[D] it does not change much from species to species

4. The word “scupper” (Line 6, Paragraph 6) most probably means _____.

[A] deny

[B] defeat

[C] demolish

[D] destroy

5. From the findings of Dr. Pääbo's research, it can be inferred that _____.

[A] FOXP2 is the gene that enables the speech ability in both humans and Neanderthals

[B] the fork separating the line leading to Homo sapiens from that to Homo neanderthalensis is wrong

[C] more important genes should be identified which control speech ability and cognitive process

[D] the establishment of human civilization as a result of language ability might be false





文章剖析


这篇文章讲述了科学家对于人类语言能力问题的新研究。第一段用生动的叙述来提出问题；第二段讲述了Pääbo博士报告的主要内容；第三段和第四段讲述基因FOXP2的情况；第五段讲述对尼安德特人说话能力的猜测；第六段讲述目前仍然存有的疑问。





词汇注释


hominid n. 原始人类

chimpanzee n. 黑猩猩

larynx n. 喉

hypoglossal adj. 舌下神经的

natter n. 闲谈





难句突破


① But it has undergone two changes since humans split from chimpanzees 6m years ago, and some researchers believe these changes played a crucial role in the development of speech and language.

主体句式：But it has undergone two changes..., and some researchers believe these changes...

结构分析：这是一个复合句，since引导的是时间状语从句；believe后面是宾语从句。

句子译文：但是自从人类于600万年前由黑猩猩中分离出来后，该基因已经发生了两次变化，一些研究者认为，这些转变在说话和语言的发展中发挥了重要作用。

② If these changes are common to modern humans and Neanderthals, they must predate the separation of the line leading to Homo sapiens from the one leading to Homo neanderthalensis.

主体句式：If these changes are common to..., they must predate the separation of the line...

结构分析：这是一个复合句，if引导的是一个条件状语从句。

句子译文：如果现代人和尼安德特人有共同的变化，那么他们就必须将智人和尼安德特人的分界年代推前了。





题目分析


1. Which one of the following statements is NOT true of Neanderthal men?

[A] They are derived from a branch of early Neanderthals called Homo heidelbergensis.

[B] They are existent descendant of Homo sapiens.

[C] They are Homo sapiens's closest relatives.

[D] They are officially named Homo neanderthalensis in the academic circle.

1. 关于尼安德特人，下列哪个陈述是错误的？

[A] 他们源自早期名叫海德尔堡人的尼安德特人的一支。

[B] 他们是智人现存的后代。

[C] 他们是智人最近的亲属。

[D] 他们在学术界的官方名称是尼安德特人。

答案：C　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：细节题。选项A，根据文章第五段：the inner-ear structure of Homo heidelbergensis, an ancestor of Neanderthals说明海德尔堡人是尼安德特人的祖先，而该选项混淆了二者的关系，因而是不正确的。选项B，尼安德特人是一种原始人类，因此B是错误的。选项C，从文章的分析来看，尼安德特人和智人有许多共同点，可能是其最近的亲属。因此，答案为C。选项D看似正确，具有较强的干扰性，但其实该说法文章中没有提到。

2. Svante Pääbo and his team carried out a study on FOXP2 in order to _____.

[A] trace the appearance and evolution of the speech ability

[B] find out how far back in the hominid lineage the ability to use language stretches

[C] find evidence proving the gene which controls the motion of speech

[D] identify the crucial changes that had taken place on this gene and the consequent influence

2. Svante Pääbo和其团队开展了一项对FOXP2的研究，目的是为了 _____。

[A] 追寻语言能力的出现和发展

[B] 找出原始人类使用语言的能力要追溯到什么年代

[C] 找到能证明这种基因控制语言活动的证据

[D] 找出在该基因上发生的重要变化以及相应的影响

答案：A　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：推理题。结合第一段和第二段，首先第一段指出：The question of when grunts and yelps turned into words and phrases is a tricky one. 即他们为了找出咕哝声什么时候转变成了单词和短语才进行这项研究的，之后，文章主要谈论的话题就是语言能力是在什么时候出现和发展的。因此，正确答案为A。

3. The gene of FOXP2 is regarded as a gene with a direct connection with speech because _____.

[A] it was found in Neanderthal remains from northern Spain

[B] it was found that sudden change of FOXP2 may lead to speech disorder

[C] it was linked to the production of birdsong and the ultrasonic musings of mice

