types of contracts. If so, it is only theoretically possible to base contract
 interpretation on the actual will and intention of the contracting parties th
emselves. Such standardised text have to be interpreted objectively and refere
nce to contractual intent represents no more than a lip-service to the traditi
onal paradigm of deriving the contents of contract solely from the will of the
 parties. The standard to be used is to assess how a reasonable person would u
nderstand the text rather than to examine how the actual contracting parties u
nderstood it, if they even thought about it at all. Such standardised texts or
iginate from different sources. In some cases they are unilaterally prepared by 
one of the contracting parties and, in other cases,they are e
laborated under the auspices of various trade organisations usually only repre
senting one of the parties in a particular type of contractual relationship. H
owever, trade organisations representing both parties in the contractual relat
ionship may also have agreed on a standardised text, which is then usually cal
led an "agreed document". International organisations,such as the Internationa
l Chamber of Commerce, Promote the elaboration of standard texts and principle
s which could be incorporated into commercial contracts by reference, In some 
cases, such standardised texts and principles could attain the status of inter
national usage of trade and, if so, they could be deemed to govern the contrac
ting relationship even in the absence of express reference.
________From International Commercial Transactions, by ICC

5.The Legal Nature of A share
The issue of a share for money, or money's worth or in satisfaction of a debt 
is the transaction by which the whole or part of the stated nominal or authori
sed share capital of a registered company is collectively realised. In some ju
risdictions a minimun or par value for each share is fixed by dividing the amo
unt of the share capital into equal parts. This technique is often reflected i
n dictionary and legislative definitions of the term "share". The definition o
f a share as a part or share of share capital is misleading to the extent that
 is conveys the notion of an entitlement on the part of the shareholder to be 
repaid the par value of the share. A share is not a debenture and is therefore
 not a debt owed by the company to the shareholder. If subscribers for shares 
in a commercial company do not lend the consideration to the company then the 
issue of shares must, of necessity, serve the additional function of rendering
 the enterprise of the company participable. The jurisdical substance of a 
share must therefore be sought in the nature of the participation
 afforded its proprietor by the constituent documents of the company and by co
mpany law. That substance,to the extent that it is not mandatory or generic, i
s determined initially by the framers of the revevant memorandum and articles 
of association. Theoretically, therefore, a large part of the legal content of
 a share is infinitely variable from corporation to corporation, from share to
 share and from time to time. Practically, however, commercial necessity, secu
rities regulation and convenience may dictate some incidents of a share. The m
ultifarious nature of a share enables it accommodate commercial requirements s
uch as that for collective or pooled capital; marketable securities; limited l
iability, participation of shareholders in profits and in any surplus on a win
ding up; and the provision of workable management and control.
_________From Interests In Goods, 2nd Edition,LLP

 

对外经济贸易大学2001年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试国际贸易学综合试题
（本试题意在测试考生的综合专业基础能力。考生在答题前，请认真阅读各题的要求）

一、填空（每空1分，共9分）
1、当某一厂商使用劳动L和资本K两种可变要素进行一种产品生产时，厂商实现劳动和资
本要素最佳投入的条件是————。
2、对单个厂商来说，只有在————市场结构中，厂商的平均收益、边际收益和价格相
等。
3、货币学派把————作为货币政策的唯一控制指标，该政策建议被称为————。
4、进口国队倾销商品征收反倾销税必须具备的条件为————。
5、根据国际商会的《2000通则》的解释，在F组术语中适用于各种运输方式的贸易术语
是————。
6、《国际货币基金协定》条款规定：当一种货币在货币基金组织的库存下降到该会员国
份额的75％以下时，货币基金组织可将该会员国货币宣布为————，并按逆差国的需
要进行限额分配；逆差国有权对该国货币采取临时的————。

