117．Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.

【译文】天体物理学家们使用南极陆基探测器和球载仪器，他们正越来越近地观测这样的云系，也许不久就会报告他们的观测结果。

【点睛】该句的主干是Astrophysicists...are closing in on such structures, and may report...。并列的谓语部分是are closing in和may report。现在分词短语working with...instruments作astrophysicists的后置定语，其中at the South Pole说明了detectors的位置，soon为report的时间状语。短语close in (on sb./sth.) 意为“（尤其为了进攻）逼近，靠近（人/物）”。

【考点归纳】与动词close相关的常见短语还有：

*　close down 永久性关闭，停业

That shop was closed down．那家商店停业了。

*　close off 隔绝，封锁

The lane is closed off for repairs.

该车道由于维修而被封锁了起来。

*　close out 抛售

They are closing out the coats.

他们正在抛售外套。


118．If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.

【译文】如果那些小热点看上去同预料的一样，那将是又一科学观点的胜利，这种观点完善了大爆炸论，被称为宇宙膨胀理论。

【点睛】该句是一个复合句，if引导的是条件状语从句。名词短语a refinement of...为another scientific idea的同位语，起到解释说明的作用；其中过去分词短语called...作后置定语修饰the Big Bang，而called和the Big Bang之间为被动关系。


119．For him to be re-elected, what is essential is not that his policy works, but that the public believe that it does.

【译文】他如果想要再次当选，关键的并不是他的政策本身奏效，而是公众要相信他的政策有效。

【点睛】介词短语for him...为句子的状语。what引导的是主语从句。not...but...连接两个由that引导的表语从句。在第二个表语从句中还包含that引导的believe的宾语从句，其中it does指代的是his policy works。


120．If you know what the trouble is, why don't you help them to rectify the situation？

【译文】如果你知道是什么问题，你为什么不帮他们改变现状呢？

【点睛】if引导的是条件状语从句，其中what引导的是know的宾语从句。表示建议的句型why don't you...？意为“你为什么不…?”

【考点归纳】常用的表示建议的句型还有：

*　Why not...？ 为什么不…？

Why not go out for a walk？

为什么不出去散散步？

*　How about...? … 怎么样？

How about going out for a walk？

出去散步怎么样？

*　You'd better... 你最好…

You'd better go out for a walk.

你最好出去散散步。


121．Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, or causes energy to be given off in some form.

【译文】每种化学变化要么源于产生变化的能量，要么使能量以某种形式释放。

【点睛】该句中包含either...or...结构，either和or连接的是对等的谓语部分results from...和causes...。现在分词短语being used to...为energy的后置定语，其中used和energy为被动关系。动词不定式短语to be given off...中，give off和energy为被动关系，in some form为方式状语。


122．The wealth of a country should be measured in terms of the health and happiness of its people as well as the material goods it can produce.

【译文】一个国家的财富应当根据该国人民的健康和幸福以及它所能生产出的物质商品来衡量。

【点睛】介词短语in terms of...为句子的方式状语，其中表并列关系的as well as连接的是the health and happiness of...和the material goods。it can produce是以material goods为先行词的定语从句，该从句省略了关系代词，其中it指代的是the country。


123．Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.

【译文】正如电话网的价值随着系统里新电话的加入而上升一样，电脑系统的价值也随着每项程序的出现而增加。

【点睛】本句中包含比较结构just as...so...，意为“正如…一样，…也…”。第一个with引导的是increases的伴随状语，其中过去分词短语added to...为each new phone的后置定语。第二个with引导的是increase的伴随状语，其中that引导的是以each program为先行词的定语从句。句中so的前置使得助动词does提前，构成了倒装。

【考点归纳】与动词turn相关的常见短语还有：

*　turn down 调低；拒绝

Mary turned down John's proposal.

玛丽拒绝了约翰的求婚。

*　turn over 翻身，翻转

The boy turned over and went to sleep.

男孩转过身就睡着了。

*　turn to sb./sth． 向某人/某事物寻求帮助/指教

We have nobody we can turn to．我们求助无门。


124．The chief reason for the population growth isn't so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.

【译文】人口增长的主要原因与其说是由于出生率的上升，还不如说是医疗条件的改善使得死亡率下降了。

【点睛】本句中包含比较结构not so...as..., not so much as意为“与其说…，不如说…”。介词短语in birth rates和in death rates分别为rise和fall的后置定语。介词短语as a result of...意为“由于…”，充当a fall in death rates的后置定语。


125．I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.

【译文】要是有可能的话，我就去医院看他了，但我上星期一直非常忙。

【点睛】本句中并列连词but连接的是两个并列的分句。前一个分句中，had it been...是省略if的倒装虚拟条件句，用过去完成时表示对过去事实的假设，因此主句的谓语部分相应用了would have done的形式。后一个分句中，the whole of last week为时间状语。短语at all possible意为“只要有可能”。


126．The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds, the larger of which could go penniless by next year.