[D] it does not change much from species to species

3. FOXP2基因被看作是和语言有直接联系的基因，因为 _____。

[A] 在西班牙北部的尼安德特人遗骸中发现了这种基因

[B] 人们发现FOXP2突变可能会导致语言障碍

[C] 该基因与鸟类的歌唱和老鼠的超声波的产生相关

[D] 各物种间该基因的变化不大

答案：B　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：推理题。根据第二段：In 1990, a family with an inherited speech disorder known as verbal dyspraxia drew the attention of genetics researchers. Those researchers identified a mutation in FOXP2 as the cause of the dyspraxia. 即有着遗传性语言障碍——语言运动障碍的一个家族引起了基因研究者的注意，而研究者认为，FOXP2突变是这种语言障碍的原因，因此被紧密联系了起来。因此，答案为B。

4. The word “scupper” (Line 6, Paragraph 6) most probably means _____.

[A] deny

[B] defeat

[C] demolish

[D] destroy

4. scupper这个词（第六段第六行） 最有可能的意思是 _____。

[A] 否定

[B] 打败

[C] 摧毁

[D] 毁坏

答案：A　难度系数：☆

分析：猜词题。根据上下文，现代人的祖先要是可以说话，就会推翻语言是现代人类文化创造的力量这样的论点，因此，选项A最为符合这个意思。

5. From the findings of Dr. Pääbo's research, it can be inferred that _____.

[A] FOXP2 is the gene that enables the speech ability in both humans and Neanderthals

[B] the fork separating the line leading to Homo sapiens from that to Homo neanderthalensis is wrong

[C] more important genes should be identified which control speech ability and cognitive process

[D] the establishment of human civilization as a result of language ability might be false

5. 从Pääbo博士研究的发现可以推导出 _____。

[A] FOXP2就是使人类和尼安德特人拥有语言能力的基因

[B] 分割智人和尼安德特人的分割点是错误的

[C] 应该找出那些控制语言能力和认知过程的更加重要的基因

[D] 语言能力创造现代人类文明这一论点是错误的

答案：B　难度系数：☆☆☆☆

分析：细节题。根据第四段：如果现代人类和穴居人有共同的变化，那么他们就必须将智人和尼安德特人的分界年代推前了。Pääbo博士的研究也说明了这一点：现代人和尼安德特人的FOXP2基因基本相同。由此可以得出，分割智人和尼安德特人的分割点是错误的。因此，答案为B。其余的几点并不是Pääbo博士的研究可以推导出的。选项A错误的原因在于，文章最后一段明确提出“FOXP2几乎肯定不是‘语言基因’”。选项C在文中没有相应的内容。而选项D也是错误的，因为根据最后一段：The idea that the forebears of modern humans could talk would scupper the notion that language was the force that created modern human culture—otherwise, why would they not have built civilisations?可见这种说法不是研究的结论，而只是一个猜测而已。





参考译文


如果你在鸡尾酒吧里发现身旁有一个尼安德特人，他会说些什么呢？比较好的话题就是，作为人类是多么快乐的一件事，但是这种原始人类使用语言的能力要追溯到哪里就不清楚了。什么时候咕哝声转变成了单词和短语，这个问题很难回答。从化石记录中找出证据，看看与现代人类血缘关系最近的血亲能够做些什么，这是尝试回答该问题的一条途径。

莱比锡Max Planck进化人类学研究院的Svante Pääbo及其同事就进行了这种尝试。Pääbo博士是提取并解读化石中DNA的专家，在最新一期的《当代生物学》中，他报告了自己带领的小组在西班牙北部的尼安德特人遗骸中发现的一种叫FOXP2的基因，并对此进行了研究。选择这种特殊的基因是因为这是到目前为止唯一能与语言有直接关系的基因。1990年，一个有着遗传性语言障碍——语言运动障碍的家族引起了基因研究者的注意。这些研究者认为，FOXP2突变是这种语言障碍的成因。

自那之后，FOXP2成为热门的研究对象，甚至还有人将它与鸟类的歌唱和老鼠的超声波联系了起来。这种基因是守恒类型，物种之间的变化不大。但是自从人类于600万年前由黑猩猩中分离出来后，该基因已经发生了两次变化，一些研究者认为，这些转变在说话和语言的发展中发挥了重要作用。