二、判断下列各题的叙述是否正确，正确的在每小题前面的括号内划√错误的划×（每
小题1分，共10分）
1、（ ）当厂商以降低产品价格增加销量时，一定会带来销售额的增加。
2、（ ）公共产品与私人产品的区别在于：公共产品应由政府部门提供，而私人产品是
由私人企业生产。
3、（ ）货币投机需求曲线向右下方倾斜是因为较低的利率增加了持有货币的机会成本
4、（ ）在其他条件不变的情况下，自发性净出口的增加可导致IS曲线向右移动。
5、（ ）依照总贸易体制，以国境为标准统计进口，凡进入国境的商品，不论其是否办
理通关手续，一律列入进口，作为总进口的一部分。
6、（ ）进口替代贸易发展模式是以进口产品取代国内生产的同类产品的贸易发展模式
7、（ ）世界有形商品贸易额是各国和地区有形商品贸易额只和。
8、（ ）理论上说，国际收支的不平衡指自主性交易的不平衡，但在统计上很难做到。
9、（ ）买方期权和买方期权是同一期权交易的两个方面。
10、（ )扬基债券和武士债券分别是在美国和日本发行的两种欧洲债券。
三、单项选择题（将正确答案填写在括号内，每题1分，共9分）
1、既考虑到出口商品劳动生产率的变化，又考虑到进口商品劳动生产率变化的贸易条件
为：
A、收入贸易条件；B、单项因素贸易条件；C、净贸易条件；D、双项因素贸易条件
答案（  ）
2、按国内价格与进口价格之间的差额征收的关税为：
A、最惠国税；B、普惠税；C、特惠税；D、差价税
答案（  ）
3、普遍优惠制的三个基本原则是：
A、普遍的、非歧视的、互惠的；B、普遍的、附加条件的、对等的；C、普遍的、非歧视
的、非互惠的；D、有选择的、附加条件的、对等的
答案（  ）
4、欧洲联盟对农畜产品征收差价税，按照（ ）的差额征收。
A、指标价格与进口价格；B、门槛价格与进口价格；C、指标价格与门槛价格；D、干预
价格与进口价格
答案（  ）
5、当被保险人投保水渍险时，保险人承保的责任范围不包括：
A、保险标的的实际全损和推定全损；B、因意外事故导致的部分损失；C、因共同海损所
造成的牺牲和费用；D、因外来风险所造成的货物损失
答案（  ）
6、下列关于海运提单与提单的区别的说法中，错误的说法是：
A、提单是运输契约的证明：海运单不是运输契约的证明：B、提单是货物所有权的凭证
：海运单不是货物所有权的凭证；C、提单的抬头不须标明收货人；D、提单是收货人提
货的凭证：海运单不是收货人提货的凭证
答案（  ）
7、当处于通货膨胀和国际收支逆差的经济状况时，应采取下列什么政策搭配：
A、紧缩国内支出，本币升值；B、扩张国内支出，本币贬值；C、扩张国内支出，本币升
值：D、紧缩国内支出，本币贬值
答案（  ）
8、假设美国投资者投资英镑CD，6个月收益5％，此期间英镑贬值9％，则投资英镑的有
效收益率为：
A、14.45%；B、-4.45%；C、14％；D、4%
答案（  ）
9、当一个注册地点为中国大陆的公司在香港联交所上市时，我们称该公司为：
A、A股上市公司；B、B股上市公司；C、红筹股上市公司；D、H股上市公司
答案（  ）

四、多项选择题（将正确答案填在括号内，每题1分，共6分）
1、邓宁的国际生产折衷理论认为，企业欲进行有利的海外投资活动必须具备：
A、所有权优势；B、内部化优势；C、比较优势；D、区位优势
答案（  ）
2、在现代贸易条约与协定中，最常见的最惠国待遇适用的例外包括：
A、边境贸易；B、沿海贸易；C、关税贸易；D、过境贸易
答案（  ）
3、乌拉圭回合达成的《服务贸易总协定》，将服务贸易定义为：
A、过境交付；B、境外消费；C、商业存在；D、自然人流动
答案（  ）
4、我们说国际贸易术语一方面用来表示交易商品的价格构成，另一方面用以确定交货的
条件，这后者是指：
A、确定风险划分的界限；B、确定交货的方式；C、确定所有权转移的时间和方式；D、
划分交易双方承担的责任和费用
答案（  ）
5、下列关于分期装运（Shipment by Instalment)的说法中与国际惯例的规定相符的说
法是：
A、规定分期装运条款时只须规定允许或不允许；B、规定分期装运时每批的交货数量必
须相对；C、分期装运条款中要规定每批货的数量和交货时间；D、任何一批未按规定装
运，信用证从该期开始作废
答案（  ）
6、欧洲货币市场境内、外业务一体型的代表是：
A、纽约；B、伦敦；C、新加坡；D、香港
答案（  ）

