外汇风险管理方法中，可同时消除时间和货币风险的方法是：
A．借款法                                 B。远期合同法
C．提前收付法                             D。投资法

3．下列各项中，（ ）不是构成共同海损的条件。
A． 共同海损的危险必须是真实存在的，并威胁到船货的共同安全
B． 采取的牺牲是有意识的，而且是合理的
C． 所付出的牺牲和支付的费用产生了效果
D． 共同海损必须是船和货都遭受了损失

4．本票和汇票的区别在于：
A． 本票是书面支付承诺，汇票是书面支付命令
B． 本票都是即期付款，汇票有远期即期之分
C． 本票的付款人都是银行，汇票的付款人不一定是银行
D． 本票的付款是有条件的，汇票的付款是无条件的

5．李斯特提出保护的对象是：
A．农业                                   B。能与外国产品竞争的产业
C．不能与外国产品竞争的幼稚产业           D。传统工业

6．世界贸易组织于（  ）建立并运行：
A．1947                                   B。1993
C．1994                                   D。1995
7．经济学中的“短期”和“长期”是根据下列哪一个条件划分的：
A．生产周期的时间长短                     B。生产要素在一定时期内是否可全部调整

C．产量在一定时期内是否可以调整           D。生产规模在一定时期内是否可以调整


8．正常商品价格上升导致需求减少的原因在于：
A．替代效应使需求量增加，收入效应使需求量减少
B．替代效应使需求量增加，收入效应使需求量增加
C．替代效应使需求量减少，收入效应使需求量减少
D．替代效应使需求量减少，收入效应使需求量增加

9． 洛美协定是欧盟与（  ）签署的特殊贸易优惠协定。
A．非洲发展中国家                          B。加勒比地区发展中国家
C．非洲、加勒比和太平洋发展中国家          D。南太平洋发展中国家

10．当一国经济处于IS曲线左侧，LM曲线右侧时：
A．I>S, L>M                                B. I>S,  L<M
C. I<S, L<M                                 D. I<S, L>M

三 下列各题的答案中，有若干个是合适的，请选择你认为合适的答案，并在括号内划上“
√”号。（1分/题，共10分）（说明：括号本来在字母前面，这里没有打出来）
1．公共产品与私人产品的区别为：
A． 公共产品是由政府提供，私人产品是由私人提供
B． 公共产品的消费者是公共部门，私人产品的消费者是私人经济行为者
C． 公共产品的消费具有非排他性，私人产品的消费具有排他性
D． 公共产品的消费具有非抗争性，私人产品的消费具有抗争性

2．周期性失业是指：
A． 由于某些行业生产的季节性变动所引起的使用
B． 由于劳动力市场结构的特点，劳动力的流动不能适应劳动力需求的变动所引起的失业

C． 由于总需求不足所引起的短期失业
D． 由于在现行工资水平和工作条件下仍找不到工作的失业

3．下列有关分期装运（shipment by installment）的说法中，与惯例的规定相符的是：

A． 规定分期装运时，只需在条款中规定允许或不允许
B． 分期装运条款中要规定每批货的数量和交货时间
C． 规定分期装运时，每批货的交货数量必须相等]
D． 任何一期未按规定装运，信用证从该期开始作废

4．当被保险人投保水渍险时，保险人承保的范围包括：
A． 保险标的实际全损和推定全损
B． 因意外事故导致的部分损失
C． 因自然灾害导致的部分损失
D． 外来风险所造成的货物损失

5．总需求曲线上国民收入与价格水平的配合要求：
A． 国民收入与价格同方向变动
B． 国民收入与价格反方向变动
C． 商品市场和货币市场同时均衡
D． 利率和名义货币供给量保持不变

6．一国的国际储备通常包括：
A． 该国保有的可兑换货币及其表示的支付凭证和信用凭证
B． 居民手中的外汇
C． 在IMF的储备头寸
D． 特别提款权

7．保护贸易的利益主要有：
A． 增加国内就业
B． 形成相互有利的国际分工
C． 促进竞争，组织垄断
D． 有利于贸易条件的改善

8．与固定汇率制度相比，浮动汇率制度的主要优点有：
A． 汇率能发挥其调节国际收支的杠杆作用
B． 有助于消除外汇投机
C． 减少对外汇储备的需要
D． 有助于保持货币政策的稳定性

