【点睛】该句采用了虚拟语气。it为句子的形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句，从句谓语部分采用了动词原形，省略了情态动词should。过去分词短语brought about by...为impact的后置定语。介词短语from...to...为transition的后置定语。

【考点归纳】当表语为表示假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等的形容词时，主语从句要采用虚拟语气，谓语部分为“（should +）动词原形”的形式。此类形容词有：

advisable 合理的

appropriate 适当的

compulsory 必须的

crucial 极重要的

desirable 理想的

essential 必要的

imperative 迫切的

important 重要的

incredible 惊人的

natural 自然的

necessary 必要的

possible 可能的

preferable 更好的

probable 可能的

strange 奇怪的

urgent 紧迫的

vital 极为重要的


145．I'd rather you went by train, because I can't bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.

【译文】我宁愿你坐火车去，因为我不敢想象你在如此恶劣的天气里乘坐飞机。

【点睛】I'd rather..．意为“我宁愿…”，其宾语从句用了虚拟语气，用一般过去时表示对现在或将来情况的假设。because引导的是原因状语从句，其中介词短语in such bad weather为状语，意为“在如此恶劣的天气里”。can't bear意为“不能忍受”。

【考点归纳】would/had rather的常见用法如下：

*　would/had rather...（than...）意为“宁可，较喜欢”。

I'd rather walk than ride a bike.

我宁可走路也不愿骑自行车。

*　would rather (sooner) 后跟表虚拟语气的宾语从句，谓语动词为过去式，表示对现在或将来情况的虚拟。

I would rather you told me the truth.

我宁可你告诉我真相。


146．They do not provide energy, nor do they construct or build any part of the body.

【译文】它们不提供能量，也不构成或强健身体的任何部分。

【点睛】该句包含两个分句，表达否定的概念。后一个分句中，表否定概念的nor前置，因此助动词do相应前置，构成倒装。在否定句中，并列连词通常为or而非and。


147．However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that?”

【译文】然而，艾伦认为潜意识会产生跟显意识一样多的行为，尽管我们或许能够保持这样一种错觉：认为仅凭显意识就能控制我们的思想，但事实上，我们却一直面临着一个问题：“我们为什么不能让自己去做这件事情或去实现那个目标呢？”

【点睛】本句的主干为Allen believed that..., that引导的是believed的第一个宾语从句，该从句中又包含一个as much...as比较结构，其中the unconscious mind指“潜意识”,generate意为“产生”,the conscious mind指“显意识”。and连接第二个宾语从句，这个宾语从句本身又包含一个while引导的让步状语从句，while在句中译为“虽然…但是…”,sustain意为“保持，维持”,face with意为“面对，面临”。


148．The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.

【译文】目标是错误的，因为在抨击这些测试时，批评者没有注意到由于使用者对测试不甚了解或使用不当所造成的错误。

【点睛】for引导的是原因状语从句，其中介词短语in attacking...为该从句的状语。that引导的是以fault为先行词的定语从句，其中lie with意为“在于，决定于（某人）”。

【考点归纳】与动词lie相关的常见短语还有：

*　lie about/around 零乱地摆放

Books lay around the room in complete chaos.

书乱七八糟地散放在房间内。

*　lie behind是（某行为的）原因

Something else must lie behind your sudden interest in football．你突然对足球感兴趣肯定是有原因的。

*　lie down 躺下

You should lie down and rest．你应该躺下休息。


149．How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

【译文】这些预测会在多大程度上被后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。

【点睛】how引导的是主语从句。介词短语upon...和on...由并列连词and相连，和句子的谓语动词depends构成短语搭配，意为“取决于…”。过去分词used作information的后置定语。which引导的是以skill and wisdom为先行词的定语从句，其中it指代的是information。


150．For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

【译文】例如，它们没有弥补明显的社会不公，因此，它们不能说明一个贫困的年轻人如果在更好的环境下成长，会有多大的才干。

【点睛】并列连词and连接的是并列的谓语部分do not compensate...和do not tell...。句中how...引导的是tell的宾语从句，其中had he...为省略if的虚拟条件句，该从句将助动词had前置构成倒装，并用过去完成时表示对过去事实的虚拟。形容词underprivileged意为“贫困的，社会地位低下的”。短语under more favorable circumstances意为“在更好的环境下”。

【考点归纳】与circumstance相关的常见短语还有：

*　in the circumstances 在这种情况下，情形既然如此

Though he was feeling ill, he really did well in the circumstances.

