173．To those who are unaware that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst.

【译文】许多人没有意识到这些治疗方法以及新的治疗方法和疫苗都必须进行动物实验。对于他们来说，动物实验说得好是浪费，说得不好就是残忍的。

【点睛】本句的主干为animal research seems wasteful at best and cruel at worst。句首的介词结构To those who are unaware those...and vaccines作状语，those后跟有一个定语从句who are unaware...，该定语从句中还含有宾语从句that animal research was needed to produce these treatments, as well as new treatments and vaccines。

【考点归纳】注意at best和at worst的用法。

*　at best意为“充其量，至多”。

She is at best a second-rate singer.

她充其量是个二流歌手。

Don't expect much of him; he is at best a student.

不要对他期望过高，他只不过是个学生。

*　at (the) worst意为“在最坏的情况下；从坏处想；在最保守的估计下”。

He's a fool at the best and at the worst he's a criminal．从好处想的话他是个傻瓜，从坏处想则是个罪犯。

At worst, the storm will make us postpone the trip.

最坏的估计是暴风雨会使我们推迟行程。


174．Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients, the health research community should actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research, but all who receive medical treatment.

【译文】最后，因为最终决定因素是患者，医疗研究机构不仅应该积极争取斯蒂芬·库柏这样的名人的支持——他对动物实验的价值勇敢地进行了肯定——而且应该争取所有接受治疗的病人的支持。

【点睛】本句的主干为the health research community should...recruit to its cause not only...but...，主句前面是由because引导的原因状语从句。主句的谓语recruit有两个宾语well-known personalities...和all who receive medical treatment。第一个宾语之后跟有同位语Stephen Cooper，同位语之后跟有由who引导的非限定性定语从句who has made courageous...animal research。第二个宾语all之后跟有由who引导的限定性定语从句。

ultimate指“最后的，最终的”，相当于eventual或final。

After many defeats, the war ended for us in ultimate victory．经过多次失败，战争以我们的最终胜利而告终。

stakeholder直译为“赌金保管者”，实际上可以理解为“掌握筹码的人，下注的人”。句中将患者说成stakeholder，其实是指最后的决定权还在他们。


175．But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.

【译文】但许多客户却抱怨说，对于长途运输的大宗商品来说，如煤炭、化学制品和粮食，由于公路运输花费太大，因此铁路公司就会制约他们的发展。

【点睛】本句的主干为...shippers complain that...。that引导的宾语从句是一个由and连接的并列句，其结构为...trucking is too costly and the railroads...have them by the throat。前一个分句中，for heavy bulk commodities作状语，分词短语traveling long distances作commodities的后置定语。

have (take catch, seize) by the throat意为“扼住了某人的脖子”，引申为“控制了关系他人存亡的关键”。

I will take fate by the throat; it will not bend me completely to its will.

我要扼住命运的咽喉，它决不能使我完全屈服。

The policeman took the pickpocket by the throat.

警察扼住扒手的脖子。

【考点归纳】与throat相关的短语还有：

be at each other's throats 激烈争吵

be at the top of one's throat 放大声音

clear one's throat 清嗓子

cram sth. down sb.'s throat 强行向某人灌输

cut one's own throat 割喉自杀，自取灭亡

be full up to the throat 吃得很饱

cut the throat of 消灭，扼杀

have a bone in one's throat 难以启齿


176．If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line.

【译文】他们争辩说，如果铁路公司向所有客户收取同样的平均费用的话，那么，能够选择使用公路运输或其他运输方式的客户将会转移，使剩下的客户来承担铁路正常运作的开销。

【点睛】本句是一个复合句。主句的主干是shippers...would do so，其中who引导的定语从句修饰shippers。最后一个逗号的后面有两个现在分词，但是用法不同：leaving sb. to do sth．充当状语；而remaining作customers的定语，可以译为“剩余的客户”。

charge作动词有“收费；要价”的意思，作名词则指“费用，价钱”。

The store doesn't charge for delivery．该店免费送货。

The charge for admission is 5 dollars．入场费五美元。

shoulder在本句中作动词，意为“承担”。

You must shoulder the full responsibility for all consequences．你必须对一切的后果承担全部责任。

【考点归纳】与shoulder相关的短语还有：

shoulder one's way through...

