•　rest


【常见义】v. 休息

【考研义】v. 依靠；v. 归属

例子：But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. ［2007 Part C］（但是，新闻记者必须比普通公民更深刻地理解法律，这种观点是基于对新闻媒体既有惯例和特殊责任的理解。）

Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal. （论文的版权归期刊出版商所有，其他想要了解研究成果的研究人员只能订阅该期刊。）





•　return


【常见义】v. 归还

【考研义】n. 收益；利润；v. 回顾，审查；n. 审查，评估

记忆：利润和收益，通俗来看，就是之前花出去的成本又“归还”回来了。

例子：The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. （知识的价值和公众投资在科研领域中的回报在一定程度上依赖于知识和科研成果的广泛传播和易于获取。）





•　row


【常见义】n. 一排，一行

【考研义】n. 争吵

记忆：两排人面对面产生争执。

On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. （5月31日，微软使这一争论激化。）





•　run


【常见义】v. 跑

【考研义】v. 出版；刊登

记忆：日常生活当中的消息“跑”到了新闻版面上面，这就是刊登、出版的行为。

例子：“As soon as that report runs, we’ll suddenly get 500 new internet sign–ups from Ukraine,” says Friedman, a former political science professor. （“一旦这个报道发布出去，我们就会立即获得500个来自乌克兰的新网络注册用户，”前政治学教授弗里德曼说。）





S


•　secular


【常见义】adj. 世俗的

【考研义】adj. 长期的

记忆：什么是世俗？世俗就是世界上长期发生的一些事情，进而形成的一些规则。

例子：But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. （但是随着饮食和健康状况的改善，儿童和青少年的身高平均每20年就会增加约1.5英寸，这就是通常所说的身高增长长期趋势的模式。）





•　secure


【常见义】adj. 安全的

【考研义】v. 获得，取得

例子：Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. ［2009 Part C］（由于我们对年轻人的主要职责是使他们能够融入共同的生活，因此我们不禁要考虑自己是否在形成让他们获得这种本领的能力。）





•　see


【常见义】v. 看见，察觉

【考研义】v. 经历，经受

记忆：所见即所得（你所看到的就是你所经历的）。

例子：But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work–moral values. ［2000 Passage 4］（但是日本人传统的职业道德观正在日益衰退。）





•　sentence


【常见义】n. 句子

【考研义】v. 判决，宣判

记忆：法官在法庭上说的句子（sentence），这就是对犯罪嫌疑人的审判。

例子：Witness payments became an issue after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. ［2001 Section Ⅱ］（自1995年韦斯特被判处10次终身监禁后，向证人行贿就成了一个争论的焦点。）

For example, he theorised that a judge fearful of appearing too soft on crime might be more likely to send someone to prison if he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day. ［2013 Section Ⅰ］（例如，西蒙松博士从理论上推测，如果一位担心对犯罪行为表现得太过仁慈的法官在一天当中已经对五六名被告只判处了强制性社区服务，那么他更有可能会将接下来的被告送进监狱。）





•　shape


【常见义】v. 外形，样子

【考研义】v. 决定……的形成；影响……的发展

例子：This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading–between passive consumption and active creation–whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine. ［2012 Part B］［这是因为联网计算机已经引发了一场下载和上传（被动消费和主动创造）之间的秘密战争。战争的结果将影响我们共同的未来，而这种影响的方式是我们之前难以想象的。］

The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. ［2002 Part B］（我们仅在一百多年前才阐明自然选择在进化中的作用，而认识和研究环境在塑造和保持个体行为方面的选择性作用则刚刚开始。）





•　sharp


【常见义】v. 锋利的

【考研义】v. 轮廓鲜明的

例子：As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful, and they became “personal” too, as well as institutional, with display becoming sharper and storage capacity increasing. ［2002 Section Ⅱ］（随着时间的推移，计算机的体积越来越小，功能却越来越强。而且随着显示效果越来越清晰及存储量越来越大，计算机不仅普遍应用于公共机构，而且还普及到个人。）





•　shield


【常见义】n. 盾牌

【考研义】v. 保护；庇护

记忆：盾牌就是给人提供庇护和保护。

例子：Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death.” （蒙特非奥尔医疗中心主任南希·道布勒认为，这一原则将庇护那些医生——他们“直到现在还坚定地认为，如果加大剂量可能会加速病人死亡，他们总不能给病人足够的药物来抑制他们的痛苦。”）