【译文】社会保障退休规划由两种信托基金构成，其中较大的一种到明年可能全部用完。

【点睛】be made up of...意为“由…构成”。the larger of which引导的是以funds为先行词的非限定性定语从句，其中介词短语by next year为时间状语。

【考点归纳】

形容词比较级前加定冠词the一般有两种情况：

*　当形容词比较级用of引导的介词短语来表示比较范围时，比较级前要加定冠词the。

Tom is the elder of my two uncles.

汤姆是我的两个叔叔中年长的一个。

*　在“the+比较级，the+比较级”的结构中，比较级前要加定冠词the。

The purer the diamond is, the more valuable it is.

钻石质地越纯越值钱。


127．Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.

【译文】事实并非如此，因为它假定人们对人权有着共同的认识，而世界上并不存在这种共识。

【点睛】该句中有多个从句：because引导的是原因状语从句，其中还包含that引导的assumes的宾语从句。which引导的是以an agreed account of human rights为先行词的非限定性定语从句，其中the world does not have是以something为先行词的定语从句，该从句省略了关系代词。


128．Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.

【译文】有些哲学家争辩说，权利只存在于社会契约之中，是责任与权益相交换的一部分。

【点睛】that引导的是argue的宾语从句。介词短语as part of...为从句主语rights的补语。argue意为“争辩，论证”。entitlement意为“权利，权益”。


129．It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

【译文】它从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么关心和体谅它们，就像对待人类自身一样；要么完全冷漠无情地对待它们。

【点睛】at the outset充当句子的时间状语。冒号之后的内容是对之前内容的解释说明，其中that引导的是think的宾语从句。either...or...连接的是并列的介词短语with the consideration...和with no consideration...，它们共同作动词treated的方式状语。humans extend...humans是以consideration为先行词的定语从句。


130．Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.

【译文】这类极端主义者认为人与动物在各个相关的方面都不相同，动物不在道德选择的范畴之内。

【点睛】该句的主干是... extremists...think that...。现在分词短语arguing from...为句子的状语。第一个that引导的是view的同位语从句，其中be different from...意为“与…不同”。第二个that引导的是think的宾语从句。lie outside the area of意为“处于…之外”。


131．When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.

【译文】那种情况发生并没有错：这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励而不应被讥笑。

【点睛】when引导的是时间状语从句。冒号之后的内容是对之前内容的解释说明，其中介词短语in action为instinct的补语，意为“起作用”。名词短语an instinct that...是之前的instinct for moral reasoning in action的同位语，其中that引导的是以instinct为先行词的定语从句。rather than意为“而不是…”。

【考点归纳】与rather相关的常见短语还有：

*　or rather 更确切地说

Mary worked as a secretary, or rather, a typist.

玛丽担任秘书工作，更确切地说是打字员。

*　'd (would/had) rather... (than) 宁愿，宁可

I'd rather walk than take a bus.

我宁愿走路也不愿坐公共汽车。


132．The pollution question as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in session again next spring.

【译文】污染问题及其他几个问题将在明年春天再次召开的国会上进行讨论。

【点睛】该句的主语是由as well as连接的并列主语the pollution question as well as several other issues，但强调的是前一项，因此谓语动词与前一项一致，用单数。be going to do表示将来时的概念。when引导的是时间状语从句，其中next spring为时间状语。

【考点归纳】in session有以下主要含义：

*　在开会；在开庭

The court is now in session.

法院现在开庭。

*　会期

Parliament is in session during the summer.

议会在夏季处于开会期。


133．It is strictly regulated that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few.

【译文】条文严格规定只有少数人可以接触机密文件。

【点睛】该句中it是句子的形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。access to意为“接近（某人/某物）的机会或权利”。deny sth. to sb．意为“不允许某人拥有某物/做某事”。all but意为“除…之外的所有人/物”。


134．When travelling, you are advised to take travelers' checks, which provide a secure alternative to carrying your money in cash.

【译文】旅行时建议你携带旅行支票，这为携带现金提供了一种安全的变通办法。

【点睛】when引导的是句子的时间状语。which引导的是以travelers' checks为先行词的非限定性定语从句。alternative之后的to为介词，其后跟的是现在分词短语carrying...，其中介词短语in cash为方式状语。


135．Dozens of scientific groups all over the world have been pursuing the goal of a practical and economic way to use sunlight to split water molecules.

【译文】全世界很多科研小组一直在寻求利用太阳光分解水分子的既可行又经济的方法。

【点睛】该句的主干是Dozens of scientific groups...have been pursuing the goal...现在完成进行时表示一种一直持续的动作，且该动作对现在有一定的影响。all over the world为scientific groups的后置定语。动词不定式短语to use...为way的后置定语。


136．He does not qualify as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible.

【译文】他发音太差，因此没有资格当英语老师。

【点睛】该句中出现了两个as：第一个是介词，意为“作为”,qualify as...意为“有当…的资格”；第二个为连词，意为“因为”，引导原因状语从句。

【考点归纳】与qualify相关的常见短语有：

*　qualify sb. for/as sth． 使某人有资格从事某事

The training course qualifies you as a driving instructor.