用肩膀挤出一条路

give sb. the cold shoulder

=turn the cold shoulder on sb.

故意怠慢或轻视某人

rub shoulders with 摩肩接踵

lay the blame on the right shoulder

责备应受责备的人


177．It's a theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.

【译文】这个理论得到了多数经济学家的认同，但在实际操作中，它使铁路公司获得了一个决定谁兴谁衰的权利。

【点睛】本句是一个由but连接的并列句。第一个分句的主干为It's a theory...，其后是一个定语从句to which many economists subscribe，介词to置于引导词which之前，实际是与subscribe构成搭配。第二个分句的主语是it，谓语是leaves，介词结构of determining...作position的后置定语。

subscribe常用的意思是“订阅；订购”，是不及物动词，后面应该接to，如：subscribe to China Daily“订阅《中国日报》”。而在本句中该词意为“采取”。

in practice意为“在实践中”，而“理论上”则用in theory表示。

【考点归纳】定语从句的引导词之前带介词，可分为两种情况：先行词要求和从句中某个词的要求。

*　定语从句的先行词要求引导词之前带介词。

Each of us has a purpose for which we were created.

我们每个人生于世间都有其目的。

=Each of us has a purpose which we were created for. （习惯搭配purpose for...原因）

注意，这里的介词前置，是根据先行词的习惯搭配。在句子中，如果把介词放回到从句的谓语动词之后，则定语从句和先行词的关系就不那么明显，而且产生了一种割裂感，因此将介词前置。

*　由于从句中的某个词的要求，引导词前带介词。

There are faults from which none of us is free.

有些错误是任何人都避免不了的。（from的使用由free决定）

这里的介词from前置是根据定语从句中的某些词或短语的习惯搭配。


178．The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on.

【译文】从整体来说，虽然铁路行业前途光明，但它的收入仍然不足以支付为满足不断增长的运输需要而进行的固定资产投资。而铁路公司仍然继续贷款数十亿美元来进行相互兼并，并且华尔街也鼓励它们这样做。

【点睛】第一个句子的主干为The railroad industry...does not earn enough...。其中despite its brightening fortunes作状语，it must invest to...traffic是一个定语从句，修饰the capital。其中，to keep up with its surging traffic作invest的目的状语。as a whole意为“作为一个整体；总的说来”，相关短语还有：in whole or/and in part“整体或/和部分”,on/upon the whole“基本上；总的看来”。

brighten意为“使变亮”,fortune意为“好运”,brightening fortunes意为“前途光明”。cover的本义是“盖，掩盖”，此外还有“掩护；包括；支付；报道”等意思。

China will send 100 reporters to cover the Games.

中国将派100名记者来报道奥运会。

My office will cover my education fees if I don't take a long leave.

如果我不请长假，我们公司将为我支付学费。

acquire意为“取得，获得”，强调通过努力和付出代价才得到。

The museum has just acquired a famous painting by Pablo Picasso.

该美术馆刚刚获得一幅毕加索的名画。

句中的acquire one another应理解为“并购；兼并”，相当于to merge...。

cheer on意为“鼓励，激励”，例如：

She did her best to cheer him on when he was about to give up．当他快要放弃时她尽力鼓励他。

而cheer up则意为“（使…）高兴起来；（使…）打起精神来”，例如：

Cheer up! Do not be sorrowful!

打起精神来，别难过！


179．Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again.