虽然他感觉不适，但在这样的情况下，他真的做得不错了。

*　under no circumstances 在任何情况下绝不，无论如何都不

Under no circumstances should you beat him.

你无论如何都不该打他。





攻克阅读关键句



1．Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant's sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.

【译文】普利斯特里解释了这位助手毛衣的深蓝色这么多年来是如何降格的：从时装秀降至百货商店，最后再到打折区，这个可怜的女孩肯定是在那里买到了这件衣服。

【点睛】本句为主从复合句，主句是Priestly explains..., how引导的从句作explain的宾语。该宾语从句的主语是the deep blue color，后面的介词短语of the assistant's sweater是其定语，谓语部分是descended from to...and to...，其含义为“从…降至…再降至…”,over the years作时间状语，in which引导的从句作定语，修饰the bargain bin。over the years意为“多年以来”。fashion show指“时装秀”。bargain bin意为“打折区，廉价商品处理区”。


2．The simple fact is that we, who have always regarded ourselves as supreme in the universe, may not be so.

【译文】一个简单的事实是，我们总认为自己是宇宙中最高等的生物，但也许并非如此。

【点睛】本句的主干为The...fact is+that引导的表语从句，该表语从句中的非限定性定语从句who have always...in the universe修饰表语从句的主语we。

【考点归纳】

表语从句置于系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语，一般的结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句”。可接表语从句的系动词有：be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的连接词有：连词that和whether；连接代词what；连接副词where, how, when和why。引导表语从句的that常常可以省略。

The only certainty is that nothing is certain.

唯一可以确定的是，没有什么是确定无疑的。

Purpose is what gives life a meaning.

目标是赋予生活意义的东西。

Success is how high you bounce when you hit bottom.

成功是当你跌入深谷后所能崛起的高度。

Your big opportunity may be right where you are now.

你成功的大好时机或许就在眼前。


3．Now we have to recognize that, among the stars in the heavens, there may very well be worlds inhabited by beings who are to us as we are to ants.

【译文】如今我们不得不承认，在浩繁宇宙中的其他星球上，极有可能居住着其他生命——这些生命和我们的差别就像我们和蚂蚁的差别一样。

【点睛】该句结构比较简单，但需注意定语从句中介词to的用法。who are to us中的介词to用来表明与另一个人的关系。注意下面例句中的to。

He is a nephew to a millionaire.

他是一个百万富翁的侄子。

He was a painter to the royal court.

他曾是宫廷画师。（to在这里表示“属于”。）

【考点归纳】

*　英语中常用的与to构成的搭配有：

表示相对，针对：

be strange (common, new, familiar, peculiar, distinct, sensitive, immune, vulnerable, indispensable) to;

表示对比，比较：

be superior (inferior, prior, senior, junior, equal, similar, equivalent, second, alternative) to;

表示修饰关系：

answer to question

solution to problem

response to inquiry

reaction to proposal

reply to letter

the approach to a bridge（引桥）

the access to education（受教育的机会）

assistant to manager

其他与to相关的常见搭配还有：

tend to 有…的倾向

be prone to 易于，有…倾向的

amount to 总计为

respond to 对…作出反应

appeal to 诉诸

catch on to 理解

give birth to 生（孩子）；使…发生

attend to 关心；照料

see to 负责

be entitled to 有权

belong to 属于

come to 苏醒

stand up to 勇敢面对

help oneself to 请自便

refer to 提到

to the point 切题

★　特别提示：介词在英语中用法十分灵活，所以曾经有人说对介词搭配的掌握程度可以看出学习者英语水平的高低。大家在学习过程中务必要熟记介词搭配，切不可随意使用！


4．With the building of good, fast motorways, long distances can be covered rapidly and pleasantly.