9．在均衡国民收入水平上
A． 计划投资等于非计划投资
B． 存货投资等于零
C． 非计划存货投资等于零
D． 计划存货投资等于非计划存货投资

10．下列离岸金融中心中，属于集中性中心的是：
A． 伦敦
B． 香港
C． 新加坡
D． 国际银行设施

四 判断下列各题的叙述是否正确，正确的在括号内划勾，错误的划叉。（1分/题，共8分
）
1．有差别存在就会有垄断，但有差别的产品之间并不存在垄断。  （ ）
2．垄断厂商在实现短期均衡时，可能会出现亏损，即经济利润为负。 （ ）
3．国际商会新颁布的《2000通则》中规定，按照FAS条件成交时，由买方自负风险和费用
办理货物出口的清关手续。（ ）
4．马克思指出：“对外贸易的扩大，虽然在资本主义生产方式的幼年时期是这种生产方式
的基础，但在资本主义生产方式的发展中，由于这种生产方式的外在必然性，由于这种生
产方式要求不断扩大市场，它成为这种生产方式本身的产物”。 （ ）
5．晚期重商主义也为贸易平衡论。 （ ）
6．托收方式下，银行只是作为受托人替出口人收款，他没有检查单据的义务，因此，如果
出口人出具伪造单据，造成进口人的损失，银行不承担责任。 （ ）
7．在寄售方式下，寄售人和代销人之间签定的寄售协议属于行纪合同的性质。 （ ）
8．汇率变化会对所有的外币资产或负债产生影响，因而，所有的外币资产和负债都要承担
风险。 （ ）

五 填空（1分/空， 共9分）
1． 外汇风险可以分为会计风险、_________和__________三种。
2． 哈罗德认为一个国家的经济增长率取决于_________和_____________。
3． 生产要素的需求特点主要表现为_______，________。
4． 根据美国《1988年综合贸易法》，如果发现别国侵犯了美国的知识产权，可引用____
__进行报复。
5． 对于单个厂商来说，只有在________市场结构中，厂商的平均收益、边际收益和____
_才相等。

六 回答以下两个问题 （6分/题，共12分）
1．在80年代以前，美国农产品的需求主要来自其他国家，据统计1981年美国的小麦供给为
：QS=1800+P
小麦的总需求为：QD=3550-266P
小麦的国内需求为：Qd=1000-46P
试中价格的单位为美元/蒲式耳，数量为百万蒲式耳/年，试分析：
（1） 小麦的市场均衡价格和数量为多少？
（2） 若小麦的出口需求下降了40%，美国小麦的市场价格会发生什么变化？为什么美国农
民为此担忧？
（3） 1985年美国政府价格支持计划使小麦价格维持在3美元/蒲式耳，如果没有出口需求
，政府应每年购买多少小麦？这将使政府每年花费多少钱？

2．假设某经济的消费函数为：C=100+0.8Y
其中Y为国民收入，投资I=100，政府购买支出G=200，政府转移支付TR=62.5（单位为10亿
美元），税率t=0.25
（1） 求出均衡国民收入。
（2） 求出投资和政府税收乘数
（3） 当政府将一笔支出用在政府购买上对国民收入的影响是否和将这一笔支出用在政府
转移支付上对国民收入的影响一样？为什么？

七 论述下列问题 （7分）
1． 按我国新颁布的《合同法》的规定，合同可以以什么形式订立？合同中应包括哪些条
款？

八 回答以下两个问题（请将每题的叙述限制在1000字以内。10分/题，共20分）
1． 李嘉图提出“比较成本说”的前提条件是什么？
2． 世界贸易组织的职能有哪些？


标  题: 2000年国贸专业英语试题


1.The Battle to Be Your Online Bill Collector
            -------------Bankers hope cyberbilling can give them a toehold on 
the Net
Every year,American business sends out 29 billion bills.And by any measure,the
 exercise isn't much fun.For companies,printing,processing and posting a tipic
al consumer bill runs about 90.And for recipients ,there's not only a demand f
or payment,there 's a wad of solicitations that nearly everyone throws away.

But for banks trying to make it on the Internet,bills are cool .Bankers see bi
lls as surefire eyeball-grabbers in an environment where it's tough to command
 consumer attention--and a key to protecting their existing business managing 
cash for big companies.Increasingly,banks are battling high-tech competitors f
or control of Internet billing,or electronic-bill presentment,as it is called.

To be sure,this is a fight over a business that is in its infancy.Few bills ar
e now sent via the Net,and online payment systems often involve a paper check.
But the technology exists to send bills from business to customers and route p
ayments back on the Net.By the end of next year,industry analysts estimate upw
ards of 4.5 million households will be receiving bills online .What's more, se
nding and handling bills over the Net should be about 40% cheaper than paper d
elivery, says the Gartner Group, a research firm in Stamford, Conn.
The question is who will become the bill collector on the Net.Bankers reckon t
hat if they can turn their Web sites into mailboxes for electronic bills ,they
 can become key entry points on the Net-portals,even.That would enable them to
 sell other financial services online. The fear is that existing portals,such 
as Yahoo! or even American Online,will become centers of bill payment and , in
 turn ,siphon off existing bank business . "banks have been slow to get into t
his," says Kenneth J.Kerr,a Garter analyst in Durham,N.C. "But they realize th
ere is a threat here and they need to get aboard" .
Banks have their advantages.They can offer custumers simultaneous access to th
eir bills and their money. Banks have long relationships with the billers,such
 as utilities and retailers,and centuries of experience in protecting people's
 money.
Big banks also are worried that technology companies offering bill presentment
 could muscle into one of their fastest-growing business-managing cash for big
 companies. After all ,distributing and collecting bills is a close cousin to 
cash management.
At this point,predicting how the industry will shake out is premature . Banks 
and technology companies already have formed several alliances aimed a deliver
ing bills on the net. More combinations are likely . What's clear, though , is
 the banks know they are running out of time to get their Internet billing act
 together.
_____From Business Week/July 19,1999