【译文】相反，最佳的策略是把代理当作一种提示服务，从而及时跟踪某一资料库里的工作岗位信息；当收到电子邮件时，你就把它当作一种提醒，再去查一查资料库。

【点睛】本句是一个由分号连接的并列句。前一个分句是个主系表结构，主干为the...strategy is to use the agent..., as引导的介词短语意为“当作…”，不定式结构to keep...表目的。后一分句是个复合句，when引导的是一个时间状语从句。

instead是副词，意为“作为替换；反而，却”。

If you cannot go, he'll go instead of you.

如果你不能去，他愿替你去。

If there is no coal, oil can be used instead.

如果没有煤，可以用石油来代替。

keep abreast of意为“了解最新情况；跟上（某事物的发展）”。

They always keep abreast of what is going on by reading the newspaper.

他们总是通过读报纸及时了解情况。

【考点归纳】与abreast相关的短语还有：

get abreast of 与…并驾齐驱

be (keep) abreast of with

与…并进，跟上，不落后于


180．Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise.

【译文】有些人利用搜索代理密切观察市场对于自己这个职业的需求或搜集有关加薪的信息以备谈判加薪时胸有成竹。

【点睛】本句是个简单句，句子的主干为Some use them to keep...or gather...。第一个to后是目的状语，后面跟着两个由or连接的并列动作：to keep a close watch on和gather information。keep a close watch on意为“密切注视”，与keep a sharp lookout for类似。例如：

We keep a close watch on the prisoner.

我们严密地看守着这个囚犯。

arm这里作动词，意为“武装”。例如：

The combined fleet is armed to the teeth.

这支联合舰队全副武装。


181．Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.

【译文】在过去的一个世纪里，各种各样的不公正和歧视遭到了谴责或被判定为非法。但是有一种隐蔽形式的不公正和歧视还在蔓延，即按字母表顺序排名。对于尚未意识到其危害的人来说，它指的是对那些姓氏首字母位于字母表后半部分的人受到的歧视。

【点睛】在第一句中，句子的主干为...all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal...。Over the past century作时间状语，and连接两个并列主语，由or连接并列谓语have been condemned和made, illegal是主语补足语。第二句结构简单，注意冒号后的alphabetism是该句主语form的同位语，说明这种隐蔽形式的歧视是什么。第三句的主干为This...refers to discrimination...，在主语this和谓语refers to之间的部分是插入语，而定语从句whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet用来修饰those。


182．Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush's predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half.

【译文】如此这般，美国的总统和副总统的姓氏分别是以B和C字母开头。乔治·布什的前任有二十六位（包括其父）的姓氏均在字母表的前半部分，而姓氏在字母表后半部分的却仅有十六位。

【点睛】本句的主干是由and连接的两个分句，即American president and vice-president have surnames...; and 26 of...had surnames。第一个分句中的分词结构starting with和第二个分句中的介词结构in the first half of the alphabet均作后置定语修饰surnames，而against just 16 in the second half的完整形式是against just 16 of George Bush's predecessors had surnames in the second half。vice-president意为“副总统”。

【考点归纳】注意vice、deputy和associate在表示“副职”时的区别。

*　vice和deputy作形容词时，均可表示“副的”，通常用在行政职务头衔前面表示副职，但是在用法上约定俗成，只能用vice而不能用deputy的搭配有：

vice chairman 副主席

vice premier 副总理

vice minister 副部长

vice governor 副省长

vice consul 副领事

vice principal 副校长（中学）

*　deputy可作名词用，其义亦为“副手（在拉丁语系国家中亦作议员）”。

He is my deputy。他是我的副手。

vice也可作名词，意为“恶行、恶习”，而没有“副手”的意思。因此上面的例句中不可用vice代替deputy。用deputy而不用vice的搭配有：

deputy director 副司长

deputy mayor 副市长

deputy secretary 副书记

deputy secretary-general 副秘书长

deputy chief of staff 副参谋长

deputy director 副司/所/厂长

deputy dean/head of a department 大学副系主任

deputy editor-in-chief 副总编

deputy head of a delegation 代表团副团长

*　associate常用来表示学术头衔的“副”职称。

associate professor 副教授

associate research fellow 副研究员

associate doctor 副主任医师

associate judge 陪审法官


183．Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.

