[A] 它拥有一种资源开放的软件语言，这种语言受到了“发明的公众”的广泛支持

[B] 它赋予公司内外的人们使用它所拥有的软件专利的权利

[C] 它鼓励更多的公众参与到为公司研发新的软件中来

[D] 由于使用了Linux，公司确实大大降低了成本并增加了可观的利润

答案：C　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：细节题。根据文章第五段：IBM now gushes about being part of the “open-innovation community”, yielding hundreds of software patents to the “creative commons” rather than registering them for itself. 可见，IBM现在不停地说自己是“开放式创新社团”中的一员，它让公众发明软件，从而拥有其专利权，而不是自己去注册；但是在其他领域它自己也进行注册。因此，只有选项C符合题意。A在一定程度上也是正确的，只是没有选项C更加确切地符合原文的意思。

4. IBM could provide its clients with cheap operating system because _____.

[A] its programmers around the world develop Linux essentially at no cost

[B] it makes money by providing its clients with toll services supporting the operating system instead

[C] it could save a lot of money by using open-source software

[D] it has shifted its R&D outside, which save a lot of money

4. IBM可以为自己的客户提供廉价的操作系统，因为 _____。

[A] 它遍布世界各地的程序员基本以零成本来开发Linux

[B] 它通过为客户提供支持操作系统的付费服务来赚钱

[C] 它可以通过使用资源开放的软件来节约一大笔资金

[D] 它将自己的研发部转移到了外面，这样可以省去一大笔钱

答案：B　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：细节题。根据第六段：It makes money by providing its clients with services that support the use of Linux—and charging them for it. 可见，IBM为其客户提供支持Linux系统的服务并收取费用来赢利，而操作系统的收费就低廉了。因此，答案为B。

5. According to the last paragraph, if their competitors do not do the same, they will be in trouble because _____.

[A] their competitors will lose their market share gradually which would be taken by R&D

[B] they fail to adopt the new model of open business which would pave the way to constant business success

[C] they do not recognize the best time to shift their backward business model

[D] they will be sifted out by the market as a result of their conservativeness

5. 根据最后一段，如果他们的竞争者不这样做，他们就会陷入麻烦，因为 _____。

[A] 他们的竞争者会逐渐失去其市场份额，这些市场份额都会被研发部获得

[B] 他们没有采用开放式商业的新模式，而只有这种模式才能使公司取得持续的成功

[C] 这些公司没有意识到改变他们落后的商业模式的最佳时期

[D] 他们会因为保守而被市场淘汰

答案：D　难度系数：☆☆☆☆

分析：推理题。根据文章最后一段：Mr. Chesbrough reckons that “IBM and P&G have timed their shift to a high-volume open-business model very well” and that if their competitors do not do the same, they will be in trouble. 即如果他们的竞争对手不这样做，可就有麻烦了。要明确是谁会碰到麻烦——是他们的竞争对手，因为这样的话，他们的竞争对手很可能会被淘汰出局，因此，选项D是正确答案。选项A的前半句，即their competitors will lose their market share gradually是正确的，但是后半句却不正确，这里不是说由研发部获得市场份额，而是文中提到的包括宝洁公司在内的采用了新的商业模式的公司。选项B的错误在于，文章并没有明确指出开放式商业的新模式能够起到pave the way to constant business success的作用。选项C则与题干的问题无关。





参考译文


伯克利似乎是备受瞩目的能够找到开放式创新运动领军人物的地方。毕竟，这个位于加利福尼亚州的村庄是20世纪60年代反正统运动的中心，在这里诞生了许多激进的思想者。其中一位名叫Henry Chesbrough，是加利福尼亚大学商学专业教授，他笑着说：“这是‘爱之夏’的40周年庆典。”

Chesbrough先生的两本书《开放的创新》与《开放的商业模式》使得在组织以外寻找好主意的理念开始流行起来。随着开放式创新的概念越来越流行，公司的研发实验室就显得越来越不重要了。大多数的新想法并不是从那个实验室里产生的。

去俄亥俄州的辛辛那提的原因是那里是全美与伯克利在文化上差异最大的地方了。这个保守的中西部城市是宝洁公司起家的地方，宝洁公司是美国历史上最传统的公司之一。几十年来，该公司为世界奉献了象牙牌香皂、佳洁士牙膏和Ariel清洁剂，它拥有封闭的发明程序，以其秘密的研发部为核心。

