※ be correlated with 与……有关;与……相联系
※ relate to 有关,涉及
※ bond v. 与……紧密联系
※ commune v. 与……融为一体
directly adv. 直接地;笔直地;坦率地,直截了当地;正好地;即刻,马上
★ directory n. 姓名住址簿;工商名录;号码簿;董事会,理事会;指南,使用手册
adj. 指导的;咨询的
★ directive adj. 指导的;管理的;方向性的
n. 指令
★ indirectly adv. 间接地;迂回地;婉转地;不坦率地
※ straight adv. 直接地;坦率地
※ frankly adv. 直率地;坦诚地
otherwise adv. 与之不同地;相反地;以其他方式;在其他方面
※ likewise adv. 同样地;而且
reflect v. 反映;表现;思考;深思;考虑
★ reflection n. 思考;见解;想法;反映;反射;表现;体现;倒影
★ unreflecting adj. 不反射的;无思虑的;不反省的
※ reflect on 思考;仔细想;回忆
despite prep. 不管;尽管
※ in spite of 尽管
discipline v. 训练;惩罚
n. 纪律;规定;学科;训练
land n. 陆地;土地;田地;国土;国家
v. (使)登陆;(使)着陆;弄到;捞到
★ mainland n. 大陆;本土
adj. 大陆的;本土的
★ landing n. 登陆;码头;楼梯平台
element n. 元素;要素;组成部分
★ elevate v. 举起;提高;提升
indicate v. 指出;指示;表明;暗示
expose v. 使暴露,使显露;揭露;揭发;使遭受
★ pose v. 摆姿势;装模作样;提出(讨论等);造成;形成
n. 姿势;装模作样
★ purpose n. 目的;用途;意志
v. 决心;企图;打算
★ propose v. 主张;提议;建议;打算;计划;求婚
★ impose v. 强加;征税;利用;欺骗;施加影响
★ compose v. 相成;组成;写作;作曲;使平静;排字
★ oppose v. 反对;抗争
★ suppose v. 猜想,料想;假设;认为
★ supposedly adv. 据说;可能;按照准则;恐怕
※ be exposed to 暴露于;遭受
※ be composed of 组成
※ as opposed to 与……截然相反
※ be supposed to (按计划或期望)应当,应该
religion n. 宗教;信仰;信念
★ religious adj. 宗教的;虔诚的;宗教信仰坚定的
n. 修道士;尼姑
suffer v. (因疾病或处于其他不利境地而)受苦;受难;受折磨
★ suffering n. 苦难;痛苦;折磨
※ suffer sth./suffer from sth 患(某种病);受(某种病痛)折磨
epidemic n. 流行病;(疾病的)流行,传播;(坏事的)盛行,泛滥,猖獗
adj. 流行的;盛行的;肆虐的
addict n. 吸毒成瘾者;瘾君子
v. 使沉溺;使上瘾
payment n. 付款;支付;支付的款项;付款额
hijack v. 劫持;操控
n. 劫持;强行控制;操控
scale n. 规模;比例(尺);鱼鳞;级别
v. 测量;攀登;刮去……的鳞片
circumstance n. [pl.] 情况;形势;环境
※ under the circumstances = in the circumstances 在那种情况下
threaten v. 威胁;恐吓;预示
prospect n. 前景;前途;展望;可能性;希望
Unit 09
reject
词频 ★★★★☆
v. [rɪˈdʒekt] 拒绝考虑;不接受;不同意;抛弃;不录取
形近词:rejection
【例】[v] 不接受
2013 年阅读Text 4
The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.
参考译文:实质上,(美国)政府当时是在表明:由于它不想实现国会在移民方面的期望,任何州也都不应该被允许这么做。每位大法官都公正地驳回了如此异乎寻常的主张。
形近词
rejection [rɪˈdʒekʃ(ə)n]
n. 拒绝
补充词汇
[同义词]
decline [dɪˈklaɪn]
v. 拒绝;谢绝
refuse [rɪˈfjuːz]
v. 拒绝;回绝
discard [dɪsˈkɑː(r)d]
v. 丢弃;抛弃
occur
词频 ★★★★☆
v. [əˈkɜ(r)] 发生;存在;出现;有;(想法或主意)被想起
形近词:occurrence, incur
【例】[v] 发生
2009 年阅读新题型
In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.
