*　loathe指“厌恶；憎恶”，比较正式，有时可以和hate及detest互换。

I loathe you! 我非常讨厌你！

I loathe washing dishes．我很讨厌洗盘子。

*　despise指“蔑视、看不起”，强调“极度地轻视”的意思。

Don't cheat at exams or others will despise you.

考试不要作弊，否则别人会瞧不起你。


186．Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.

【译文】当然，如果他还以懒散出名的话，你甚至会变得怒不可遏。这种行为被看作是“人之常情”，其潜在的假设是其他动物没有如此高度发达的不公平意识。

【点睛】第一句是个复合句。if引导了一个条件状语从句，逗号后的主句是个典型的主系表结构。第二句的主干为Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”，逗号后的with the underlying assumption...作状语，其中assumption后接由that引导的同位语从句that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance，用来解释说明assumption的内容。

human指“有人性的；具有人性的缺点、脆弱面的”。

all too human指“实在太体现人性的”，此处可翻译为“人之常情”。

He is quite human after all.

他毕竟还是挺善良的。

underlying是underlie的现在分词，意为“含蓄的；潜在的；隐含的”，强调已出现但还不明显。

The story has an underlying theme.

这个故事有一个内在的主题。

potential则指“潜在的，可能的”，强调有存在的可能但还不存在的。

The dispute has scared away potential investors.

这一争端吓走了潜在的投资者。

此外，“潜规则”的“潜”不宜译为underlying或potential，因为这里的“潜”不是“潜在的”或“潜力”，而是指在某一行业中大家心知肚明却又不愿捅破的行业惯例，因此，英语里“潜规则”对应的表达为hidden rule，另外，也可以译为unwritten rule，与written rule相对应，用来表示一种不成文的规定。


187．However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.

【译文】但是，把两个猴子安置在分隔但相邻的两个房间里，这样它们能够看见对方用石头换回什么东西时，它们的行为就会变得明显不同。

【点睛】本句的主干为... behavior became...different。句首是由when引导的时间状语从句，so that引导目的状语从句，而在该从句中又含有一个what引导的宾语从句。

adjoining是形容词，指“相邻的；隔壁的”。in return for有“酬谢；作为…的报答”的意思，在本句中应理解为“换回来…”。

He gave her some roses in return for her kindness.

他送了她一些玫瑰以答谢她的好意。


188．The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.

【译文】最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家小组告诉我们，地球气候无疑正在变暖，而这主要是人为因素造成的。

【点睛】本句的主干为The latest was a panel...，这是典型的主系表结构。表语panel后接两个定语成分：from引导的介词短语和含enlisted的过去分词短语，即“白宫召集的、来自国家科学院的专家团”。不定式短语to tell us that...表目的，其中tell后面接有两个由that引导的宾语从句。

definitely意为“明确地；肯定地”。

The team will definitely lose if he doesn't play.

如果他不参加比赛，这个队肯定会输。

largely意为“在很大程度上；主要地”。

His failure is largely due to timidity.

他的失败主要是由于胆小。


189．But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.

【译文】但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最可靠的指引，关键是我们的国家和世界其他各国在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供给我们的、关于人类目前的行为对未来影响的最佳判断作为依据。

【点睛】本句是个并列句，由and连接两个并列分句。前一分句的主干是science...provide us with...guide；后一分句的主干是it is critical+that引导的从句，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语是that从句。主语从句的主干为our nation and the world base...policies on...judgments...，其中judgments后接有两个定语：一是定语从句that science can provide，二是现在分词结构concerning the future consequences of present actions作后置定语。

provide sb. with sth．意为“向某人提供某物”，也可以说provide sth. for sb.。

The government provided much food for the poor.

政府向穷人提供了许多食物。

The Red Cross provided the victims with some good medicine．红十字会向受害者提供了许多好的药品。

注意，provided/providing是连词，表示“在…的条件下；如果”，相当于“on the condition; if”。

I will pay the bonus provided the job is completed on time．如果工作及时完成的话，我将发奖金。


190．A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears, by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise”—the random byproducts of the neural repair work that goes on during sleep.

【译文】一个世纪前，弗洛伊德阐述了他革命性的理论，即梦是对人们潜意识中的欲望和恐惧的一种掩饰。到了20世纪70年代末期，神经病学家们转而认为梦是“精神噪音”——睡眠时进行的神经修复中偶然产生的副产品。

【点睛】本句是个并列句，由分号隔开。第一个分号的主干为Freud formulated...theory...，其后是同位语从句that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears。第二个分句的主干为neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise”...，破折号后面的部分是mental noise的同位语，对其进行补充说明，其中work后面是定语从句that goes on during sleep。


191．Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day.