Shielded by third–party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it’s useless. （因为医疗费由第三方买单，病人会要求尽可能地用上一切手段为自己治疗，即使这种治疗毫无用处。）





•　shoulder


【常见义】n. 肩膀

【考研义】v. 承担，承当

记忆：男人的肩膀意味着承担家庭责任。

例子：If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line. （他们认为，如果铁路公司对所有客户平均收费，一些托运人就会转而选择汽车或其他运输方式，而后由剩下的客户来承担铁路运行的开销。）





•　sit


【常见义】v. 坐

【考研义】v. 担任（职务）

记忆：坐在相应的位置，表示承担了相应的职务。

例子：Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey: “I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.” （光辉国际的大股东丹尼斯·凯里说：“我所做过的每一次招聘，董事会都会要求我首先注意那些在职的首席执行官们。”）





•　soft


【常见义】adj. 柔软的

【考研义】adj. 有同情心的

例子：For example, he theorised that a judge fearful of appearing too soft on crime might be more likely to send someone to prison if he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day. ［2013 Section Ⅰ］（例如，西蒙松博士从理论上推测，如果一位担心对犯罪行为表现得太过仁慈的法官在一天当中已经对五六名被告只判处了强制性社区服务，那么他更有可能会将接下来的被告送进监狱。）





•　solid


【常见义】n. 固体

【考研义】adj. 牢靠的，坚实的

例子：In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. ［2000 Passage 1］（到了1995年，当日本还在苦苦挣扎的时候，美国已经连续五年稳步发展了。）





•　sound


【常见义】n. 声音

【考研义】v. 合理的，正确的

例子：If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound. （如果我们要保护大气，那么，至关重要的是这些新发电站对环境是无害的。）





•　spark


【常见义】n. 火花

【考研义】v. 引导，导至

例子：This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading–between passive consumption and active creation–whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine. ［2012 Part B］［这是因为联网计算机已经引发了一场下载和上传（被动消费和主动创造）之间的秘密战争。战争的结果将影响我们共同的未来，而这种影响的方式是我们之前难以想象的。］





•　spread


【常见义】n. 展开，铺开

【考研义】v. 传播；（使）流传

例子：More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. ［2001 Passage 2］（由于害怕自己的国家落后，越来越多的政府想扩大互联网的使用范围。）





•　squeeze


【常见义】v. 用力榨取

【考研义】v. 破坏，扼制

例子：On the other hand, oil–importing emerging economies–to which heavy industry has shifted–have become more energy–intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed. （另一方面，新兴的石油进口国（重工业已经转移到这些国家）能源密集程度变得更大，从而可能面临更大的压力。）





•　state


【常见义】n. 国家，州

【考研义】v. 规定；陈述；说明

例子：As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line–drawing. （而情况通常是这样的，制定准则也很难划定实际界限。）





•　stem


【常见义】n. 根茎

【考研义】v. 阻止，遏制

例子：Stemming climate change, for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy. ［2013 Part B］（例如，遏制气候变化不仅需要开发清洁能源，同样也需要我们改变消费模式和推动人们接纳税收。）





•　stop


【常见义】v. 停止，中断

【考研义】n. 标点符号

记忆：标点符号表示语句的自然中断。

例子：We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. ［2000 Passage 3］（我们必须使用大量的基本词汇，而不受标点符号、修饰性形容词及限定动词的约束。）





•　strength


【常见义】n. 力量，力气

【考研义】n. 长处，优点

例子：At first glance this might seem like a strength that grants the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by external factors. ［2013 Section Ⅰ］（乍一看，这似乎是一种优点，它使人们能够排除外部因素的影响，从而做出公正的判断。）





•　stress


【常见义】n. 压力

【考研义】v. 着重于，强调

例子：While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self–expression. ［2000 Passage 4］（虽然日本的教育因强调基础知识而经常受到外国人的赞扬，但是它往往强调考试和机械的学习而忽视了创造力和自我表达。）

Because representative government presupposes an informed citizenry, the report supports full literacy; stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. （因为代议制政府预先提出全民要接受教育，所以这份报告提倡全面提高国民的素质，强调学习历史和政体，尤其是美国历史和美国政体，鼓励使用新的数字技术。）





•　stretch


【常见义】v. 延伸

【考研义】n. 一段时间

例子：At the same time, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats for long stretches encourages kids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. ［2007 Part B］（同时，长时间用耳机听单调的节奏会让孩子沉浸在自己的幻想里，而不致力于其他。）