但这些都已经成为历史了。宝洁公司已大幅度改变了其产生新想法和发明新产品的模式。公司现在欢迎并与大学、供应商以及外面的发明家合作，甚至还将奖金分给他们一份。宝洁公司用了不到10年就大幅提高了公司外部新产品研发的比例，从不到1/5的比例上升到了现在的约1/2。公司老总Lafley先生说，这大大推进了创新，也是宝洁从2001年到2006年保持每年以6%的速度增长的主要原因，现在的年利润已是原来的三倍，达到86亿美元。目前，该公司的市场资本总额为两千多亿美元。

IBM是另外一家跳上开放式创新流行花车的传统公司。这家曾经非常秘密的公司来了一个180度的大转弯，开始接纳一种资源开放的软件语言Linux。IBM现在总说自己是“开放式创新社团”中的一员，将大量的软件专利权给了“发明的公众”，而不是由公司自己注册。但是，IBM在其他领域继续以创纪录的速度取得专利，比如高级材料领域，在这个过程中，许可费用就达到了每年约10亿美元。

由于在全世界有大批程序员以几乎零成本的方式开发Linux，因此，IBM现在拥有非常廉价且强大的操作系统。它通过为客户提供支持Linux系统的服务来赚钱。据该公司的研发主任Paul Horn称，使用资源开放的软件一年就为IBM节约了四亿美元。该公司如此致力于开放，以至于它有时会召开一些“在线会议”，使得成千上万的员工可以通过大规模的自由讨论来交流想法。

Chesbrough先生当然赞同这点，他还举了许多其他公司相似的做法为例，其中就有家居用品公司Clorax，还有工业用油公司“空气产品”。Chesbrough先生承认，“IBM和宝洁公司成功地转变为高度开放的商业模式”，而如果他们的竞争对手不这样做的话，可能就有麻烦了。





TEXT THREE


In the case of equal rights, feminists have had much to complain about. But one striking piece of inequality has been conveniently overlooked: lifespan. In this area, women have the upper hand. All round the world, they live longer than men. Why they should do so is not immediately obvious. But the same is true in many other species. From lions to antelope and from sea lions to deer, males, for some reason, simply can't go the distance. One theory is that males must compete for female attention. That means evolution is busy selecting for antlers, aggression and alloy wheels in males, at the expense of longevity. Females are not subject to such pressures. If this theory is correct, the effect will be especially noticeable in those species where males compete for the attention of lots of females. Conversely, it will be reduced or absent where they do not.

To test that idea, Tim Clutton-Brock of Cambridge University and Kavita Isvaran of the Indian Institute of Science in Bengalooru decided to compare monogamous and polygynous species (in the latter, a male monopolises a number of females). They wanted to find out whether polygynous males had lower survival rates and aged faster than those of monogamous species. To do so, they collected the relevant data for 35 species of long-lived birds and mammals.

As they report, the pattern was much as they expected. In 16 of the 19 polygynous species in their sample, males of all ages were much more likely to die during any given period than were females. Furthermore, the older they got, the bigger the mortality gap became. In other words, they aged faster. Males from monogamous species did not show these patterns. The point about polygyny is that if one male has exclusive access to, say, ten females, another nine males will be waiting to topple the harem master as soon as he shows the first sign of weakness. The intense competitive pressure means that individuals who succeed put all their efforts into one or two breeding seasons.

That obviously takes its toll directly. But a more subtle effect may also be at work. Most students of ageing agree that an animal's maximum lifespan is set by how long it can reasonably expect to escape predation, disease, accident and damaging aggression by others of its kind. If it will be killed quickly anyway, there is not much reason for evolution to divert scarce resources into keeping the machine in tip-top condition. Those resources should, instead, be devoted to reproduction. And the more threatening the outside world is, the shorter the maximum lifespan should be.

There is no reason why that logic should not work between the sexes as well as between species. The test is to identify a species that has made its environment so safe that most of its members die of old age, and see if the difference continues to exist. Fortunately, there is such a species: man. Dr. Clutton-Brock reckons that the sex difference in both human rates of ageing and in the usual age of death is an indicator that polygyny was the rule in humanity's evolutionary past—as it still is, in some places. That may not please some feminists, but it could be the price women have paid for outliving their menfolk.

1. The passage is mainly discussing about _____.

[A] difference in life span between males and females of different species

[B] difference in life span among species of different mating patterns

[C] the reason of why human females outlive their male counterparts

[D] natural selection among males and females during evolution

2. In the sentence “That means evolution is busy selecting for antlers, aggression and alloy wheels in males...” (Paragraph 1), “antlers, agression and alloy wheels” represent _____.