参考译文:事实上,所有这些文化发展都分别于不同时间发生在世界上的许多地方。
形近词
occurrence [əˈkʌrəns]
n. 发生;出现;发生的事情,事件
【例】[n] 发生的事情,事件
2014 年完型
As the brain fades, we refer to these occurrences as “senior moments”.
参考译文:随着大脑逐渐退化,我们将这些情形称作“老年时刻”。
incur [ɪnˈkɜː(r)]
v.招致;带来;遭受
【例】[v] 招致
2011 年阅读Text 1
We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has ______.
[A] incurred criticism
[B] raised suspicion
[C] received acclaim
[D] aroused curiosity
参考译文:从第一段中我们了解到,吉尔伯特的任命______。
[A]招来批评
[B]引起怀疑
[C]受到欢迎
[D]引发好奇心
补充词汇
[同义词]
happen [ˈhæpən]
v. 发生;出现;碰巧
[近义词]
arise [əˈraɪz]
v. 产生;出现
meet
词频 ★★★★☆
v. [miːt] 遇见,会见;会谈;经历;遭到;满足
【例】[v] 满足
2014 年阅读Text 1
To which of the following would the author most probably agree?
[A] The British welfare system indulges jobseekers’ laziness.
[B] Osborne’s reforms will reduce the risk of unemployment.
[C] The jobseekers’ allowance has met their actual needs.
[D] Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional.
参考译文:作者最有可能认可下面哪一项?
[A]英国的福利制度助长了求职者的懒惰。
[B]奥斯本的改革将减少失业的风险。
[C]求职者的救济金满足了他们的实际需求。
[D]失业福利不应有附加条件。
补充词汇
[近义词]
assemble [əˈsemb(ə)l]
v. (使)集合;(使)聚集;(使)集会
congregate [ˈkɒŋɡrɪɡeɪt]
v. 聚集;集合
personal
词频 ★★★★☆
adj. [ˈpɜː(r)s(ə)nəl] 个人的,私人的;亲自的,本人的;人身的
形近词:interpersonal, personality, impersonal
形近词
interpersonal [ˌɪntə(r)ˈpɜː(r)s(ə)nəl]
adj. 人与人之间的;人际的
【例】[adj] 人与人之间的;人际的
2008 年阅读Text 1
The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals.
参考译文:女性遭受的人际暴力往往发生在家庭环境中。不幸的是,这种暴力往往来自于父母或其他家庭成员,而且一般不会只有一次。
personality [ˌpɜː(r)səˈnæləti]
n. 人格;性格;个性;名人
impersonal [ɪmˈpɜː(r)s(ə)nəl]
adj. 不受个人情感影响的;冷淡的;客观的
补充词汇
[同义词]
individual [ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl]
adj. 个人的;个别的;独特的
private [ˈpraɪvət]
adj. 个人的;私人的
indeed
词频 ★★★★☆
adv. [ɪnˈdiːd] 实际上;确实,实在;真正地;多么
【例】[adv] 确实,实在
2014 年阅读Text 3
The US $3-million Fundamental Physics Prize is indeed an interesting experiment, as Alexander Polyakov said when he accepted this year’s award in March.
参考译文:正如亚历山大·波利亚科夫今年3月份接受基础物理学奖本年度的奖项时所言,奖金为300万美元的该奖的确是一个有趣的尝试。
补充词汇
[同义词]
certainly [ˈsɜː(r)t(ə)nli]
adv. 确定地;当然地
definitely [ˈdef(ə)nətli]
adv. 明确地;确切地
manage
词频 ★★★★☆
v. [ˈmænɪdʒ] 管理;经营;处理;设法对付;控制;操作
形近词:manager, manageable, management
形近词
manager [ˈmænɪdʒə(r)]
n. 管理者;经理
【例】[n] 管理者;经理
2011 年阅读Text 2
A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.
参考译文:混乱的商业环境也使得高层管理者小心行事,以免让含糊的声明影响自己的声誉。
【例】[n] 管理者;经理
2014 年阅读Text 2
In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency.
参考译文:事实上,允许非职业律师参股可以鼓励律师事务所使用高科技,雇用职业经理人专门负责提高事务所的效率,从而减少开支,改善顾客服务。
manageable [ˈmænɪdʒəb(ə)l]
adj. 可管理的;可控制的;可处理的
【例】[adj] 可管理的;可控制的
2011 年完型
But because hard laughter is difficult to sustain, a good laugh is unlikely to have ______ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.
