A. Stratificational        B. Case                C. Relational            D. Montague
7.    In Halliday’s view, the __________ function is the function that the child uses to know about his surroundings.
    A. personal            B. heuristic            C. imaginative            D. informative
8.    The rheme in the sentence “On it stood Jane” is __________.
    A. On it                B. stood                C. On it stood            D. Jane
9.    Chomsky follows __________ in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.
    A. empiricism            B. behaviorism        C. relationalism        D. mentalism
10.    TG grammar has seen __________ stages of development.
    A. three                B. four                C. five                D. six

II.    Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)

11.    Following Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole, Trubetzkoy argued that phonetics belonged to langue whereas phonology belonged to parole.
12.    The subject-predicate distinction is the same as the theme and rheme contrast.
13.    London School is also known as systemic linguistics and functional linguistics.
14.    According to Firth, a system is a set of mutually exclusive options that come into play at some point in a linguistic structure.
15.    American Structuralism is a branch of diachronic linguistics that emerged independently in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.
16.    The Standard Theory focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar.
17.    American descriptive linguistics is empiricist and focuses on diversities of languages.
18.    Chomsky’s concept of linguistic performance is similar to Saussure’s concept of parole, while his use of linguistic competence is somewhat different from Saussure’s langue.
19.    Glossematics emphasizes the nature and status of linguistic theory and its relation to description.
20.    If two sentences have exactly the same ideational and interpersonal functions, they would be the same in terms of textual coherence.

III.    Fill in the blanks. (20%)

21.    The Prague School practiced a special style of __________ Linguistics.
22.    The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and the distinction between __________ and phonology.
23.    The man who turned linguistics proper into a recognized distinct academic subject in Britain was __________.
24.    Halliday’s Systemic Grammar contains a functional component, and the theory behind his Functional Grammar is __________.
25.    Systemic-Functional Grammar is a(n) __________ oriented functional linguistic approach.
26.    Structuralism is based on the assumption that grammatical categories should be defined not in terms of meaning but in terms of __________.
27.    In the history of American linguistics, the period between 1933 and 1950 is also known as __________ Age.
28.    __________ in language theories is characteristic of America.
29.    The starting point of Chomsky’s TG grammar is his __________ hypothesis.
30.    Chomsky argues that LAD probably consists of three elements, that is a __________, linguistic universal, and an evaluation procedure.

IV.    Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)

31.    FSP
32.    Cohesion
33.    LAD
34.    Case Grammar

V.    Answer the following questions. (20%)

35.    Why is Saussure hailed as the father of modern linguistics?
36.    What is behaviorism? What is behaviorism in linguistics? What is the relationship between linguistics and behaviorism according to Bloomfield? Does behaviorism have any limitations? If yes, what are they?

VI.    Analyze the following situation. (20%)

37.    Can you make a brief introduction to some important schools and their influential representatives in modern linguistics?
第二部分结束
 

第三部分 测试题参考答案


[In the reference keys, I won’t give examples or further analysis. That seems too much work for me. Therefore, this key is only for reference. In order to answer this kind of question, you need more examples. So you should read the textbook carefully. – icywarmtea]

Test One
I.
1~5 BACCC                    6~10 BACAC
II.
11~15 FFTFF                    16~20 FFFFF
III.
21. verbal                        22. productivity / creativity
23. metalingual function            24. yo-he-ho
25. scientific                    26. descriptive
27. speech                    28. diachronic linguistic
29. langue                    30. competence
IV.
31.    Design feature: It refers to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.
32.    Displacement: It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts, which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.
33.    Competence: It is an essential part of performance. It is the speaker’s knowledge of his or her language; that is, of its sound structure, its words, and its grammatical rules. Competence is, in a way, an encyclopedia of language. Moreover, the knowledge involved in competence is generally unconscious. A transformational-generative grammar is a model of competence.
34.    Synchronic linguistics: It refers to the study of a language at a given point in time. The time studied may be either the present or a particular point in the past; synchronic analyses can also be made of dead languages, such as Latin. Synchronic linguistics is contrasted with diachronic linguistics, the study of a language over a period of time.
V.
35.   
Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements – for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited number of texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.
If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, e.g. words, which are distinct in meaning.
36.
    It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.
VI.
37.
    It should be guided by the four principles of science: exhaustiveness, consistency, economy and objectivity and follow the scientific procedure: form hypothesis – collect data – check against the observable facts – come to a conclusion.

Test Two
I.
1~5    ACDAA                    6~10 DBABB
II.
11~15 TTTFF                    16~20 TTTFF
III.
21. voiced, voiceless, voiced        22. friction
23. tongue                    24. height
25. obstruction                    26. minimal pairs
27. diphthongs                    28. Co-articulation
29. Phonemes                    30. air stream
IV.
31.    Sound assimilation: Speech sounds seldom occur in isolation. In connected speech, under the influence of their neighbors, are replaced by other sounds. Sometimes two neighboring sounds influence each other and are replaced by a third sound which is different from both original sounds. This process is called sound assimilation.
32.    Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.
33.    Complementary distribution: The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.
34.    Distinctive features: It refers to the features that can distinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.
V.
35.
Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves). Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves.
36.
    When the vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.
VI.
37.
Omit.

Test Three
I.
1~5    AACBB                    6~10 BCADB
II.
11~15 TTFTT                    16~20 FTFFF
III.
21. initialism, acronym            22. vocabulary
23. solid, hyphenated, open        24. morpheme
25. close, open                    26. back-formation
27. conversion                    28. morpheme
29. derivative, compound        30. affix, bound root
IV.
31.    Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)
32.    Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.
33.    Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.
34.    Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type of base to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.
V.
Omit.
VI.
37.
(1) c        (2) a        (3) e        (4) d        (5) b

Test Four
I.
1~5 DCDDD                    6~10 ADDBA
II.
11~15 TTTTF                    16~20 FTFTT
III.
21. simple                    22. sentence
23. subject                      24. predicate
25. complex                      26. embedded 
27. open                      28. Adjacency
29. Parameters                  30. Case
IV.
31.    Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.
32.    IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short, refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate constituents – word groups (phrases), which are in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.
33.    Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.
34.    Trace theory: After the movement of an element in a sentence there will be a trace left in the original position. This is the notion trace in T-G grammar. It’s suggested that if we have the notion trace, all the necessary information for semantic interpretation may come from the surface structure. E.g. The passive Dams are built by beavers. differs from the active Beavers built dams. in implying that all dams are built by beavers. If we add a trace element represented by the letter t after built in the passive as Dams are built t by beavers, then the deep structure information that the word dams was originally the object of built is also captured by the surface structure. Trace theory proves to be not only theoretically significant but also empirically valid.
V.
35.
An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of its constituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head. The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is defined negatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.
36.
    (1) more | beautiful flowers
    (2) more beautiful | flowers
VI.
            S               
                           
    NP                VP       
                           
Det.        NP    V        NP        Adv.
                           
                Det.        N.   
                           
The        student    wrote    a        letter    yesterday.

Test Five
I.
1~5 ABDDB                    6~10 CACDA
II.
11~15 FFTFT                    16~20 TFTTT
III.
21. Semantics                    22. direct
23. Reference                    24. synonyms
25. homophones                26. Relational
27. Componential                28. selectional
29. argument                    30. naming
IV.
31.    Entailment: It is basically a semantic relation (or logical implication), and it can be clarified with the following sentences:
    a.    Tom divorced Jane.
    b.    Jane was Tom’s wife.