【译文】由于修建了快捷的高速公路，我们能够迅速而又愉快地到达遥远的地方。

【点睛】该句中有两个考点需注意，一是“with+复合结构”，二是cover一词的特殊用法。With the building of good, fast motorways就相当于Since good, fast motorways have been built。cover在此不是“遮盖，覆盖；包含”等常见意思，而是“走完一段路程”。

They were hoping to cover 60 miles yesterday.

他们昨天计划走60英里。

【考点归纳】“with+复合结构”在句中常作状语表伴随、方式、原因、条件等。具体结构如下：

*　with +宾语+分词或短语

She fell asleep with the light burning.

灯亮着，她就睡着了。

With different techniques used, different results can be obtained．使用的技巧不同得到的结果也不同。

*　with +宾语+形容词或短语

She came into the room, with her nose red because of cold. 她进入屋里，鼻头由于寒冷而泛着红。

*　with+宾语+介词短语

With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient．由于互联网上有成千上万个与找工作有关的网站，寻找一个有前途的就业机会不仅耗费时间，而且效率也低。

*　with +宾语+副词/虚词

How can you lock the door with your guests in？

你怎么能把客人锁在屋里？

*　with（out）+宾语+to do

Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy.

不能批判性地思考、维护自己的观点并了解他人的想法，他们就不能充分地参与我们的民主。


5．As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.

【译文】如常所见，过去决定未来：现在，我们已经充分确认了形成我们这个星球及其物种的历史的长期模式，这足以让我们有据可依地预测我们的后代将身处怎样的境地。

【点睛】本句的主干是the past holds the key，冒号后的内容是对前面句子主干的解释和说明，也是一个完整的句子，主干是we have identified enough，而of the long-term pattern作定语修饰enough，后面的不定式短语to make...forecasts...作目的状语，in which引导的定语从句修饰situations。

【考点归纳】本句须注意as so often和hold the key to两个短语。

*　as so often意为“一如往常，常常”。如：

As so often happens when I travel around the world, I was struck by people who are so kind to strangers.

正如我在世界各地旅行时经常遇到的那样，人们对于陌生人如此亲切让我感到非常吃惊。

*　hold the key to意为“是…的关键”，其后接名词或动名词。如：

However, it is the symbols that may hold the key to understanding early human communication.

然而，或许正是这些符号才是理解早期人类交流的关键。


6．When considering the drawbacks, perhaps pollution is of prime importance.

【译文】考虑到其弊端，污染或许首当其冲。

【点睛】该句中be of importance意为“重要的”。在英语中，of+抽象名词=该抽象名词对应的形容词；of no+抽象名词=not+该抽象名词对应的形容词。这种结构表示“具有某种性质或特征”,of后面的名词通常有：help, value, use, interest, significance, benefit, importance, beauty等，名词前还可用great, vital, considerate, much, first, little, any, some，minor, poor, low, slight等形容词修饰，表示程度的强弱。

It is of no use. = It is not useful．这没什么用。

He is a man of wisdom. = He is a wise man.

他是个聪明人。

It is a matter of no importance. = It is an unimportant matter．这件事不重要。


7．It is nothing for a big, strong schoolboy to elbow an elderly woman aside in the dash for the last remaining seat on the tube or bus, much less stand up and offer his seat to her, as he ought.

【译文】对于高大强壮的男学生来说，为了争抢地铁或公共汽车上最后一个空座位，猛冲过去用胳膊肘将一个上了年纪的妇人挤到一边没什么大不了，更不要说站起来给她让座了，虽然他本应该让座。

【点睛】本句的主干是It is nothing for a...schoolboy to elbow an...woman, much less...。it在句中只是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式to elbow an elderly woman aside...。much less“更不要说”，引导的成分是对主句进行的追加否定。

【考点归纳】

*　与much less同义的还有still less“更不用说，更何况”，引导短语或从句，表示追加的否定，所以这两个短语只能用于否定句中。

The boy has to carry 50 jin, much less adults.

连孩子都要背50斤，更不用说成人了。

He knows little English, still less Spanish.