[A] measurable
[B] manageable
[C] affordable [D] renewable
参考译文:但是由于大笑很难持续,所以一场酣畅淋漓的大笑也不可能像散步或慢跑那样带来 ______ 好处。
[A] 显著的;重大的
[B] 可管理的;可控制的
[C] 买得起的;负担得起的
[D] 可更新的;可持续的
management [ˈmænɪdʒmənt]
n. (商务或机构的)管理,经营;管理部门;安排;驾驭
【例】[n] (商务或机构的)管理,经营
2016 年阅读Text 4
Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times should___________
[A] seek new sources of leadership.
[B] end the print edition for good.
[C] aim for efficient management.
[D] make strategic adjustments.
参考译文:佩雷蒂建议,面对目前的形势,《纽约时报》应该___________
[A]寻找新的领导源。
[B]永久终止印刷版。
[C]寻求高效管理。
[D]做出战略调整。
补充词汇
[同义词]
administer [ədˈmɪnɪstə(r)]
v. 管理;治理
[近义词]
regulate [ˈreɡjʊleɪt]
v. 管理;调整;控制
control [kənˈtrəʊl]
v. 控制;管理
recognize
词频 ★★★★☆
v. [ˈrekəɡnaɪz] 认出;识别;承认,认识到
形近词:unrecognized, recognition
【例】[v] 识别;认识到
2012 年阅读Text 1
Rosenberg holds that public-health advocates should ______.
[A] recruit professional advertisers
[B] learn from advertisers’ experience
[C] stay away from commercial advertisers
[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements
参考译文:罗森伯格认为公共健康倡导者应该______。
[A]招募职业广告人
[B]学习广告人的经验
[C]远离商业广告人
[D]认识到广告的局限性
形近词
unrecognized [ʌnˈrekəɡnaɪzd]
adj. 未被认识的;未被承认的;未被认定的
【例】[adj] 未被认识的
2008 年阅读Text 3
The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality.
参考译文:但是,体育中的这种趋势也许掩盖了一个未被认识的事实。
recognition [ˌrekəɡˈnɪʃ(ə)n]
n. 认识;识别;承认;接受;赞赏;认可
【例】[n] 认可
2012 年阅读Text 3
Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it ______.
[A] has attracted the attention of the general public
[B] has been examined by the scientific community
[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers
[D] has been frequently quoted by peer scientists
参考译文:第三段表明一项发现声明在______之后变得可信。
[A] 吸引了公众的注意力
[B] 经过科学界的检验
[C] 获得编辑和评论家的认可
[D] 被同行科学家频繁地引用
object
词频 ★★★★☆
v. [əbˈdʒekt] 反对
n. [ˈɒbdʒekt] 物体;目的;目标;客体;对象
形近词:objection, objective, objectivity, objectiveness
【例】[v] 反对
2013 年阅读Text 2
Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft's default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.
参考译文:由于不能确定有的用户是真的反对接受行为广告还是在沿用微软的默认设置,一些商家可能不会去理会“禁止追踪”的提醒,依然我行我素。
形近词
objection [əbˈdʒekʃ(ə)n]
n. 反对;不喜欢;异议
【例】[n] 异议
2013 年阅读Text 4
The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.
参考译文:唯一的主要反对意见来自于大法官安东宁·斯卡利亚。他愈发强烈地维护各州的特权,这些权力可以追溯至《客籍法和惩治叛乱法》。
objective
[əbˈdʒektɪv] adj. 客观的;如实的
[əbˈdʒektɪv] n. 目的;目标;宾格
【例】[adj] 客观的
2011 年阅读Text 3
Besides generating income, the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing.
参考译文:除了创收之外,其他营销者的出现还令该网站看起来比较客观,而且给公司提供了机会,可以了解关于其他公司营销吸引力的宝贵信息。
【例】[adj] 客观的
2012 年阅读Text 3
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work.
参考译文:理想的科学实践模式应该是这样的:那些实事求是的研究者运用科学的方法来开展工作,观察和收集关于这个世界的真相。
objectivity [ˌɒbdʒekˈtɪvəti]
n. 客观性;客观
objectiveness [əbˈdʒektivnis]
n. 客观
【例】[n] 客观
2010 年阅读Text 4
The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of ______.
