49. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s （cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s （mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones.
科学家可以制造出特异的（specific）互补DNA’s（cDNA’s），以此作为分子探子（molecular probe），探觅出肽激素的信使RNA’s（mRNA’s）。
50．The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can　take years of tedious purifications　　to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.
采用cDNA探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学方法同时也应该比免疫学的方法速度来得快，因为对于免疫的方法来说，需耗费好几年枯燥的提纯进程，方能将肽素分离了出来，然后再培养出针对它们的抗血清。
51. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.
然而，研究更新世的研究者发展除了各种各样的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系统，用来显示如果由他们来决定地质事件的话他们将会如何安排冰川纪。
52. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits　and events not directly related to　　glacial and interglacial periods, rather　than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits.
这一序列演替（succession）所依据的，主要是一系列与冰川期和间冰期并不直接相关的地质沉积物和地质事件，而不是依据更为普遍的现代方法，去研究间冰层（interglacial bed）中所发现的生物残留物，而这些间冰层本身又在冰川沉积物发生间层化（interstatified）。
53．There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social　　relationships either between those who are involved and those who are　not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need, or　between those already satiated and　those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.
人们试图对这些禁忌作出解释，所依据的要幺是那些正置身于某一身体需要满足的人与那些并置身于某一身体需要之满足的人之间的，要幺是那些早已酒足饭饱的人与那些正在不知羞耻地狼吞虎咽失之间的不相称的社会关系。
54．Granted that the presence　of these elements need not argue an　authorial awareness of novelistic　construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel’s　heterogeneous parts.
诚然，这些因素的存在并不能证明作者对小说架构的意识可与亨利。詹姆斯（Henry James）的那种意识相比拟；然则，任何力图将小说所有形形色色的因素统一起来的做法，在某种程度上注定是无法令人信服的。 Granted that:大家都统一、当然，表让步，=admitted , of course.
55．It is not known how rare this resemblance is, or whether it is most often seen in　inclusions of silicates such as garnet, whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond；　　but when present, the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.
现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步，也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中，而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在，这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。
56．Even the "radical" critiques　of this mainstream research model, such as the critique developed in Divided Society, attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social　mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination　of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.
即使是对这一主流研究模型的“激进”批评，诸如《分裂的社会》（Divided Society）一书中所提出的那种批判，亦将少数民族同化问题过分机械地与经济和社会移动性的因素联系起来，因此无从阐明波多黎各人作为一个殖民地少数民族的文化从属关系。
57．I can think of a good few medical students who would willingly “work their way through colleges” by filling in as nurses at our understaffed hospitals.
我可以想象不少读医的学生是愿意来我们人手不足的医院临时充当护士，以此来挣钱读完大学的。分析：fill in用做及物动词词组，和a blank/a check./a form等搭配时，是做“填写”、“填入”解释的，但是如果用作不及物动词词组时，和for sb. as sb.搭配，就是做“暂时代替”来解释。
58．(An intelligence test does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities.) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.
批评智力的测试不反映上述情况，就好比批评温度计不能测出风速一样。
分析：很多情况下，failure这个词是做“失败”解释的，但是，当failure后面接动词不定式，形成failure to do sth.的结构的时候，这个failure就应当解释为“未能”、“没有”。
59．It seems to me that the time is ripe for the Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system which will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent, application and industry currently being wasted on certificates, diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know about.
我认为时机已成熟。就业部门和教育部门应同大学携起手来，修正我们的教育制度，使之能比较合理地使用学生的才能、勤奋和刻苦。而现在他们这些才能和努力都浪费在无人感兴趣的证书、文凭和学位上。
分析：虽然application常做“申请”解释，但是由上下文来看，这里显然不是这个意思，而是另一个意思：勤奋刻苦。同样，industry也有这个问题，它多做“工业”解释，但根据上下文应当是“勤劳”的意思。此外，这里的economic也是误译，只是看它和economy有些像，就想当然地译成“经济”，这是不对的，应当是看它在文章里的具体环境，采用“节约的”、“合理的”这个译法。
60．(There is a definite link between smoking and heart disease and lung cancer.) But this doesn’t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company.