2.Principles of Regulation
The following quotation describes the scope of regulation and how it affects i
ndividuals and businesses participating in a market.
"All market and transactions are in practice regulated by some kind of governm
ent laws or regulations , and without regulations of any kind,most markets and
 types of transactions would cease to exist.Without laws, the terms of many ty
pes of agreement and transaction between individuals would be unenforceable an
d would cease. The choice facing individuals and society is not between regula
tion and no regulation ; it is how much regulation and what kinds of regulatio
n are desirable."
This description portrays regulation as fully encompassing the systems of gove
rnment and law with the power to control all markets and transactions . Econom
ists and politicians would typically take a much narrower view of regulation,c
oncentrating more on the targets of regulatory action or the regulatory proces
s itself. An economist, focusing on the  targets of regulatory action, might d
escribe regulation as government policy that exerts control over a firm to eli
cit a desired behavior as a producer of goods or employer of labor. An economi
st or politician focusing on regulatoty process, however, might express a view
 similar to the following:
"Through regulation,society attempts to substitute the decidion-making process
 of a regulatory commission for the action of the market mechanism...It is cle
ar that the'process' of regulation is to substitute administrative judgment fo
r market-place judgement. In effect, an economic environment of legal rules an
d regulations is used as a surrogate for the free market,and economic decision
s are made by a political process."
The above description portrays regulation as a political process, substituting
 asministrative judgement for marketplace judgement. The description identifie
s the important interaction between regulation and the market and raised an im
portant issue:when, if at all, should marketplace judgment be replaced with as
ministrative judgement?
Various answers to this question have been proposed. Of primary importance is 
the market being considered. Different market require different amounts and ty
pes of regulation.
____From The Regulation of Insurance

3.Intervention Arrangements in the European Monetary System
Bilateral exchange rates within the European Monetary System have never been l
iterally fixed; rather, they have fluctuated within specified limits called ma
rgins. Since August 1993 the margins for most bilateral exchange rates have be
en +_15 percent,although they were narrower before then. Each participating cu
rrency is also assigned a "central" exchange rate against the European Union c
urrencies. When a currency's market xchange rate against the ECU diverges suff
iciently from its central rate, the central bank that issues the currency is e
xpected to intervene and possibly take other actions to correct the situation.

In return for contributing 20 percent of their gold and dollar holdings to a E
uropean Monetary Institute,central bank in the EMS receive equivalent holding 
of ECUs. ECUs can be used, along with other types of international reserves, t
o purchase domestic currency from member central banks that acquire it in inte
rvention opertations but do not wish to hold it.
Intervention burdens may be shared symmetrically within the EMS, but they need
 not be. If the French franc depreciates to its lower limit against the DM, fo
r example,the French central bank must rectify the situation by selling DM res
erves; at the same time, the German central bank must lend the necessary DM to
 the Bank of France.EMS rules thus call for a symmetric intervention procedure
 when an exchange rate reaches the limit of its range, one in which the weak-c
urrency country loses reserves and the other gains them.
Much intervention takes place within the EMS exchange rate margins, however,an
d such intervention does not oblige other central banks to take action. If the
 bank of France buys DM assets and adds them to its reserves, for example, the
 Bundesbank is not require to intervene as long as the franc stays within its 
margins.
In addition, the symmetry of intervention at the margins is no guarantee that 
the resulting adjustments in national money supplies are symmetric.There is li
ttle at present to prevent a central bank from trying to shift the burden of m
onetary adjustment onto its EMS partners by sterilizing its foreign interventi
on.
________From c Economics-Theory and Policy,4th Edition

4.Freedom of Contract
The main principle of the law relating to commercial transactions is based on 
the freedom of the contracting parties to agree as they wish. This principle c
omprises the freedom to choose whether one wants to enter into a contract at a
ll, the freedom to choose one's contracting party and to agree on the contents
 of the contract and its general and specific terms. However, any freedom of c
ontract is necessarily controlled by some fundamentals principles of the appli
cable national law which determine how contractual rights come into being and 
the effect on contractual undertaking of fraud, misleading statements, duress,
 coercion, mistake or other invalidating causes. It should also be observed th
at it may be impossible to obtain enforcement of some contracts and that the m
odalities of enforcement may differ in different jurisdictions.
Generally one cannot expect enforcement of contracts which are illegal in the 
jurisdiction concerned or which may have such an object that redress to enforc
ement authorities is unavailable. This is true for most illegal contracts as o
ne cannot very well expect organs of the state to extend a helpful hand to tho
se who have engaged in prohibited of undesirable activities. The same reluctan
ce may well apply to contracts which are not illegal but merely of such a natu
re that the contracting parties should have to arrange their affairs without t
he assistance of the authorities, e.g. wagering contract or games for money.

In modern commerce, it would normally be impracticable to let the contracting 
parties individually negotiate each and every contract term. Instead, they wou
ld in most cases use ready-made texts appearing in different standard forms or
 clauses.It is also possible to use computerized texts available for different