[A] satisfaction
[B] skepticism
[C] objectiveness
[D] sympathy
参考译文:作者对于规则制定者的态度是______。
[A] 满意
[B] 怀疑
[C] 客观
[D] 同情
补充词汇
[词组]
object to sth./doing sth.:反对(做)某事
trust
词频 ★★★★☆
v. [trʌst] 信任;依赖;盼望;希望;委托
n. [trʌst] 信任;依赖;委托;信托,托管;信托基金机构
形近词:distrust, mistrusted
形近词
distrust
[dɪsˈtrʌst] v. 不信任
[dɪsˈtrʌst] n. 不信任
mistrusted [mɪsˈtrʌstid]
adj. 不信任的;多疑的
补充词汇
[词组]
trust fund:信托基金
put trust in sb./sth.:信任……,信赖……
critical
词频 ★★★★☆
adj. [ˈkrɪtɪk(ə)l] 批判的;评论的;危急的;重要的;挑剔的;临界的
形近词:critically, hypocritical, criticize
【例】[adj] 批判的
2018 年阅读Text 2
So when young people are critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills—and in their choices on when to share on social media.
参考译文:当年轻人对过多使用推特的总统持批判态度时,他们显示出了一种对思考技能以及选择何时在社交媒体上分享方面的心智自律。
形近词
critically [ˈkrɪtɪkli]
adv. 批判性地;苛求地;危急地;严重地;关键地
【例】[adv] 批判性地
2007 年阅读新题型
They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. They should also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstorm and think critically.
参考译文:他们(孩子)应该知道如何应对挫折、压力和无法胜任的感觉。他们也要学会如何解决问题、化解冲突、集思广益以及进行批判性思考。
hypocritical [ˌhɪpəˈkrɪtɪk(ə)l]
adj. 伪善的;虚伪的;伪善者的;伪君子的
criticize [ˈkrɪtɪsaɪz]
v. 评论,批评;批判
补充词汇
[词组]
be critical of:挑毛病;批评
immediate
词频 ★★★★☆
adj. [ɪˈmiːdiət] 立即的,即时的;直接的;最接近的;目前的,当前的
形近词:immediately
【例】[adj] 目前的;当前的
2013 年阅读Text 3
Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future.
参考译文:或许我们总是觉得,思考如此长的时间跨度(指遥远的未来)比思考近期(要发生什么)可能要容易得多。
形近词
immediately
[ɪˈmiːdiətli] adv. 立即,立刻;直接地
[ɪˈmiːdiətli] conj. 一……就
补充词汇
[同义词]
instant [ˈɪnstənt]
adj. 立即的;速溶的
let
词频 ★★★★☆
v. [let] 允许,听任;假设;出租,租给;任由,让
形近词:outlet
【例】[v] 让
2011 年阅读Text 2
A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations.
参考译文:混乱的商业环境也使得高层管理者小心行事,以免让含糊的声明影响自己的声誉。
形近词
outlet [ˈaʊtˌlet]
n. 出口;(情感的)发泄途径
补充词汇
[词组]
let out:放出,释放;发出;结束
let alone:不管;更不必说
【例】更不必说
2009 年阅读Text 4
While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized. Their thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality.
参考译文:虽然极少有工匠或农民(更不必说靠他们养活的家人及仆人)给我们留下一些文学作品以供分析,但显然他们的观点并不具有太多的知识性。他们的思想中往往有一种传统的迷信色彩。
advocate
词频 ★★★★☆
n. [ˈædvəkeɪt] 提倡者;拥护者;支持者
v. [ˈædvəkeɪt] 提倡;拥护;主张
【例】[v] 拥护
2011 年阅读Text 1
Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”
参考译文:甚至连在《时代周刊》上发文支持吉尔伯特任命的托马西尼都称其为“一个谦逊的音乐家,在他身上看不到指挥家那种令人敬畏的气势”。
【例】[n] 支持者
2013 年阅读Text 1
She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy.
参考译文:她展现出了许多支持可持续发展的人所共有的理想,无论在粮食还是在能源方面。
【例】[v] 提倡;主张
2014 年阅读Text 4
The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.
参考译文:这份报告还提倡加大对外语、国际事务以及留学项目扩充的研究。
instance
词频 ★★★★☆
n. [ˈɪnstəns] 例子;事例;实例
形近词:instantly, instantaneously
形近词
instantly [ˈɪnstəntli]
adv. 立刻,马上
【例】[adv] 立刻,马上
2010 年阅读Text 4
European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise.
参考译文:欧洲各国部长立刻要求国际会计准则委员会也照做。
instantaneously [ˌɪnstənˈteɪniəsli]