但这并不能使人们感到太多不舒服，因为和你一样抽烟的人很多。
分析：company作可数和不可数名词时的意义是不同的。作可数名词时是“公司”，而作不可数名词时是“伙伴”、“伴侣”的意思，要格外小心。
61．He stepped right in after them, like it or not, and he was determined that nothing as petty as good manners should keep him from a chance of enlightenment.
他不管人家欢迎不欢迎，紧跟着他们走了进去。什幺礼貌不礼貌，他顾不得这一套。他决心不错过这个机会，把心里的问题弄明白。
分析：enlightenment在词典中的意思确实是“启蒙”、“启发”，但是在这里如果原封不动地照搬，不仅生硬，且不符合原文意思，这里就需要我们把它的引申意义找出来，即“把问题搞清楚”。
62．Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions, their whole lives were regulated; perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards, by a regard for precedent.
在第一次世界大战给他们的大部分风俗习惯带来变化之前，他们的所有生活，除了西班牙人之外，或许比其它民族都更受到先例的制约。
分析：save可以用作动词，但是如果作为动宾结构的话，它的主语又是什幺呢？perhaps more than those of any other people和perhaps more than thirty people是两种不同的结构，后者是名词短语，可以作主语；但是前者只是一个形容词短语，不能做主语。其次，如果by a regard for precedent是save的状语的话，前面也没有必要用逗号隔开。实际上，这个by a regard for precedent是和were regulated组成的一个被动结构：were regulated by…。这样，save这一部分就不是一个句子，只是一个修饰成分。事实上，save是个介词，作“除了”解，相当于but，或是except。
63．It is the two superpowers that should be responsible for the hostilities in the Middle East．应对中东战争（×敌对状态）负责的是两个超级大国。
有一些名词，特别是抽象名词的单数变成复数后，意义是不一样的。“hostility�沟ナ�作“enmity�梗�“ill will��“敌意”“敌视”解，但“hostilities�垢词�作“war��“战争”解。
64. ）．．．he let the line slip down，down，down，unrolling off the first of the two reserve coils．……他就松手让钓丝滑下去，下去，下去，把两卷备用的（×多余的）钓丝也松开了一卷。
reserve有“预备着的”，“多余的”意思，这里应是“备用”之意。
"才"的用法
1. (= a moment ago; just)：你怎麼才來就要走？　You’ve only just come. Why do you want to leave so soon? /他才回到家裡，湯姆就來找他了．　He had just got home when Tom came looking for him.
2. (= not until; 前面加“時間詞”)： 他九點鐘才來，太晚了．　He didn’t come until 9 o’clock. That was too late. /大風到晚上才止住了．The gale didn’t stop until evening. /他走了兩個鐘頭才走到．It took him two hours to get there. /你為什麼這會兒才說呢？　How come you didn’t say anything until now?
3. (= not unless; not until; then and only then; for no other reason)： 他吃了三碗麵才飽．　He wasn’t full until he had eaten three bowls. /經他解釋之後，我才明白是怎麼回事．　I didn’t understand what was going on until he explained it to me. /他說行才行．It’s O.K. only if he says so. /只有靠群眾，才能把工作做好．Only by relying on the people can we do our work well. /正因為我們有困難，才派我們去．　We were sent precisely because there were problems there.
4. (= only;後面跟“數詞”)： 現在才八點鐘，還早著呢． It’s only
8 o’clock, so there’s still plenty of time. /才五塊錢嗎？真便宜．　Only five dollars? That’s really cheap. /這孩子才五歲，已經認得不少字了．　The child is only five, and he already knows quite a few characters.
5. (= actually; really; 用於肯定或衝突，強調“才“字之前的詞，通常句尾用”呢“字作語助詞)：這才好呢! 　Now this is really good! /你以為他傻嗎? 他才不傻呢! You think he is stupid? Not him! /我才懶得管呢! I can’t be bothered! 或 I couldn’t care less. /你才是撒