•　subject


【常见义】n. 学科，主题

【考研义】v. 服从，支配

例子：We are subject to the law of the land.（我们须遵守当地的法律。）

In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation. （此外，检测公司用以判定血缘关系的计算机程序可能申请了专利保护，不必受同行的评审或外界的评估。）

In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. （2006年该州进一步提出要求，任何核电站的许可证的延期都要获得佛蒙特立法机关的批准。）





•　suggest


【常见义】v. 建议

【考研义】v. 表明，暗示

例子：But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment. （但如今的社会几乎没有显示出社会环境黑暗和每况愈下的迹象，尤其是当与美国动荡的过去相比时更是如此。）

This suggests that dimmer bulbs burn longer, that there is an advantage in not being too bright. ［2009 Section I］［这表明暗淡的灯泡（笨脑瓜）更耐用，不够十分明亮（聪明）也有好处。］





•　supplement


【常见义】n. 补充

【考研义】v. （报纸，杂志）增刊

记忆：某个杂志某季的增刊，就是这季的一个补充版本。

例子：The Sunday color supplements（周日彩色增刊）

For the past several years, the Sunday newspaper supplement Parade has featured a column called “Ask Marilyn.” （过去几年，周日报纸增刊《游行》开辟了一个专栏叫“问问玛丽莲”。）





•　surface


【常见义】n. 表面

【考研义】v. 引起注意，公开化

记忆：把一个东西放到台面（表面），便是为了引起人们注意。

例子：The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. （安特吉公司与佛蒙特州政府之间的冲突早在2002年就引起了人们的注意，当时该公司购买了佛蒙特州唯一的一座核电站，一个位于弗农市的陈旧的核反应堆。）





•　sweep


【常见义】v. 打扫，清理

【考研义】v. 迅速蔓延，风行

例子：Foreign–made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. ［2000 Passage 1］（外国制造的汽车和纺织品也大举涌入美国国内市场。）

The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. ［2001 Passage 4］（这股浪潮从异常活跃的美国席卷到欧洲，并以无与伦比的威力波及新兴国家。）





•　swell


【常见义】v. 膨胀

【考研义】v. 增加

例子：According to the World Social Science Report 2010, the number of social–science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000. ［2013 Part B］（根据《2010年世界社会科学报告》，自2000年以来，全球社会科学专业的学生数量每年以大约11%的速度增长。）





•　sympathy


【常见义】n. 同情心

【考研义】n. 支持，赞同

例子：Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. （你的幽默必须与听众相关，而且有助于表明你是他们中的一员，或者表明你了解他们的处境并且赞同他们的观点。）





•　systematic


【常见义】adj. 有系统的

【考研义】adj. 有预谋的

例子：“Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering”, to the extent that it constitutes “systematic patient abuse.” （“许多医生似乎对病人遭受不必要的、可以预见的痛苦漠不关心”，其严重程度已经构成“蓄意虐待病人”。）





T


•　tap


【常见义】v. 轻拍

【考研义】v. 开发（资源）

例子：For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may co–operate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. ［2000 Section Ⅳ］（例如，他们可以鼓励不同形式的研究，包括建立他们自己的研究中心。他们可以改变教育结构；或是通过干预减少自然资源的浪费，开发迄今尚未开发的资源；政府也可以直接在科学、经济及工业领域广泛开展国际合作项目。）





•　tell


【常见义】v. 告诉，讲述

【考研义】v. 产生影响（有害影响）

例子：Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes(travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. ［2000 Passage 4］［城市里的日本人长期忍受着漫长的通勤（上下班往返路程）和拥挤不堪的居住条件，随着旧的群体观念和家庭观念的削弱，生活的不如意开始产生影响。］





•　temper


【常见义】n. 脾气，性情

【考研义】v. 缓和，调节

例子：Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was unprepared for self–rule and democracy. ［2007 Section Ⅰ］（平等主义的情绪常常因担心大众尚未为自治与民主做好准备而有所缓和。）





•　term


【常见义】n. 学期

【考研义】n. 专业名词

例子：Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. ［2004 Part B］（后来，这一观点成为了著名的萨皮尔-沃尔夫假说，但这个术语有点不恰当。）

The defining term of intelligence in humans still seems to be the IQ score, even though IQ tests are not given as often as they used to be. （虽然人们已经不像以前那样频繁地使用智商测试了，但是智商分数似乎仍然是定义人类智力的术语。）