如果现代人和尼安德特人有共同的变化，那么他们就必须将智人和尼安德特人的分界年代推前了。Pääbo博士的研究也说明了这一点：现代人和尼安德特人的FOXP2基因基本相同。如果该基因赋予了人类语言能力，那么这两个物种应该都有这种能力。

关于尼安德特的说话能力有许多猜测。他们的舌骨支撑着舌头，使得喉部可以自如地运动。尼安德特人的头骨也显示出他们拥有大的舌下神经通道，这是舌神经经过的路线。同样，这也是实现说话这个复杂活动的一个必备条件。而且，尼安德特人的祖先海德尔堡人的内耳构造表明，该物种对语音频率有着非常高的敏感性。

尼安德特人和现代人还拥有到目前为止已知的共同的发音基因，这是证明他们拥有聊天所必需的器官的另外一个线索。但是虽然情况可能如此，这还是个开放的问题。FOXP2几乎肯定不是“语言基因”。毫无疑问，该基因与控制和调节语言活动有关，但它是否在语言产生之前的认知过程中发挥了作用还是个未解之谜，尽管有笑话说，动嘴前要先动脑。如果现代人的祖先能够说话，这将推翻语言是创造现代人类文化的力量这样的论点，否则，祖先们怎么没有创造出文明来呢？但如果人类的祖先可以说话，那么和尼安德特人聊天就变得有意思多了。





TEXT TWO


Berkeley seems like a fitting place to find the godfather of the open-innovation movement basking in glory. The Californian village was, after all, at the very heart of the anti-establishment movement of the 1960s and has spawned plenty of radical thinkers. One of them, Henry Chesbrough, a business professor at the University of California at Berkeley, observes with a smile that “this is the 40th anniversary of the Summer of Love”.

Mr. Chesbrough's two books Open Innovation and Open Business Models have popularised the notion of looking for bright ideas outside of an organisation. As the concept of open innovation has become ever more fashionable, the corporate R&D lab has become decreasingly relevant. Most ideas don't come from there.

To see why travel to Cincinnati, Ohio—which is about as far removed culturally from Berkeley as one can get in America. The conservative mid-western city is home to P&G, historically one of the most traditional firms in America. For decades, the company that brought the world Ivory soap, Crest toothpaste and Ariel detergent had a closed innovation process, centred around its own secretive R&D operations.

No longer. P&G has radically altered the way it comes up with new ideas and products. It now welcomes and works with universities, suppliers and outside inventors. It also offers them a share in the rewards. In less than a decade, P&G has increased the proportion of new-product ideas originating from outside of the firm from less than a fifth to around half. That has boosted innovation and, says its boss, Mr. Lafley, is the main reason why P&G has been able to grow at 6% a year between 2001 and 2006, tripling annual profits to $8.6 billion. The company now has a market capitalisation of over $200 billion.

IBM is another iconic firm that has jumped on the open-innovation bandwagon. The once-secretive company has done a sharp U-turn and embraced Linux, an open-source software language. IBM now gushes about being part of the “open-innovation community”, yielding hundreds of software patents to the “creative commons” rather than registering them for itself. However, it also continues to take out patents at a record pace in other areas, such as advanced materials, and in the process racks up some $1 billion a year in licensing fees.

Since an army of programmers around the world work on developing Linux essentially at no cost, IBM now has an extremely cheap and robust operating system. It makes money by providing its clients with services that support the use of Linux—and charging them for it. Using open-source software saves IBM a whopping $400m a year, according to Paul Horn, until recently the firm's head of research. The company is so committed to openness that it now carries out occasional “online jam sessions” during which tens of thousands of its employees exchange ideas in a mass form of brainstorming.

Mr. Chesbrough, of course, heartily approves. He gives dozens of other examples of firms doing similar things, ranging from Clorax, a household products firm to Air Products, an industrial gases company. Mr. Chesbrough reckons that “IBM and P&G have timed their shift to a high-volume open-business model very well” and that if their competitors do not do the same, they will be in trouble.

1. “Summer of Love” is probably _____.