五、简单准确解释下列名次（每题3分，共18分）
1、挤出效应
2、帕累托最优
3、Restrictive Business Practice
4、逆汇汇票
5、外汇缓冲政策
6、马歇尔－－勒纳条件

六、简述题（每题6分，共12分）
1、在国际货物买卖中，信用证与买卖合同之间的关系如何？
2、简述国际范围内金融业混业经营的主要表现及其内在动力。

七、论述题（每题10分，共20分）
1、为什么说在组建关税同盟的条件下，产业规模经济效应的存在可以增强成员国的贸易
创造效应，弱化贸易转移效应？
2、垄断是由什么原因造成的？为什么说垄断造成了市场失灵？政府能够采取有效的措施
限制垄断吗？为什么？

八、案例分析题（第1题7分，第2题9分，共16分）
1、中国的某公司购买产自伊朗的槽钢，合同规定应符合德国的DIN标准，但是制造商实
际是按俄国的ГОСТ标准生产的。由于德国的DIN和俄国的ГОСТ标准对同一规格的
槽钢规定的截面尺寸是不一致的，于是买方认为货物不符合合同，不能使用，但他没有
拒绝收获，也没有要求换货，而是向买方提出只能作为废钢回炉，要求按废钢降价处理
。你认为买方的做法是否正确？清说明理由。
2、美国的Sal's卫星公司向洛杉矶和纽约的订户发送电视节目。洛杉矶和纽约订户的市
场需求曲线分别为：
QLA＝80－（2/3）PLA
QNY＝80－（2/3）PNY
式中，Q以千户/年计，P是年定价。
Sal's卫星公司提供发送电视节目的服务成本为：
C＝1000＋30Q
其中，Q＝QLA＋QNY
问：
（1）在两个市场是分开的情况下，保证洛杉矶市场和纽约市场利润最大化的价格和数量
分别是多少？
（2）美国五角大楼部署了一颗新卫星，使居住在洛杉矶的人可以直接收到Sal's公司在
纽约发送的节目，而居住在纽约的人也可以直接收到Sal's公司在洛杉矶发送的节目，这
样纽约或洛杉矶的任何人只要在任一城市付费就可以收到Sal's公司的节目，因此Sal's
公司只能定单一的价格。Sal's公司的单一价格为多少？它在纽约和洛杉矶能销售多少数
量？
（3）上两种销售情况哪一种对Sal's公司来说利润更大？


1.The information revolution
      Never in the history of this planet has humanity seen more change than w
itnessed over the last twenty years.After centuries-even millenniums-of human 
civilization,only in this period has man found the means to connect instantly 
and efficiently the consciousness of virtually every inhabitant on the earth.O
nly in the past decade have come the means to consolidate,organize,and access 
all of the available knowledge  that man  has gained over the entire  history 
of humanity.And as if this mind-numbing pace of change has not been fast enoug
h,the forces that drive it promise to become even stronger and faster in the c
oming twenty years.Our race is in the midst of the information revolution-a re
volution that could change virtually every facet of human life.
      From our vantage point ,it is still  not  possible  to fully grasp the e
xtent and significance of the information   
 revolution .Things are moving too fast-propelled by advances in science and t
he forces of market economics to predict exactly how evolving technologies wil
l alter civilization on earth . The only thing that can be said for certain is
 that major change is inevitable for all but the most remote fringes of human 
society.We are heading at blinding speed into a complete new world built  on a
 foudation of  the information  and communication technology.


2.Recent Trends in international trade 
    Over the last decades,the foreign trade sector has grown dramatically in i
mportance worldwide .In 1960,as a percentage of nominal GDP,goods exports and 
imports were 3.9 percent and  2.9 percent ,respectively.By 1997,goods exports 
and imports shares had risen to 8.5 percent and 11.0 percent ,respectively.Dom
estic demand has increasingly been met by imports,while exports have become a 
more significant factor underlying growth in manufacturing output.
     What does the United States export and import ?In 1997,by principle end-u
se categories,export are led by capital goods excluding autos ,with second pla
ce held by industrial supplies and materials.Most imports for industrial suppl
ies and materials,followed by automotive vehicles,parts ,and engines.
      Exports and imports flows between various trading partners have  changes
 significantly  since  the  end of  World WarII .Though still important,Wester
n Europe no longer  dominates as the United states' primary trading region.For
 exports,Canada is by far the most important buyer of US goods.In 1996, Canada
  also was the number one supplier of goods to the United States.In recent yea
rs , however ,Japan,China,and Mexico have become increasingly important .While
 the United States' largest unilateral trade  deficit for goods is with Japan 
,China's goods trade surplus with the United States has  grown rapidly in rece
nt years.