[A] the most excellent males

[B] the most powerful males

[C] the most attractive males

[D] the most aggressive males

3. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of points proved by the test of Tim Clutton-Brock and Kavita Isvaran?

[A] Polygynous species have shorter life spans than monogamous species.

[B] Polygynous species aged faster than monogamous species.

[C] Polygynous males decrease faster in number as they grow older.

[D] Monogamous males live as long as their females.

4. The logic behind the fact that the species living in the most dangerous environment have the shortest life span is that _____.

[A] resources should be devoted to reproduction rather than sustaining life

[B] resources should be used most efficiently

[C] species in the most dangerous environment should not waste the resources

[D] there is no need to divert scarce resources into keeping the machine in best condition

5. The test conducted by Tim Clutton-Brock and Kavita Isvaran demonstrates that _____.

[A] polygyny was the rule in humanity's evolutionary past

[B] the sex difference on life span is attributable to humans' biological past which should not be denied by feminists

[C] the logic does not work between the sexes as well as between species

[D] it was polygyny that accounts for human females' general longevity over males





文章剖析


这篇文章讲述了雄性和雌性在寿命方面的差异及其原因。第一段讲述对雄性和雌性之间寿命差异的一种解释；第二段讲述一项证实这种解释的实验；第三段和第四段讲述对该实验结果的推论；第五段讲述在这方面人类是一种特殊的物种。





词汇注释


monogamous adj. 单配的

polygynous adj. 多雌的

topple v. 推翻

harem n. 为一个雄性动物所控制的许多雌性动物





难句突破


① The point about polygyny is that if one male has exclusive access to, say, ten females, another nine males will be waiting to topple the harem master as soon as he shows the first sign of weakness.

主体句式：The point is that...

结构分析：这是一个复合句，that引导的是句子的表语从句；在该表语从句中，if引导的是条件状语从句，而as soon as引导的是时间状语从句。

句子译文：在多配物种中，如果某一个雄性拥有10个雌性，那么它一旦出现衰弱的迹象，另外九个雄性就会推倒这位占有多个雌性的主人。

② Dr. Clutton-Brock reckons that the sex difference in both human rates of ageing and in the usual age of death is an indicator that polygyny was the rule in humanity's evolutionary past—as it still is, in some places.

主体句式：Dr. Clutton-Brock reckons that...

结构分析：这是一个复合句，that引导的是宾语从句；在该宾语从句中，indicator后面的that引导的是定语从句。

句子译文：Clutton-Brock博士估计，人类衰老的速度和死亡年龄的性别差异标志着一夫多妻曾是人类进化的法则，因为现在在某些地方还存在着这种现象。





题目分析


1. The passage is mainly discussing about _____.

[A] difference in life span between males and females of different species

[B] difference in life span among species of different mating patterns

[C] the reason of why human females outlive their male counterparts

[D] natural selection among males and females during evolution

1. 这篇文章主要讨论了 _____。

[A] 不同物种的雄性和雌性之间寿命的不同

[B] 物种的不同配偶模式之间的寿命不同

[C] 人类的女性比男性长寿的原因

[D] 进化过程中雄性和雌性间的自然选择

答案：C　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：主旨题。文章主要讲述了人类的男性和女性之间寿命的不同以及背后的原因。虽然文章用了很大的篇幅谈论了各种物种的情况，但是从开头和结尾可以看出，文章主要针对的是人类，因此，答案为C。

2. In the sentence “That means evolution is busy selecting for antlers, aggression and alloy wheels in males...”(Paragraph 1), “antlers, agression and alloy wheels” represent _____.

[A] the most excellent males

[B] the most powerful males

[C] the most attractive males

[D] the most aggressive males

2. 在句子“这意味着进化选择鹿角、侵略和和合金轮子”（第一段）中，“鹿角、侵略和合金轮子”代表着 _____。

[A] 最优秀的雄性

[B] 最强有力的雄性

[C] 最吸引人的雄性

[D] 最有攻击性的雄性

答案：C　难度系数：☆☆

分析：推理题。在第一段中提到：One theory is that males must compete for female attention. That means evolution is busy selecting for antlers, aggression and alloy wheels in males, at the expense of longevity. Females are not subject to such pressures. 即进化在男性中间选择的鹿角、侵略和合金轮子，其实就是雄性最有魅力的特征所在，因此，答案为C。

3. Which one of the following statements is TRUE of points proved by the test of Tim Clutton-Brock and Kavita Isvaran?

[A] Polygynous species have shorter life spans than monogamous species.

[B] Polygynous species aged faster than monogamous species.

[C] Polygynous males decrease faster in number as they grow older.

