adj. 工业化的

industrialization [ɪnˈdʌstriəˌlaɪ-zeɪʃ(ə)n]

n. 工业化

measure

词频 ★★★☆☆

v. [ˈmeʒə(r)] 量，测量；估量；衡量

n. [ˈmeʒə(r)] 衡量；估量；尺寸，大小；[常pl.] 措施；办法

【例】[n] 衡量；估量

2009 年翻译

It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience, but this effect is not a part of its original motive.

参考译文：或许可以说，任何社会机构的价值衡量标准是其在丰富和提升经验方面所起的作用，但是这种作用并不是其初始动机的一部分。

oppose

词频 ★★★☆☆

v. [əˈpəʊz] 反对；反抗

形近词：opponent

形近词

opponent

[əˈpəʊnənt] n. 对手，敌手；反对者

[əˈpəʊnənt] adj. 对立的；敌对的

【例】[n] 反对者

2014 年阅读Text 2

There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.

参考译文：尽管在行业内部存在着变革的压力，但是管理者中反对变革的人坚持认为，不让业外人士进入律所可以使律师远离赚钱的压力，而非在道义上为客户服务的压力。

补充词汇

[词组]

be opposed to：反对……；背道而驰

[同义词]

repel [rɪˈpel]

v. 排斥；击退

[近义词]

deny [dɪˈnaɪ]

v. 否认；否认与……有关系；不承认；抛弃

【例】[v] 否认

2015 年阅读Text 4

Glenn Mulcaire may deny phone hacking as a crime.

参考译文：格伦·穆凯尔可能会否认电话窃听有罪。

counter [ˈkaʊntə(r)]

v. 反击；反驳

imagine

词频 ★★★☆☆

v. [ɪˈmædʒɪn] 想象；设想；料想

形近词：image, imaging, imaginary, unimaginable, imaginative

【例】[v] 想象

2011 年阅读Text 4

It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut.

参考译文：很难想象，仅仅因为里斯和安吉丽娜使要孩子这种行为看上去如此富有魅力，就让很多人傻到想去要孩子，毕竟多数成年人都知道，养孩子可不像做个发型那么简单。

形近词

image [ˈɪmɪdʒ]

n. 形象；化身

【例】[n] 形象

2008 年阅读Text 4

That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books.

参考译文：这与大多数人记得的历史书中那个砍樱桃树的乔治形象大有出入。

【例】[n] 形象

2011 年阅读Text 4

The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands this week.

参考译文：在杂志的封面上，一位漂亮的妈妈抱着一个可爱的婴儿。本周，这种圣母与圣子的形象在杂志上多次出现。

【例】[n] 形象

2011 年阅读Text 4

Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines like US Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock.

参考译文：当然，像《美国周刊》与《人物》这样的名人杂志目前提供的父母形象是非常不切实际的，尤其当父母是像布洛克这样的单身母亲时更是如此。

【例】[n] 形象

2011 年阅读Text 4

But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.

参考译文：但想来让人觉得很有趣：我们每周(在杂志封面上)看到的那些无忧无虑、越来越幸福的父母形象，难道不正在无形中轻微地加剧我们对现实生活的不满吗？这种方式就好像我们当中一小部分人曾经希望剪个和瑞秋(《老友记》中的单身妈妈)一样的发型，好让自己看上去有点儿像詹妮弗·安妮斯顿(美国著名演员，《老友记》中瑞秋的扮演者)。

imaging [ˈɪmɪdʒɪŋ]

n. 成像

imaginary [ɪˈmædʒɪnəri]

adj. 虚构的；想象中的

unimaginable [ˌʌnɪˈmædʒɪnəb(ə)l]

adj. 难以想象的

imaginative [ɪˈmædʒɪnətɪv]

adj. 创造性的；爱想象的

补充词汇

[近义词]

dream [driːm]

v. 梦想；想到；梦到

picture [ˈpɪktʃə(r)]

v. 想象；描写

drop

词频 ★★★☆☆

v. [drɒp] 落下；下降；失落；放弃；终止

n. [drɒp] 滴；落下；微量

补充词汇

[词组]

drop by：顺道拜访

drop out：退学；退出

【例】退学

2011 年阅读新题型

Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees.

参考译文：英语专业博士生中有半数以上在获得学位之前退学，这并不奇怪。

engage

词频 ★★★☆☆

v. [ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ] (使)从事于；(使)参加；(使)订婚；引起；吸引；聘用

形近词：engagement

【例】[v] (使)从事于；(使)参加

2016 年阅读Text 3

That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.

参考译文：那就是运用自身资源并且从事旨在增加其利润的活动。

形近词

engagement [ɪnˈɡeɪdʒmənt]

n. 订婚，婚约；约会；约定；雇佣；参与

【例】[n] 参与

2014 年阅读Text 1

George Osborne’s scheme was intended to encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking.

参考译文：乔治·奥斯本的计划旨在鼓励求职者积极地参与找工作。

补充词汇

[词组]

engage in：从事于；参加

engage with：交战；与……接洽

【例】与……接洽

2011 年阅读Text 3

Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.

参考译文：比如，在今年早些时候发生的汽车召回危机中，丰田汽车公司较快地开展了精心策划的社交媒体回应行动，包括在一些网站（如推特和社会新闻网站掘客）上与消费者进行直接交流，从而减少了一些损失。

property

词频 ★★★☆☆

n. [ˈprɒpə(r)ti] 财产；资产；所有物；性质；特性

【例】[n] 财产；资产

2009 年阅读新题型

Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.

参考译文：所以，在他看来，文化的各个方面——诸如家庭结构、婚姻形式、亲属类别、财产所有权、政府组成形式、技术和食品生产体系——都会随社会演变而发生变化。

补充词汇

[近义词]

asset [ˈæset]

n. 有用的物(或人)；财富；资产；财产

【例】[n] 资产

2010 年阅读Text 4

These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.

参考译文：这些规则规定，他们必须按照第三方愿意支付的价格来评估某些资产，而非价格经理和监管机构希望卖的价格。

unemployment

词频 ★★★☆☆

n. [ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt] 失业；失业人数

形近词：employ, employer, employee, employment

【例】[n] 失业

2007 年阅读Text 3

This “added-worker effect” could support the safety net offered by unemployment insurance or disability insurance to help families weather bad times.

参考译文：这种“额外的劳动者效应”能够支持由失业保险或残疾保险所提供的安全保障系统，从而帮助那些家庭渡过艰难时期。

【例】[n] 失业

2014 年阅读Text 1

The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens.

参考译文：英国社会福利的原则已经不再能确保你可以抵御失业的风险并在灾难发生时让你无条件地获取救济金了。

形近词

employ [ɪmˈplɔɪ]

v. 雇用；使从事于；使用

In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency.

参考译文：事实上，允许非职业律师参股可以鼓励律师事务所使用高科技，雇用职业经理人专门负责提高事务所的效率，从而减少开支，改善顾客服务。

employer [ɪmˈplɔɪə(r)]

n. 雇主；老板

employee [ˌemplɔɪˈiː]

n. 雇员；员工

employment [ɪmˈplɔɪmənt]

n. 雇用；工作；职业

补充词汇

[词组]

unemployment rate：失业率

demonstrate

词频 ★★★☆☆

v. [ˈdemənˌstreɪt] 论证；证明；显示；表明；示威游行

【例】[v] 证明

2016 年阅读Text 3

But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.

参考译文：但至少，他们已经证明当公司在法律层面遇到麻烦时，好的形象的证据能为他们争取到一个不那么高昂的处罚。

respond

词频 ★★★☆☆

v. [rɪˈspɒnd] 回答；答复；响应；应对

形近词：responsible, responsibility, corresponding, correspondent

【例】[v] 应对

2013 年阅读Text 2

In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.

参考译文：2月，美国联邦贸易委员会和数字广告联盟一致同意：行业将开始着手应对“禁止追踪”的请求。

形近词

responsible [rɪˈspɒnsəb(ə)l]

adj. 负责的；有责任的；可靠的

responsibility [rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti]

n. 责任；职责

【例】[n] 责任；职责

2007 年阅读Text 3

From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholescale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.

参考译文：可以理解的是，从中产阶级家庭的角度来看，这一切看起来远远不像是一个履行更多金融责任的机会，在很大程度上反而更像是一次可怕的加速：把金融风险全部都转移到其负担已十分沉重的双肩上。

corresponding [ˌkɒrɪˈspɒndɪŋ]

adj. 相当的；相应的；一致的；通信的

correspondent [ˌkɒrɪˈspɒndənt]

n. (尤指专门报道某一类新闻的)记者；通讯员

补充词汇

[词组]

in respond to：作为回应

in response to：对……做出反应

【例】对……做出反应

2011 年阅读Text 2

In recent weeks the No. 2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also may wish to move on.

参考译文：最近几周，雅芳和美国捷运公司的二把手们以一直在谋求首席执行官职位为由辞职了。当董事会迫于股东的压力仔细审查继任计划时，那些没有被同意继任的高管们或许也想离开。

afford

词频 ★★★☆☆

v. [əˈfɔː(r)d] 负担得起；买得起；供给；给予；经得住；承受得起

形近词：unaffordable

【例】[v] 负担得起

2013 年阅读Text 1

Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.

参考译文：虚荣心会一直存在；只有当人们负担不起可持续性的时装消费时，他们才会开始更有可持续性地进行时装消费。

【例】[v] 承受得起

2014 年阅读Text 2

Law-school debt means that many cannot afford to go into government or non-profit work, and that they have to work fearsomely hard.

参考译文：读法学院院校时负债意味着很多学生不能承受到政府部门或非营利性机构工作的费用，他们不得不全力以赴地工作。

形近词

unaffordable [ˌʌnəˈfɔː(r)dəb(ə)l]

adj. 负担不起的

【例】[adj] 负担不起的

2013 年阅读Text 1

People are more interested in unaffordable garments.

参考译文：人们对买不起的衣服更感兴趣。

补充词汇

[词组]

afford to：负担得起；承受得起

【例】承受得起

2008 年阅读Text 4

For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves.

参考译文：一方面，南方承受不了没有奴隶的后果。

complex

词频 ★★★☆☆

n. [ˈkɒmpleks] 复合体；综合建筑群

adj. [ˈkɒmpleks] 复杂的；合成的，综合的

形近词：complexity

【例】[adj] 复杂的

2009 年阅读Text 3

This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance.

参考译文：经济的高速发展需要复杂的政治体制，而这种日益提高的教育水平可能是建立这种政治体制的必要条件，但非充分条件。

【例】[adj] 复杂的

2012 年阅读Text 3

Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.

参考译文：在科学界复杂的社会结构中，研究者做出科学发现；编辑和审核者通过控制科学发现公开发表的过程而担当着把关者；其他科学家利用新的发现来满足自己的目的；最后，公众(包括其他科学家)接收新的科学发现以及可能随之而来的科技。

形近词

complexity [kəmˈpleksəti]

n. 复杂；复杂性；复杂的事物

【例】[n] 复杂

2009 年阅读Text 3

More recently, while examining housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English-speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry’s work.

参考译文：最近，研究者在调查住宅建设时发现，尽管建筑业的工作十分复杂，但得克萨斯州休斯敦市那些不识字、不会说英语的墨西哥建筑工人却始终达到了最佳劳动生产效率的标准。

补充词汇

[同义词]

perplexing [pə(r)ˈpleksɪŋ]

adj. 复杂的；令人不解的

intricate [ˈɪntrɪkət]

adj. 错综复杂的；难理解的

sophisticated [səˈfɪstɪˌkeɪtɪd]

adj. 复杂的；深奥微妙的

ensure

词频 ★★★☆☆

v. [ɪnˈʃɔː(r)] 确保；保证

形近词：assure

【例】[v] 确保；保证

2007 年阅读新题型

Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids.

参考译文：父母们可以做很多事来确保他们的孩子在刚步入成年时一切顺利。

【例】[v] 确保；保证

2014 年阅读Text 1

What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”—protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.

参考译文：我们要知道，他的动机在于他对“基本的公平”的热忱。他要保护纳税人，控制支出，确保只有最值得的申请人才能得到救济金。

形近词

assure [əˈʃɔː(r)]

v. 向……保证；使……确信

favor

词频 ★★★☆☆

n. [ˈfeɪvə(r)] 恩惠；帮助；同意；赞成；支持；偏爱；宠爱

v. [ˈfeɪvə(r)] 赞成；支持；偏爱；偏袒

形近词：favorite, favorable, unfavorable

【例】[n] 支持

2009 年翻译

Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences.

参考译文：例如，宗教协会开始渴望获得统治势力的支持，避免邪恶的影响。

形近词

favorite

[ˈfeɪv(ə)rət] adj. 最喜爱的；中意的；宠爱的

[ˈfeɪv(ə)rət] n. 幸运儿；喜欢的事物；特别喜欢的人

【例】[adj] 最喜爱的

2011 年阅读Text 3

Consumers may create “earned” media when they are _____.

[A] obsessed with online shopping at certain Web sites

[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them

[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products

[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products

参考译文：当消费者 _____ 时，可能会创造“免费”媒体。

[A] 迷上特定网站的在线购物

[B] 为推送给他们的商品推销邮件所鼓动

[C] 急于帮助他们的朋友推销优质商品

[D] 热衷于推荐他们最喜欢的商品

favorable [ˈfeɪv(ə)rəb(ə)l]

adj. 有利的；良好的；赞成的；赞许的；讨人喜欢的

【例】[adj] 赞成的

2011 年阅读Text 1

For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.

参考译文：至少大部分人是赞成的。向来以严肃著称的古典音乐评论家安东尼·托马西尼写道：“太好了！终于来了！”

unfavorable [ʌnˈfeɪv(ə)rəb(ə)l]

adj. 不宜的；令人不快的；不喜欢的；不顺利的

【例】[adj] 不喜欢的

2010 年阅读Text 4

Bankers complained that they were forced to _____.

[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules

[B] collect payments from third parties

[C] cooperate with the price managers

[D] reevaluate some of their assets

参考译文：银行家们抱怨他们被迫 _____。

[A] 遵循不良资产评估条例

[B] 从第三方收款

[C] 与价格经理合作

[D] 对他们一些资产进行重新评估

补充词汇

[词组]

in favor of：有利于；支持；赞同

【例】赞同

2009 年阅读新题型

But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism.

参考译文：但是在20世纪初期，许多人类学家也反对文化特殊论，赞同文化传播论。

novel

词频 ★★★☆☆

n. [ˈnɒv(ə)l] 长篇小说

adj. [ˈnɒv(ə)l] 新奇的；新颖的

形近词：novelty

【例】[adj] 新奇的

2012 年阅读Text 3

Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.

参考译文：有时，真正新奇的科学发现被人接受和领会需要很多年。

形近词

novelty [ˈnɒv(ə)lti]

n. 新奇性；新颖；新奇的事物

requirement

词频 ★★★☆☆

n. [rɪˈkwaɪə(r)mənt] 需求；要求；必要条件

形近词：require

【例】[n] 要求

2010 年阅读新题型

However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large food producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.

参考译文：然而，这些要求都不能阻止大型零售商(甚至一些大型的优质食品生产商和现有批发商)一试身手，因为只要掌握了欧洲批发业的复杂流程，就很可能获得可观的收益。