他不懂英语，更别说西班牙语了。

*　表示“更不用说”的短语还有：to say nothing of, not to speak of, not to mention, let alone，它们也表示追加的说法，但与much less和still less不同的是：这些短语的意义可随前句变，如果前一句是肯定，则追加的就是肯定意义；如果前一句是否定，则追加的就是否定意义。

Mary takes singing and dancing lessons, to say nothing of swimming and tennis lessons.

玛丽上了歌唱和舞蹈课，而且还上了游泳和网球课。（由于to say nothing of前面的句子是肯定意义，因此后面的句子也是肯定意义。）

In old China, there was hardly any machine building industry, to say nothing of electronic industry. 在旧中国，几乎没有什么机械制造工业，更不用说电子工业了。（由于to say nothing of前面的句子是否定意义，因此后面的句子也是否定意义。）

Their ancestors had been dirt poor and never saw royalty, let alone hung around with them.

他们的祖先穷得要命，从没有见过王室成员，更不用说和他们在一起了。


8．Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.

【译文】这种被操纵的媒介跟免费媒介完全不同：某项资产或活动变成了对某个品牌或产品不满的消费者、其他股东或积极分子的劫持物。

【点睛】本句的主干是：Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media。冒号后边的内容用来补充解释这句话。consumers, other stakeholders, or activists是并列成分，是who引导的定语从句的并列先行词。allegation意为“指控，宣称”,negative的意思是“消极的”,make negative allegation about sth.表示“对…不满”。

【考点归纳】opposite的用法

*　作介词，意为“（表示位置）在…的对面，在对过；（表示方式）与…联合主演”，如：

The café is opposite (to) the hotel.

咖啡馆在酒店的对面。

Julie has played opposite Pitt in many productions.

朱莉与皮特联合主演了许多影片。

*　作形容词，表示“对面的；对应的；相反的”，如：

Why didn't you put the picture on the opposite wall？你为何不把这张画挂在对面的墙上？

They made the opposite conclusion in the end.

他们最终得出了相反的结论。

*　作名词，表示“对立面，对立物，相反的人（或事物）”，如：

What I thought is just the opposite.

我想的刚好相反。


9．Italy's political leaders and some of its male union chiefs are said to have been even more puzzled to see that the tractor was followed by about 200,000 women in a parading procession that took more than three hours to snake through central Rome.

【译文】大约二十万妇女尾随拖拉机游行，队伍花了三个多小时蜿蜒穿过罗马中心。据说，意大利的政治家和一些男性工会主席们看到此情景深感困惑。

【点睛】该句是一个包含宾语从句和定语从句的复杂长句，句子主干是...leaders and some...are said...to have been even more puzzled...是不定式短语作主语补足语，to see that...可以叫做puzzled的宾语。其后的宾语从句that the tractor was followed...procession为第一层从句，该从句中又套有定语从句that took...Rome，用来修饰限定parading procession。

【考点归纳】该句中snake的用法属于名词的动词化，snake through指“曲折前进”。

The river snakes through the valley.

河流沿河谷蜿蜒流淌。

The train snakes its way among the mountains.

火车在山中蜿蜒而行。

在现代英语中，有些名词被越来越多地用作动词。名词动词化之后，常常表示具有该名词的活动特点或性质特征的动作，精炼而又生动。像例句中这种动物名称动词化的例子还有：

ass about 干傻事

bug out 溜走

beetle off 匆忙离开

mouse about 蹑手蹑脚地走

chicken out 畏缩不前

monkey about 瞎弄

fox sb. into 哄骗

These homeless children pigged together in the mean hut．这些无家可归的孩子像猪一样挤在简陋的小屋里。

She parrots every view her husband has.

她应和着丈夫的每一个观点。


10．Shouting slogans, waving flags and dancing to drumbeats, the women had come to the capital from all over Italy to demonstrate for “a job for each of us, a different type of job, and also city without violence”. So far, action to improve women's opportunities in employment has been the province of collective industrial bargaining.

【译文】来自意大利各地的妇女们喊着口号，挥舞着旗帜，踏着鼓点跳着舞，汇集到首都游行示威。她们要求“人人有工作，工作类型不同，城市杜绝暴力”。目前为止，提高妇女们就业的行动已经被纳入劳资谈判的范围。