The context may also be the broader social situation in which a linguistic item is used.
    (1)   
a.    A mild criticism of someone who should have cleaned the room.
        b.    In a language class where a student made a mistake, for he intended to say “tidy.”
        c.    The room was wanted for a meeting.
(2)   
a.    A mild way to express disagreement with someone who has complimented on a lady’s appearance.
b.    A regret that the customer had not taken the dress.
c.    That she wore a red shirt was not in agreement with the custom on the occasion.
 

Chapter 12 Theories and Schools of Modern Linguistics


[注：第九、十、十一章无测试题]

I.    Choose the best answer. (20%)

1.    The person who is often described as “father of modern linguistics” is __________..
    A. Firth                B. Saussure            C. Halliday            D. Chomsky
2.    The most important contribution of the Prague School to linguistics is that it sees language in terms of __________.
    A. function            B. meaning            C. signs                D. system
3.    The principal representative of American descriptive linguistics is __________.
    A. Boas                B. Sapir                C. Bloomfield            D. Harris
4.    Generally speaking, the __________ specifies whether a certain tagmeme is in the position of the Nucleus or of the Margin in the structure.
    A. Slot                B. Class                C. Role                D. Cohesion
5.    __________ Grammar is the most widespread and the best understood method of discussing Indo-European languages.
    A. Traditional            B. Structural            C. Functional            D. Generative
6.    __________ Grammar started from the American linguist Sydney M. Lamb in the late 1950s and the early 1960s.
    A. Stratificational        B. Case                C. Relational            D. Montague
7.    In Halliday’s view, the __________ function is the function that the child uses to know about his surroundings.
    A. personal            B. heuristic            C. imaginative            D. informative
8.    The rheme in the sentence “On it stood Jane” is __________.
    A. On it                B. stood                C. On it stood            D. Jane
9.    Chomsky follows __________ in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.
    A. empiricism            B. behaviorism        C. relationalism        D. mentalism
10.    TG grammar has seen __________ stages of development.
    A. three                B. four                C. five                D. six

II.    Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11.    Following Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole, Trubetzkoy argued that phonetics belonged to langue whereas phonology belonged to parole.
12.    The subject-predicate distinction is the same as the theme and rheme contrast.
13.    London School is also known as systemic linguistics and functional linguistics.
14.    According to Firth, a system is a set of mutually exclusive options that come into play at some point in a linguistic structure.
15.    American Structuralism is a branch of diachronic linguistics that emerged independently in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.
16.    The Standard Theory focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar.
17.    American descriptive linguistics is empiricist and focuses on diversities of languages.
18.    Chomsky’s concept of linguistic performance is similar to Saussure’s concept of parole, while his use of linguistic competence is somewhat different from Saussure’s langue.
19.    Glossematics emphasizes the nature and status of linguistic theory and its relation to description.
20.    If two sentences have exactly the same ideational and interpersonal functions, they would be the same in terms of textual coherence.

III.    Fill in the blanks. (20%)

21.    The Prague School practiced a special style of __________ Linguistics.
22.    The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between __________ and phonology.
23.    The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain was __________.
24.    Halliday’s Systemic Grammar contains a functional component, and the theory behind his Functional Grammar is __________.
25.    Systemic-Functional Grammar is a(n) __________ oriented functional linguistic approach.
26.    Structuralism is based on the assumption that grammatical categories should be defined not in terms of meaning but in terms of __________.
27.    In the history of American linguistics, the period between 1933 and 1950 is also known as __________ Age.
28.    __________ in language theories is characteristic of America.
29.    The starting point of Chomsky’s TG grammar is his __________ hypothesis.
30.    Chomsky argues that LAD probably consists of three elements, that is a __________, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.

IV.    Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)

31.    FSP
32.    Cohesion
33.    LAD
34.    Case Grammar

V.    Answer the following questions. (20%)

35.    Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics?
36.    What is behaviorism? What is behaviorism in linguistics? What is the relationship between linguistics and behaviorism according to Bloomfield? Does behaviorism have any limitations? If yes, what are they?

VI.    Analyze the following situation. (20%)

37.    Can you make a brief introduction to some important schools and their influential representatives in modern linguistics?

Key:
I.
1~5 BACAA                    6~10 ABDCC
II.
11~15 FFTTF                    16~20 FTTTF
III.
21. synchronic                    22. phonetics
23. J. R. Firth                    24. systemic
25. sociologically                26. distribution
27. Bloomfieldian                28. Descriptivism
29. innateness                    30. hypothesis-maker
IV.
31.    FSP: It stands for Functional Sentence Perspective. It is a theory of linguistic analysis which refers to an analysis of utterances (or texts) in terms of the information they contain.
32.    Cohesion: The Cohesion shows whether a certain tagmeme is dominating other tagmemes or is dominated by others.
33.    LAD: LAD, that is Language Acquisition Device, is posited by Chomsky in the 1960s as a device effectively present in the minds of children by which a grammar of their native language is constructed.
34.    Case Grammar: It is an approach that stresses the relationship of elements in a sentence. It is a type of generative grammar developed by C. J. Fillmore in the late 1960s.
V. VI. Omit.