v. （以正式声明）证明，主宰（银行）担保（支票）可付款；access v. 接近，进入(某地)。根据后文的“if his clerks are not sure about them”可知，C 项符合逻辑语境。
13.B 【句意】人们相信当局正在考虑征收新税种以增加额外的收入。
【解析】词义辨析——动词。impair v. 削弱，损害（尤指损害人体官能）;impose
v. 把……强加（于）；要求履行（义务），要求付（费），要求接受（惩罚）；征（税等）；invade v.（使军队或其指挥者）入侵，侵略，侵占；integrate v.  使结合；使合并。根据空格后的“new taxes to raise extra revenue”可知，B 项符合语义和动宾搭配。
 
14.D 【句意】当她听到坏消息的时候，尽管她极力控制感情她的眼中还是泪光闪闪。
【解析】词义辨析——动词。sparkle v. 发光；闪烁； twinkle v. （星星，光，发光物）闪烁，闪耀；（眼睛）（尤指因欢乐）闪亮；radiate v.  发射（光、热等能量）； glitter v.（因强烈情绪而）闪烁，光彩夺目。因此，根据语境考虑，D 项是正确答案。
15.C 【句意】存在这样的场合即赠送礼物能够超越语言交流，因为礼物所表达的信息能跨越语言和文化多样性的障碍。
【解析】词义辨析——动词。overtake v. 赶超，走过 （尤指厄运）突然降临在…… 上；nourish v. 养育；surpass v. 超过；强过；超于，优于；非……所能办到；enforce
v.  实施（法律或规章）；强制履行（义务）。根据后文的“it offers can cut through barriers”可知前面的“gift”的功能与此相关，即 C 项符合句意。
16.B 【句意】为了保持队伍不断移动，办理冗长交易的顾客被要求在里面办理银行业务。
【解析】词义辨析——动词。transit v. 经过，穿过（某一地区）n. 运送，运输， 运载；transaction v. 交易， 业务；turnover v. （一定时期的）营业额，成交量； tempo v. 行进速度；节奏。根据关键词“do their banking inside”可知，B 项符合语义。
17.D 【句意】威尔逊总统想在两国之间进行斡旋以停止战争，但是双方都不准备屈服。
【解析】词义辨析——动词。segregate v. 隔离，使分开；whirl v.  急转，飞转；回旋，打转；compromise v. 互让解决争端；和解；折中；mediate v. 调停，斡旋。根据“between the powers to end the war”可知句意的背景，即“……力量以结束战争”因此，D 项“调停、斡旋”符合句意。
18.D 【句意】警方在危险的交叉路口安装了摄像头，以限制那些闯红灯的人。
【解析】词义辨析——名词。trench n. 沟，沟渠；战壕；utilities n. 公用事业；实用工具；公共事业设备；pavement n. 人行道；junction n. 连接；交叉点；接合点。根据句意和关键部分“the police have installed cameras at dangerous road”可知，D 项构成“道路交叉口”符合句意要求。
19.A 【句意】据报道， 有 30 个人在昨天的铁路撞击事件中丧命。
【解析】词义辨析——名词。collision n. （意见、看法的）抵触；冲突；碰撞； collaboration n.合作；勾结；通敌；corrosion n. 腐蚀；侵蚀；衰败；conformation n. 构造；一致，符合。根据前面的“were killed”可知，这是一起严重的事故，因此， A 符合句意逻辑。
20.C 【句意】因为圆圈是没有起点和终点的，所以结婚戒指被认为是永恒的象征
【解析】词义辨析——形容词。successive adj. 连续的；继承的；依次的；接替的； consecutive adj. 连贯的；连续不断的；eternal adj. 永恒的；不朽的；insistent adj. 坚持的；迫切的；显著的；引人注目的；紧急的。根据“no beginning or end”和名词“love”可知，C 项符合搭配和语义，即“永恒的爱”。
 