参加了该训练课程，你就有资格成为驾驶教练。

*　qualify sb. for sth． 使某人具有/赋予某人（某种）合法权利

Residence in the area qualifies you for free medical treatment.

在本地区居住可使你享受免费医疗。


137．There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.

【译文】我最近读到的一本英国人写的书上有一段非常有趣的话，陈述了他认为形成这种美国特色的原因。

【点睛】介词短语by an Englishman为book的后置定语，that引导的是以book为先行词的定语从句，其中recently为时间状语。现在分词短语giving what...为remark的后置定语，其中what...characteristic为giving的宾语从句，而what引导的是主语从句。


138．The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other.

【译文】本文开头和结尾叙述了两篇新闻报道，每篇均与另一篇在一个主要问题上有着显著的差异。

【点睛】介词短语with descriptions of...为谓语opens and closes的方式状语。each making...相当于two news reports的后置定语，可以看成是非限定性定语从句each of which makes one major point in contrast with the other的省略形式，其中in contrast with意为“和…构成对比”。

【考点归纳】与名词contrast相关的常见短语还有：

*　by contrast 相比之下

The old house was spacious; by contrast the new apartment seems cramped.

老房子很宽敞，相比之下，新公寓看起来很狭窄。

*　contrast between...… 之间的差别

The contrast between the two brothers surprised me.

两兄弟之间的差别让我大吃一惊。

*　in contrast to 和…相比

Lisa is quite short, in contrast to her mother who is tall.

莉萨很矮，相比之下她母亲却很高挑。


139．Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs; others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.

【译文】在这些原因中，有些完全是社会需求的合理结果，另一些则是由于科学在某种程度上自我加速而产生特定发展的合理结果。

【点睛】该句的主干是Some...are...results...; others are...consequences...。分号前后为并列的两个分句，后一个分句的主语others指代的是other causes，是相对于some of these causes而言的。现在分词短语being to...是science的后置定语，其中to some extent意为“在某种程度上”。


140．This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

【译文】这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些政府得出结论：政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

【点睛】该句的结构是主句+when引导的以the Second World War为先行词的非限定性定语从句。在定语从句中，第一个that引导的是conclusion的同位语从句，第二个that引导的是以demands为先行词的定语从句。介词短语during...为时间状语。in detail意为“详尽地，具体地”。


141．This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.

【译文】给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来最能有效地解决这个问题。

【点睛】该句的主干是this seems...done by...。介词短语by supporting...为句子的方式状语，其中not...but...连接的是过去分词短语related to...和介词短语of possible consequence...，它们共同作research的后置定语。immediate此处意为“目前的，当下的”。

【考点归纳】形容词immediate有以下几个义项：

*　立刻的，即刻的

We'd better seek immediate medical attention.

我们最好寻求即时医疗护理。

*　目前的，当下的

I have no immediate plans to leave.

我目前没有离开的打算。

*　最接近的，紧接的

John is my immediate boss.

约翰是我的顶头上司。

*　邻近的，紧邻的

The immediate area was sealed off after the bombing.

炸弹爆炸之后，邻近的地区被封锁了起来。

*　直系亲属的

Uncle Tom is not my immediate kin.

汤姆叔叔不是我的直系亲属。


142．However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects.

【译文】然而，世界就是如此，一般而言，一流的体系是无法解决世上某些更吸引人并让人愉悦的问题的。

【点睛】该句是一个复合句，句中包含so...that...句式，其中that引导的是结果状语从句。介词短语in principle作状语，意为“原则上，大体上”。fascinating意为“引人入胜的”，delightful意为“令人愉快的”，二者由并列连词and相连，共同作aspects的定语。

【考点归纳】名词principle有以下几个义项：

*　作“原理，原则”讲时，是可数名词。

We must come back to first principles.

我们必须回到基本原则上来。

*　作“（行为的）准则，规范”讲时，是可数名词，通常为复数。

I live according to my principles.

我按照自己的标准行事。

*　作“操守，道义，为人之道”讲时，是不可数名词。

It is a matter of principle with him to answer the girl's questions honestly.

诚实地回答这个女孩的提问，对他来说是关系到做人的大问题。


143．New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

【译文】同过去一样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思考对象，从而引出完美的新标准。

【点睛】该句是个复合句。句子的主语是New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought。介词短语in the future为时间状语。as引导的是方式状语从句，其中介词短语in the past为时间状语。现在分词短语giving rise to...充当句子的伴随状语，其中give rise to意为“引起，导致”。

What they have done has given rise to a lot of problems．他们的所为导致了许多问题。

【考点归纳】与名词rise相关的常见短语还有：

*　rise and fall 兴亡；升降

That man witnessed the rise and fall of the empire.

那个人见证了帝国的兴亡。

*　get/take a rise out of sb． 激怒某人，使某人尴尬

You can always get a rise out of Lisa by teasing her about her age.

拿莉萨的年龄开玩笑，准能把她激怒。


144．It's essential that people be psychologically able to resist the impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market economy.

【译文】重要的是，人们在心理上必须能抵制住由计划经济向市场经济转变所带来的冲击。