[A] a religious activity celebrating the open-innovation movement

[B] the anti-establishment movement

[C] a movement advocating the innovation

[D] an activity calling for open innovation

2. According to the passage, the annual profits of P&G in 2001 was about _____.

[A] $2.87 billion

[B] $1.075 billion

[C] $2.15 billion

[D] $4.3 billion

3. IBM now gushes about being part of the “open-innovation community” in that _____.

[A] it embraced an open-source software language that is widely supported by the “creative commons”

[B] it endows people inside and outside the company with the access to the software patents it owns

[C] it encourages an extensive public involvement in the development of new software for the company

[D] it indeed whops its cost and gains considerable profit from using Linux

4. IBM could provide its clients with cheap operating system because _____.

[A] its programmers around the world develop Linux essentially at no cost

[B] it makes money by providing its clients with toll services supporting the operating system instead

[C] it could save a lot of money by using open-source software

[D] it has shifted its R&D outside, which save a lot of money

5. According to the last paragraph, if their competitors do not do the same, they will be in trouble because _____.

[A] their competitors will lose their market share gradually which would be taken by R&D

[B] they fail to adopt the new model of open business which would pave the way to constant business success

[C] they do not recognize the best time to shift their backward business model

[D] they will be sifted out by the market as a result of their conservativeness





文章剖析


这篇文章介绍了开放式创新的一些情况。第一段从开放式创新运动领军人物的故乡引入该话题；第二段讲述开放式创新理念的流行；第三段和第四段讲述宝洁公司过去的研发模式和现在的新方式；第五段和第六段讲述IBM将业务转向资源开放的软件的情况；第七段讲述Chesbrough先生的观点。





词汇注释


detergent n. 清洁剂

bandwagon n. 流行

whopping adj. 巨大的





难句突破


① For decades, the company that brought the world Ivory soap, Crest toothpaste and Ariel detergent had a closed innovation process, centred around its own secretive R&D operations.

主体句式：..., the company... had a closed innovation process...

结构分析：这是一个复合句，that引导的是company的定语；分词结构centred...作前面process的定语。

句子译文：几十年来，该公司为世界奉献了象牙牌香皂、佳洁士牙膏和Ariel清洁剂，它拥有封闭的发明程序，以其秘密的研发部为核心。

② IBM now gushes about being part of the “open-innovation community”, yielding hundreds of software patents to the “creative commons” rather than registering them for itself.

主体句式：IBM now gushes...

结构分析：这是一个简单句，yielding... rather than registering...作前面community的定语。

句子译文：IBM现在总说自己是“开放式创新社团”中的一员，将大量的软件专利权给了“发明的公众”，而不是由公司自己注册。





题目分析


1. “Summer of Love” is probably _____.

[A] a religious activity celebrating the open-innovation movement

[B] the anti-establishment movement

[C] a movement advocating the innovation

[D] an activity calling for open innovation

1. “爱之夏”可能是 _____。

[A] 庆祝开放式创新运动的宗教活动

[B] 反正统运动

[C] 号召创新的运动

[D] 提倡开放式创新的运动

答案：B　难度系数：☆☆

分析：推理题。根据第一段：The Californian village was, after all, at the very heart of the anti-establishment movement of the 1960s and has spawned plenty of radical thinkers. 即20世纪60年代发生了反正统运动，可能“爱之夏”就是这个运动的名称。因此，答案为B。

2. According to the passage, the annual profits of P&G in 2001 was about _____.

[A] $2.87 billion

[B] $1.075 billion

[C] $2.15 billion

[D] $4.3 billion

2. 根据这篇文章，宝洁公司2001年的年利润为 _____。

[A] 28.7亿美元

[B] 10.75亿美元

[C] 21.5亿美元

[D] 43亿美元

答案：A　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：推理题。根据文章第四段：That has boosted innovation and, says its boss, Mr. Lafley, is the main reason why P&G has been able to grow at 6% a year between 2001 and 2006, tripling annual profits to $8.6 billion. The company now has a market capitalisation of over $200 billion. 即从2001年到2006年年利润持续增加，是原来的三倍，即86亿美元，那么原来的利润就应该是28.7亿美元，因此，选项A是正确答案。

3. IBM now gushes about being part of the “open-innovation community” in that _____.

[A] it embraced an open-source software language that is widely supported by the “creative commons”

[B] it endows people inside and outside the company with the access to the software patents it owns

[C] it encourages an extensive public involvement in the development of new software for the company

[D] it indeed whops its cost and gains considerable profit from using Linux

3. IBM现在不停地说自己是“开放式创新社团”中的一员，因为 _____。