【译文】求职面试、选举投票、会议发言和出席的名单，也是按字母表顺序排序，当人们费劲地向下查看时，往往会逐渐失去兴趣。

【点睛】句子的主干是由and连接的两个并列分句：... all tend to be drawn up, and their recipients lose interest...。第一个分句中，主语all指句首出现的三个并列的名词短语，它们是all的同位语。第二个分句中包含了一个由as引导的时间状语从句as they plough through them。

ballot意为“投票；选票”，可作名词和动词。attendee意为“出席者，在场者”。

plough through意为“费劲地阅读，吃力地钻研，艰难地通过”。

We've ploughed through all the documents related to the case.

我们费力地阅读了所有有关此案的文件。


184．Razitch's latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.

【译文】莱维西的最新著作《落后：一个世纪的失败学校改革》追溯了学校里反智主义的根源，书中的结论是：美国学校绝没有抵制美国人对才学追求的厌恶。

【点睛】本句的主干为Razitch's latest book...traces the roots...。Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms是latest book的同位语，concluding之后的部分则为状语。

trace在本句中作动词，意思是“追溯；查考”，也可作名词，意为“痕迹”。

Despite his excellent English, he still retains the faint trace of a French accent．尽管他的英语十分出色，但仍带有些许法国口音。

【考点归纳】

注意anything but和nothing but的区别。

*　anything but意为“除了…之外；根本不”，相当于by no means“根本不”、not at all“一点儿也不”。

I'll do anything but that.

我什么都做，就是不愿意做那件事。

I was anything but happy about going.

我一点儿也不愿意出去。

He was anything but a fool．他根本不是个傻瓜。

*　nothing but“除…而外；什么也没有；只有”。

1）后面可接名词或代词。

For miles and miles I could see nothing except （= but）a great fire and lots of smoke．一连好几英里，除了大火和浓烟我什么也看不见。

Under the soil there is nothing but sand.

在这层土壤下面只有沙子。

2）后面还可以接不定式。

A cold-blooded animal has no choice but to lie down and sleep.

冷血动物别无选择，只好躺下来睡觉。

注意，这种句型中的不定式通常要带to；但当其前面的动词是do或只有情态动词时，but后面的不定式要省略to。

He did nothing but sleep all day long.

他什么也不干，成天睡觉。

I can but obey it. = I can do nothing but obey it.

我只能服从。


185．“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education.

【译文】历史学家兼教授理查德·霍夫斯塔特在《美国生活中的反智主义》中写道：“才学被看作一种权利或特权而遭厌恶。”该书探讨美国政治、宗教和教育中的反智主义的根源，曾获普利策奖。

【点睛】本句的宾语为一个直接引语“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes是谓语，主语是historian and professor Richard Hofstadter，其后的in Anti-Intellectualism in American life作状语，斜体部分为书名，a Pulitzer Prize winning book是其同位语。

intellect在本句中意为“智力”，例如：

His opinion is that the intellect of modern man isn't superior.

他的看法是：现代人的智力并不高超。

【考点归纳】注意区分动词resent、hate、detest、loathe、despise的含义和用法。

*　resent在句中作动词，指“怨恨；愤恨”。主要是指怨恨或某种代表怨恨的行为，作动词时后面常跟动名词。

We really should not resent being called paupers.

我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。

*　hate意为“讨厌”，表示对某人、某物或某种行为的极大不满或厌恶，有时含有“敌视并伤害对方”的意思。

I hate you.

我恨你。（语气非常强烈）

To tell you the truth, I hate to do it.

老实告诉你，我不喜欢做这件事。

She looked at him with hate in her eyes.

她用憎恨的目光看着他。

*　detest语意较强，常含有“极为讨厌，十分蔑视”之意。

I detest people who tell lies．我恨说谎的人。