3.contract in Cyberspace 
   The law of contracts,fashioned over centuries to fit the needs of parties w
ho transact ,is rich in human experience .It would be presumptuous to assume t
hat technological change will fundamentally alter the way we contract.It  will
 not .Rather , contract law will adapt,as it always has ,to accommodate cybers
pace  .Although,contract law must change so that it provides certainty and enf
orceability over cyberspace transactions,technology must progress before this 
can happen .Cyberspace  security problems must be resolved ,for until  transac
tions can be securely  effected simply and with wide accessibility,business wi
ll lack the necessary comfort level.This may require patience. It's important 
that the market resolve the technological issues first,or wu run the risk of l
aw dictating technology--a sub-optimal solution.The contact law that will emer
ge won't be a "new" or revolutionary contract law per se.Rather it will apply 
old principles to the new enviroment,and over time will evolve to further 
reflect cyberspace's idiosyncrasies.
   Contract law issues that require immdiate legislative attention are: the st
atus of digital signature and their acceptability in  Contracts , amendments t
o the Statue  of  Frauds'  writing and signing  requirements ,legal support of
 encryption use ,and criminalization of crypto-attacks ,Government should also
 give priority attention to public key infrastructure(PKI) issues,such as the 
liability of certification authorities.Other than becoming a model user,it sho
uldn't mandate use of a particular PKI system at this time.The market should b
e left to make its own choices.


4.Corporate Bonds
    As the name indicates,corporate bonds are issued by corporations,Corporati
on  bonds are  classified by  the  type of  issuer.  The  four general classif
ications used by bond information  services are:(1)utilities,(2)transportation
s,(3)industrials,and(4)banks and finance companies.First breakdowns are often 
to create more homogeneous groupings.For example,utilities are subdivided into
 electric power companies,gas distribution companies,water companies,and commu
nication companies.Transportation are divided further into airlines.railroads,
and trucking companies.Industrials are the catchall class,and the most  hetero
geneous of the groupings with respect to investment characteristics.Industrial
s include all kinds of manufacturing,merchandising,and service companies.
    The  promises of a corporate bond issuer and the rights of investors are s
et forth in great detail in a contract called a bond indenture .Failure to pay
 either the  principal or interest when due constitutes legal default and cour
t proceedings can be instituted to enforce the contract .Bondholders,as credit
ors,have a prior legal  claim over preferred and common stockholders as to bot
h income and assets of the corporation for the principal and interest due them
.
    In a  typical corporate bond ,there are options embedded in the issue.An e
mbedded option is part of the structure of a bond,as opposed to a "bare option
",which trades separeately from any underlying security.
     Most corporate bonds are term bonds,that is ,they run for a term of  year
s and then become due and payable.Term bonds are ofen referred to as "bullet--
maturity" or simply "bullet" bonds.The term may be long or short.As with Treas
ure secutities,obligations due less  then ten years from the date of issue are
 called notes.Term bonds may be retired by payment at final maturity or retire
d prior to maturity if provided for in the indenture.Some corporate bond issue
s are so arranged that specified principal amounts become due on specified dat
es.Such issues are called serial bonds.


5.warranties on the Sale of a Business
The sale of a business is a transaction which involves the sale of a varied co
llection of assets having differrent characteristics:
(a)some of  the assets will be physical goods,such as stock,machinery and equi
pment ;
(b)usually there will be freehold of leasehold properties to be transferred;

(c)intangible assets will include the goodwill of the business,debtors and ,co
mmonly,intellectual property rights.
(d)rights may be sold,such as to the current order book,which are barely asset
s in the nomal sense.
The transaction will not normally involve the purchaser in taking over liabili
ties and these will not generally pass unless there is an express acceptance b