Part IV    Translation
作为美国人，我们在遇见他人时，往往更随便而不拘礼节。我们这种天生的倾向于随便的态度会让一些人感到紧张不安。比如，德国人和日本人就不喜欢在谈生意时直呼别人的名字。亚洲人则不喜欢太多的目光接触和身体接触。
大多数文化中喜欢的握手是持续几秒钟的单手握手。拉美人喜欢拥抱，彼此间靠得很近，而亚洲人和德国人则喜欢保持一定的距离。在拉美人中，男人与男人间和女人与女人间的拥抱很常见。日本人在家里喜欢深鞠躬，头弯到腰部。千万不要称日本人为“外国人”或“东方人”而应该称他们为国际访客和亚洲人。
当与亚洲和德国的商业合作伙伴联系时，准时是必须的！用较为正式的口气开始会谈是比较稳妥的做法，然后尽可能按照他们的样子去做，口气逐渐从容些，其他国家的人更看重名片，非常强调头衔和职位。如果你经常与某个国家的人打交道，在你的名片背面印上他们语言的翻译文本是很有帮助的。德国人在他们的名片上还印有学位，常常还有公司创立的日期，所以你可以把类似的内容印到你的名片上。
与日本人做生意时须多带些名片以供交换。稍稍鞠一躬，然后呈上名片让对方能看清楚。仔细看一看你收到的名片，需用双手接过名片，然后把它放在恰当的地方，如钱夹或胸前口袋中。另外，学几句对方语言的简单句子以示对其文化的欣赏也是一种表示尊敬的姿态。
德国人、日本人和拉美人比美国人更看重礼貌礼节。站立时，不要把手放在臀部或者谈话时，不要把手放在口袋里。由于日本和欧洲的吸烟人比美国人多，所以对吸烟要宽容。避免大声说话。尊重德国人的隐私和条理性。拉美人喜欢讨论家庭而德国和日本人通常不会。

Part V    Writing
【审题解析】
这是一个提纲式的现象分析型作文，主题是讨论“中国私有房的变化”。文章并给1990 年，1995 年，2000 年的公房和私房的变化情况，因此，文章私有房的中心变化是“公房越来越少，私房越来越多”。根据提纲可以大致将文章安排：第一段，描述表格的内容。第二段，分析此项变化的原因。第三段，说明这个变化对个人和社会的影响。字数要求 200 字。
【参考范文】
Changes of Ownership of Houses in China
As can be seen from the chart, ownership of houses in Beijing has significantly changed in the1990, and 75percent of the houses were state-owned. Five years later, the ratio of state-owned houses to private ones was 60 to 40. But from then on, the ownership changed dramatically and by the end of the century, 80 percent of houses were private.
There might have been two main reasons. One of the reasons was the policy of the
 
government. In the 1990s, China carried on with its reform policy and the government called for privatization of the state-owned estate. But it looks time for the reform to come into effect. But from 1995 on when people have recognized its significance, the reformation took bigger steps. Another reason was that the people were getting better off and they could afford buying their own houses.
Such changes have had great impact on individuals as well as the society. On one hand, the individuals must save money to buy an apartment or to pay the mortgage. On the other hand, a heavy burden has been taken off the government so that it can take more effective measures to improve people’s life.
【结构点评】
文章围绕“中国私有房的变化”的原因进行了分析，以及介绍其产生的影响。本文分为三段：第一段描述图表，说明 3 个阶段的变化特征。第二段分析两个主要原因。一是，政府政策的影响。二是，人们生活水平的提升，有能力购房。第三段谈及这个变化对社会和个人都产生影响。一是，个人可以必须存钱买房。二是政府的负担变轻后，它有余力采取更多有效措施提高人们生活。
【高分闪光词】
as can be seen from……  从……可以看出
state-owned    国有的
from then on    从那时起
come into effect    生效；实施
get better off    变得更好
take off    脱掉；使离开；起飞
 

重庆大学 2003 年博士入学考试英语试题

Part l: Listening Comprehension（略） Part II: Reading Comprehension (40 %)
Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part .Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C), and D). You should decide on the best choice and write the corresponding letter and the Answer Sheet.
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choices in this matter. You either have science or you don´t, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits.
The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illuminating (启发) piece of news. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment (启蒙运动) to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering (迷惑) seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation ( 对抗) with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted.
But we are making a beginning, and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions we can think up that can´t be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. To be sure, there may well be questions we can´t think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers, if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention.
21.    According to the author, really good science     .
A)    would surprise the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment