性别差异对于移民孩子的课余生活经历也有影响。由于女孩子常常处在传统文化的氛围之中，她们要对家庭承担更多的责任。卡罗拉·苏瑞兹·欧罗科说，她们常常担当“文化大使”的角色，为她们的父母担任翻译，帮助他们与外部世界沟通。这产生了一种意想不到的结果：“与男孩子相比，女孩子不得不承担起更多的责任。”我们以克里斯蒂娜伊·殷为例。她今年18岁，4年前从韩国来到这里，现在是费尔法克斯中学三年级学生。在全班400名学生中，她排名第9位，但她还能抽出时间给她的家人做正餐，每周六还要在她妈妈的服装店里帮忙。她弟弟干什么呢？殷说，“他在打游戏。”

哈佛大学的研究带着一种警示性口气：如果大量的移民男孩子在学业上继续荒废下去——说得清楚些，有很多人荒废得令人难以置信——他们将来在经济上可能会不可挽回地陷入底层社会。马撒辍学的弟弟奥斯卡·赫雷拉可能已经认识到了这一点。他最近告诉他的母亲说，“我在考虑重新回到学校去。”他应该向他的姐姐们求教指导意见。





Unit 83


As long as her parents can remember, 13-year-old Katie Hart has been talking about going to college. Her mother, Tally, a financial-aid officer at an Ohio university, knows all too well the daunting calculus of paying for a college education. Last year the average yearly tuition at a private, four-year school climbed 5. 5 percent to more than $17,000. The Harts have started saving, and figure they can afford a public university without a problem. But what if Katie applies to Princeton （she’s threatening）, where one year’s tuition, room and board—almost $34,000 in 2002—will cost more than some luxury cars? Even a number cruncher like Tally admits it’s a little scary, especially since she’ll retire and Katie will go to college at around the same time.

Paying for college has always been a humbling endeavor. The good news: last year students collected $74 billion in financial aid, the most ever. Most families pay less than full freight. Sixty percent of public-university students and three quarters of those at private colleges receive some form of financial aid—mostly, these days, in the form of loans. But those numbers are not as encouraging as they appear for lower-income families, because schools are changing their formulas for distributing aid. Eager to boost their magazine rankings, which are based in part on the test scores of entering freshmen, they’re throwing more aid at smarter kids—whether they need it or not.

The best way to prepare is to start saving early. A new law passed last year makes that easier for some families. ① So-called 529 plans allow parents to sock away funds in federal-tax-free-investment accounts, as long as the money is used for “qualified education expenses” like tuition, room and board. The plans aren’t for everyone. For tax reasons, some lower-and middle-income families may be better off choosing other investments. But saving is vital. When’s the best time to start? “Sometime,” says Jack Joyce of the College Board, “between the maternity ward and middle school.”

Aid packages usually come in some combination of grants, loans and jobs. These days 60 percent of all aid comes in the form of low-interest loans. All students are eligible for “unsubsidized” federal Stafford loans, which let them defer interest payments until after graduation. Students who can demonstrate need can also qualify for federal Perkins loans or “subsidized” Staffords, where the government pays the interest during school. Fortunately, this is a borrower’s market. “Interest rates are at their lowest level in the history of student loans,” says Mark Kantrowitz, publisher of Finaid. Kantrowitz expects rates to fall even further when they’re reviewed this summer.

Traditional scholarships, academic or athletic, are still a part of many families’ planning. Mack Reiter, a 17-year-old national wrestling champion, gets so many recruiting letters he throws most away. He’ll almost certainly get a free ride. ② Without it, “we would really be in a bind,” says his mother, Janet. For everyone else, it’s worth the effort to pick through local and national scholarship offerings, which can be found on Web sites like collegeboard. com.

注（1）：本文选自Newsweek；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象为2004年真题Text 2。



1. What does the author intend to illustrate with the example of the Harts?

A) The difficulty of paying the tuition.

B) The far-sight of Katie’s parents.

C) The promising future of Katie.

D) The increasing college tuition.

2. What can we infer from the second paragraph?

A) Some families are too poor to pay the full amount of the tuition.

B) Many parents do not favor the form of loans.

C) Paying the tuition makes the parents feel humble.

D) Those who are in great need may not get what they need.

3. The last paragraph suggests that ______.

A) many recruiting letters failed to provide Mack Reiter with scholarships

B) Mack Reiter wanted to help his family go out of the trouble

C) traditional scholarships are a good solution to the tuition problems in some families

D) Mack Reiter was very proud of his national wrestling championship

4. What does the author mean by “better off”（Lines 4~5, Paragraph 3）?

A) Richer.

B) Wiser.

C) Happier.

D) Luckier.

5. Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?

A) The Harts prefer a public university to a private one.

B) It is much easier to pay the tuition at present.

C) All students can get the aid package.

D) Traditional scholarships are still attractive to some families.





篇章剖析


本文采用提出问题—分析问题的模式，指出高昂的大学学费对很多家庭来说都有些力不从心，并介绍了一些助学贷款及其他资助项目所起的作用。第一段提出问题，以哈特家为例，说明支付大学学费对家庭造成的压力；第二段指出大多数家庭支付大学学费的方式以及存在的一些问题；第三段指出家庭存钱的作用；第四段指出资助项目的形式；第五段指出传统奖学金的吸引力。





词汇注释


daunting /ˈdɔːntɪŋ/ adj. 使人畏缩的

calculus /ˈkælkjʊləs/ n. 微积分学；结石

tuition /tjuːˈɪʃən; (US)ˈtuː-/ n. 学费

number cruncher 捣弄数字者；能够进行复杂、大量运算的人

boost /buːst/ v. 推进

sock away 把钱存放起来

be better off （doing something）（做某事是）较为明智的

the College Board 大学委员会

maternity ward 产科病房

eligible /ˈelɪdʒəb(ə)l/ adj. 符合条件的，合格的

defer /dɪˈfɜː(r)/ vt. 使推迟，使延期

wrestling /ˈres(ə)lɪŋ/ n. 【体】摔跤

in a bind处于困境





难句突破


① So-called 529 plans allow parents to sock away funds in federal-tax-free-investment accounts, as long as the money is used for “qualified education expenses” like tuition, room and board.

主体句式：Plans allow parents to sock away...

结构分析：本句是个条件复合句。主句是529 plans allow parents to sock away funds，federal-tax-free-investment是一个复合名词；as long as引导条件从句，be used for意为“用作某一目的”，like是介词，意为“例如”，后跟名词，共同修饰qualified education expenses。

句子译文：所谓的529方案准许父母把钱存在联邦免税投资账户上，但他们所存的钱只能用于支付类似学费、食宿费等“合乎条件的教育费用”。

② Without it, “we would really be in a bind,”...

结构分析：本句的谓语would be是虚拟语气，in a bind是固定搭配，意思是“处于困境”。

句子译文：要不是这样的话，“我们真的就陷入困境了。”





题目分析


1. A 推理题。本段的末句提到Even a number cruncher like Tally admits it’s a little scary。第二段首句也开门见山地点明观点Paying for college has always been a humbling endeavor.

2. D 推理题。原文对应信息是第二段的最后一句：Eager to boost their magazine rankings, which are based in part on the test scores of entering freshmen, they’re throwing more aid at smarter kids—whether they need it or not.

3. C 推理题。可由原文“Traditional scholarships, academic or athletic, are still a part of many families’ planning.”推测出C无误。

4. B 语义题。文中提到的方案有助于存钱，但这样的方案并不适于每一个人，然后给出了其中的一个原因，以此说明对于低收入和中等收入的家庭来讲，选择其他投资方式会比这种方式好。由此可猜出词义。

5. D 细节题。选项A意思不准确，文中提到公立大学和私立大学的学费问题，但并没有表明家长的态度和倾向；选项B意思不对，文中对应信息是第二段；申请贷款并不是无条件的，这是选项C的错误所在。





参考译文


卡蒂的父母记得，卡蒂·哈特13岁就开始一直在谈论上大学的事。她的母亲塔利是俄亥俄大学的负责给学生贷款的工作人员，她对大学教育费用是一个多么令人加速心跳的数字再熟悉不过了。去年，私立四年制大学的年平均学费增长了5.5%，达到了17,000美元以上。哈特家已经开始存钱了，估计支付公立大学的费用不成问题。但是，如果卡蒂要申请普林斯顿大学的话（她是这样威胁的），那该怎么办呢？这样的大学一年的学费和食宿费在2002年大约是34,000美元，这比买几辆豪华轿车还贵。就连塔利这样搞数字工作的人也承认这真让人有点恐慌，尤其是她即将退休而几乎与此同时卡蒂要上大学。

支付大学费用一直都是让人难以启齿的尴尬事。有条好消息：去年学生获得的财政资助达740亿美元，这比以往获得的都多。大多数家庭都不是一次全部付清学费。60%的公立大学学生和四分之三的私立大学的学生要接受某种形式的财政资助——现在大多是以贷款的形式发放。但是这些数字对于那些低收入家庭来说，并不像它表面上看起来那样令人鼓舞，因为学校正在改变它们的资助发放方案。那些想急于提高其杂志排名的学校——学校排名在一定程度上取决于入学新生的成绩——把更多的资助给了成绩较好的学生——不管他们是否需要这种资助。

最好的准备办法就是早点开始存钱。去年通过了一项改善家庭存钱方法的新法令。所谓的529方案准许父母把钱存在联邦免税投资账户上，但他们所存的钱只能用于支付类似学费或食宿费等“合乎条件的教育费用”。这一方案并不适用于每一个人。由于税收原因，对于那些低收入和中等收入家庭来说，选择其他的投资是更为明智之选。但是存钱是头等大事。那么什么时候开始存钱最合适呢？大学委员会的杰克·乔伊斯说，“从产科病房开始到上中学这个阶段的任何时候。”

一揽子资助计划通常以助学金、贷款和兼职相结合的形式提供。现在有60%的资助项目是以低息贷款形式提供的。所有学生都有资格获得联邦“非补贴性”斯塔福德贷款。这种贷款的利息支付可以延期到毕业以后。经济上确实能证明有困难的学生还有资格申请联邦帕金斯贷款或联邦“补贴性”斯塔福德贷款，这种贷款的利息在学生就读期间由政府偿付。所幸的是，现在是借方市场。《资助》杂志出版商马克·坎特罗威茨说：“现在的利率是学生贷款史上最低的。”坎特罗威茨认为，今年夏天进行回顾时，利率可能还要降低。

学术或体育类传统奖学金仍然是很多家庭计划的一部分。17岁的迈克·赖特是全国摔跤冠军，他收到了很多招收信，但大部分信都被他扔到了一边。他几乎肯定会获得全额免费。他的母亲珍妮特说，要不是这样的话，“我们真的就陷入困境了。”对于其他人来说，地方和国家提供的奖学金值得发掘。这类奖学金可以在collegeboard. com等网站上找到。





第7章 医药类


Unit 84


At 18, Ashanthi Desilva of suburban Cleveland is a living symbol of one of the great intellectual achievements of the 20th century. Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system （the “bubble-boy disease,” named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent）, she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source, in the genes of her white blood cells. It worked. Although her last gene-therapy treatment was in 1992, she is completely healthy with normal immune function, according to one of the doctors who treated her, W. French Anderson of the University of Southern California. Researchers have long dreamed of treating diseases from hemophilia to cancer by replacing mutant genes with normal ones. And the dreaming may continue for decades more. “There will be a gene-based treatment for essentially every disease,” Anderson says, “within 50 years.”

It’s not entirely clear why medicine has been so slow to build on Anderson’s early success. The National Institutes of Health budget office estimates it will spend $432 million on gene-therapy research in 2005, and there is no shortage of promising leads. The therapeutic genes are usually delivered through viruses that don’t cause human disease. “The virus is sort of like a Trojan Horse,” says Ronald Crystal of New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical College. “The cargo is the gene.”

At the University of Pennsylvania’s Abramson Cancer Center, immunologist Carl June recently treated HIV patients with a gene intended to help their cells resist the infection. At Cornell University, researchers are pursuing gene-based therapies for Parkinson’s disease and a rare hereditary disorder that destroys children’s brain cells. At Stanford University and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, researchers are trying to figure out how to help patients with hemophilia who today must inject themselves with expensive clotting drugs for life. Animal experiments have shown great promise.

But somehow, things get lost in the translation from laboratory to patient. In human trials of the hemophilia treatment, patients show a response at first, but it fades over time. And the field has still not recovered from the setback it suffered in 1999, when Jesse Gelsinger, an 18-year-old with a rare metabolic disorder, died after receiving an experimental gene therapy at the University of Pennsylvania. Some experts worry that the field will be tarnished further if the next people to benefit are not patients but athletes seeking an edge. This summer, researchers at the Salk Institute in San Diego said they had created a “marathon mouse” by implanting a gene that enhances running ability; already, officials at the World Anti-Doping Agency are preparing to test athletes for signs of “gene doping.” But the principle is the same, whether you’re trying to help a healthy runner run faster or allow a muscular-dystrophy patient to walk. “Everybody recognizes that gene therapy is a very good idea,” says Crystal. “And eventually it’s going to work.”

注（1）：本文选自Newsweek；

注（2）：本文习题命题模仿对象：第1、2题分别模仿2003年真题Text 1第2题和第1题，第3、4题分别模仿2004年真题Text 1第5题和第3题，第5题模仿2002年真题Text 3第5题。



1. The case of Ashanthi Desilva is mentioned in the text to ______.

A) show the promise of gene-therapy

B) give an example of modern treatment for fatal diseases

C) introduce the achievement of Anderson and his team

D) explain how gene-based treatment works

2. Anderson’s early success has ______.

A) greatly speeded the development of medicine

B) brought no immediate progress in the research of gene-therapy

C) promised a cure to every disease

D) made him a national hero

3. Which of the following is TRUE according to the text?

A) Ashanthi needs to receive gene-therapy treatment constantly.

B) Despite the huge funding, gene researches have shown few promises.

C) Therapeutic genes are carried by harmless viruses.

D) Gene-doping is encouraged by world agencies to help athletes get better scores.

4. The word “tarnish”（Line 5, Paragraph 4）most probably means ______.

A) affect

B) warn

C) trouble

D) stain

5. From the text we can see that the author’s attitude towards gene therapy seems ______.

A) optimistic

B) pessimistic

C) troubled

D) uncertain





篇章剖析


本篇文章是说明文，主要说明基因疗法的前景、现状、遭遇的问题以及人们对待基因疗法的态度。文章第一段以上世纪90年代一次成功的基因治疗为例说明基因疗法的广阔前景；第二段介绍了基因疗法的现状和治疗机制；第三段介绍了目前用基因疗法治疗多种疾病的研究情况；第四段介绍了基因疗法遭遇的问题以及人们对基因疗法的态度。





词汇注释


sterile /ˈsteraɪl/ adj. 无细菌的；消毒的

gene-therapy 基因疗法

hemophilia /ˌhiːməˈfɪlɪə/ n. 血友病

mutant /ˈmjuːtənt/ adj. 【生】突变的

therapeutic /θerəˈpjuːtɪk/ adj. 治病的；治疗术的；治疗学的

Trojan Horse （神话）特洛伊木马（特洛伊战争时希腊人做的木马，希腊兵藏在木马腹中，混入特洛伊城）；〈喻〉内部的破坏集团

cargo /ˈkɑːgəʊ/ n. （船、飞机所载的）货物

immunologist /ˌɪmjʊˈnɒlədʒɪst/ n. 免疫学家

Parkinson’s disease 震颤麻痹症，帕金森症

clot /klɒt/ v. （使）凝结

metabolic /ˌmetəˈbɒlɪk/ adj. 新陈代谢的

tarnish /ˈtɑːnɪʃ/ v. 败坏；玷污；诽谤；中伤

edge /edʒ/ n. 优势

doping /ˈdəupɪŋ/ n. 加添加剂

dystrophy /ˈdɪstrəfi/ n. 【医】营养不良





难句突破


Born with an extremely rare and usually fatal disorder that left her without a functioning immune system （the “bubble-boy disease,” named after an earlier victim who was kept alive for years in a sterile plastic tent）, she was treated beginning in 1990 with a revolutionary new therapy that sought to correct the defect at its very source, in the genes of her white blood cells.

主体句式：She was treated with a... therapy.

结构分析：这是一个复杂长句。过去分词born引导了一个包含定语从句（that引导的定语从句，修饰disorder）和插入语（同样在其中含有带定语从句的分词短语）的原因状语，主句中又跟了一个定语从句（that引导的用来修饰therapy的从句）。

句子译文：她一出生就患上了一种极为罕见而且通常致命的免疫系统不全症（即“气泡男孩症”，该病得名于早期的一位在消过毒的塑料帐篷里生活多年的患者），从1990年开始，她就接受了一种全新的治疗方法，这种方法试图医治其病源——在她的白血球基因中治疗免疫缺陷。





题目分析


1. A 细节题。文章第一句话对用基因疗法治疗Ashanthi所患罕见疾病的成功给予了很高的评价，并在第一段末指出医生们对基因疗法寄予了极高的期望。由此可见，答案应该是A。