[D] Monogamous males live as long as their females.

3. 关于Tim Clutton-Brock和 Kavita Isvaran所进行的实验证明的观点，下列哪个陈述是正确的？

[A] 多配物种比单配物种的寿命要短。

[B] 多配物种比单配物种衰老得快。

[C] 多配物种的雄性随着年老，数量减少得更快。

[D] 单配物种的雄性和雌性的寿命相同。

答案：B　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：细节题。根据第三段对他们实验的描述：In 16 of the 19 polygynous species in their sample, males of all ages were much more likely to die during any given period than were females. Furthermore, the older they got, the bigger the mortality gap became. In other words, they aged faster. Males from monogamous species did not show these patterns. 可见，多配物种年龄越大，雄性和雌性之间死亡率的差距就越大，雄性老得也更快。因此，选项B是正确答案。

4. The logic behind the fact that the species living in the most dangerous environment have the shortest life span is that _____.

[A] resources should be devoted to reproduction rather than sustaining life

[B] resources should be used most efficiently

[C] species in the most dangerous environment should not waste the resources

[D] there is no need to divert scarce resources into keeping the machine in best condition

4. 最危险的环境下生活的物种寿命最短，该事实背后的逻辑是 _____。

[A] 资源应当用于繁殖而不是用于维持生命

[B] 资源应当得到最有效的利用

[C] 在最危险环境中生活的物种不应该浪费资源

[D] 没有必要将有限的资源用于将机器保持在最好的状态

答案：B　难度系数：☆☆☆☆

分析：推理题。根据第四段：If it will be killed quickly anyway, there is not much reason for evolution to divert scarce resources into keeping the machine in tip-top condition. 即动物如果很快就被杀死了，那么有限的资源就不应用于让它们保持在很好的状态，而应用于繁殖，这背后的逻辑就是有限的资源要得到最有效的利用。因此，答案为B。

5. The test conducted by Tim Clutton-Brock and Kavita Isvaran demonstrates that _____.

[A] polygyny was the rule in humanity's evolutionary past

[B] the sex difference on life span is attributable to humans' biological past which should not be denied by feminists

[C] the logic does not work between the sexes as well as between species

[D] it was polygyny that accounts for human females' general longevity over males

5. Tim Clutton-Brock和 Kavita Isvaran进行的实验说明了 _____。

[A] 一夫多妻是人类进化历史中的规律

[B] 寿命上的性别差异主要源自人类过去的生物学特征，这是女权主义者们不能否认的

[C] 这种逻辑在性别之间以及物种之间都不起作用

[D] 正是一夫多妻制使得女性比男性更加长寿

答案：D　难度系数：☆☆☆

分析：推理题。文章最后一段指出：Dr. Clutton-Brock reckons that the sex difference in both human rates of ageing and in the usual age of death is an indicator that polygyny was the rule in humanity's evolutionary past—as it still is, in some places. That may not please some feminists, but it could be the price women have paid for outliving their menfolk. 可见，人类男女之间现在还有寿命的区别，这根据他们所做的实验可以推断出，过去人类可能是一夫多妻制，这样男性才比女性的寿命短。因此，答案为D。选项A具有较强的干扰性，但其错误在于rule一词，这个词的意思与原文的推测语气不尽相同。B是错误的，关于女权主义者的话题是作者加进去的，与该实验无关。选项C是明显错误的。





参考译文


在平等权利这个问题上，女权主义者怨声载道。但有一个明显的不平等现象一直被人们忽略了：寿命。在这方面，女性处于领先地位。世界各地的女性都要比男性寿命长。个中原因尚不清楚，但是许多其他物种也存在相同的情况。从狮子到羚羊，从海狮到鹿，雄性总是活得不够长。一种理论认为，雄性必须通过竞争来获得雌性的注意，这就意味着进化忙着在雄性中间选择鹿角、侵略和合金轮子，其代价就是寿命，而女性却不用面对这种压力。如果这个理论成立的话，那么在那些雄性要通过竞争来引起雌性注意的物种中，雌性比雄性长寿的现象就应该格外明显。相反，在无需此类竞争的物种中，这种区别会较少甚至没有。

为了证实这种想法，剑桥大学的Tim Clutton-Brock和位于印度班加罗尔市的印度科技学院的Kavita Isvaran决定对比研究单配物种和多配物种（后者指的是一个雄性有多个雌性配偶）。他们的目的在于，研究多配物种雄性的存活率是否比单配物种低，老得快。为了达到这一目的，他们搜集了35种寿命较长的鸟类和哺乳动物的相关信息。