【译文】多数人似乎在晚上入睡不久，做较多不好的梦，而在快睡醒前会逐渐做开心一些的梦，这说明人们在梦里渐渐排除白天产生的不良情绪。

【点睛】本句的主干为Most people seem to have...dreams...，其后跟着两个现在分词短语progressing toward...和suggesting that...；第二个分词结构中还含有一个that引导的宾语从句。过去分词结构generated during the day作后置定语，修饰feelings。generate指“形成；造成”,generate a discussion“造成一场争论”。


192．In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.

【译文】约翰·麦克沃特是一位语言学家，同时也是一位兼有自由主义和保守主义思想的辩护家。在他最新的著作《做自己的事：语言和音乐的退化以及我们为什么应该喜欢或在意？》中，他认为正式英语的衰退应该归咎于20世纪60年代反文化运动的胜利。

【点睛】本句的主干为...John McWhorte...sees the triumph...as responsible...。句首的介词短语In his latest book作状语，Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should Like, Care是书名，作book的同位语。主语John Mc Whorter和谓语sees之间是主语的同位语，对主语进行补充说明。

controversialist指“争论者，好争论者”，其形容词为controversial。conservative可作形容词和名词，分别指“保守的，支持传统的观点和社会准则的；守旧的，在风格上传统的或拘谨的”和“保守主义者；保守党”。


193．As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.

【译文】作为语言学家，麦克沃特认为所有的人类语言，包括像黑人英语这样的非标准语言，都具有强大的表达力——世上没有传达不了复杂思想的语言或方言。

【点睛】本句的主干为...he acknowledges that...，acknowledges后面是由that引导的宾语从句。在宾语从句的主谓之间插入了介词短语including non-standard ones like Black English。破折号后面的分句对前面的内容进行补充说明。


194．They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over)-lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10∶30 a.m.

【译文】尽管他们来自各地，看起来却都差不多——有着瘦削而专注的面孔，穿着牛仔服和凉鞋，啃着小面包，夜里睡在剧院外的石阶上，为的是在早上10点半售票窗口开始卖票时买到20张坐票和80张站票。

【点睛】本句是个简单句，破折号前面是主干They all seem to look alike...，破折号后面的lean, pointed, dedicated faces用来描述这些人的样子，其后是三个现在分词短语wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night作伴随状语。不定式结构to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets作目的状语，过去分词短语held for the sleepers and sold to them作后置定语，修饰seats和tickets。句末是when引导的时间状语从句。

standing-room指“剧院或公共交通工具的站席”;box office指“售票处”。


195．But somewhere in the 19th century onward, more artists began seeing happiness as insipid, phony or, worst of all, boring, as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil.

【译文】但是在19世纪之后的某个时期，越来越多的艺术家开始把快乐看做是没有意义的、虚假的，更甚者认为快乐是无聊的东西，就像我们从华兹华斯的《水仙》到波德莱尔的《恶之花》中感受的一般。

【点睛】本句的主干为... more artists began seeing happiness as...。somewhere in the 19th century是表时间的介词短语，as we went from Wordsworth's daffodils to Baudelaire's flowers of evil为方式状语从句。注意，这里的两个as不是as+形容词+as结构；第一个as是谓语see...as...（把…看作…）的一部分，后一个as是引导方式状语从句的连接词。

Wordsworth：华兹华斯，英国诗人（1770-1850），其最重要的全集《抒情歌谣》（1798年）为建立英格兰诗歌的浪漫主义风格做出了贡献，于1843年被授予“桂冠诗人”称号。Daffodils（《水仙》）是其著名诗作。

Baudelaire：波德莱尔，法国诗人，代表作为Flowers of Evil（《恶之花》）。

onward意为“向前”,in the 19th century onward意为“19世纪之后的某个时期”。


196．And since these messages have an agenda—to lure us to open our wallets—they make the very idea of happiness seem unreliable. “Celebrate!” commanded the ads for the arthritis drug Celebrex, before we found out it could increase the risk of heart attacks.

【译文】由于这些信息都含有隐秘的目的：诱使我们打开钱包，这使得那些快乐的想法显得不太可靠了。“欢庆吧！”治疗关节炎的良药Celebrex这样宣传，然而随即我们发现它会增加心脏病的发病风险。

【点睛】第一句的主干为they make the...idea...seem unreliable，其前面为since引导的原因状语从句，these messages指前文提到的“商业文化所传播的信息”。两个破折号中间的不定式结构to lure us to open our wallets修饰agenda，表目的。第二句是个倒装句，主干为“Celebrate!”, commanded the ads...。这个倒装属于将宾语前置的修辞倒装。介词短语for the arthritis drug Celebrex作定语，修饰主语the ads。句末是before引导的时间状语从句，其中又包含了一个宾语从句it could increase the risk of heart attacks。

unreliable意为“不可靠的”。agenda本意为“议程”，但在本句中相当于“hidden agenda”，表示“隐秘的计划（阴谋）”。


197．If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006's World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and profes-sional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.

【译文】如果看一下2006年世界杯赛的所有参加足球运动员的出生证明，你极有可能会发现一个值得注意的奇怪现象：球队中的精英运动员大多是出生在上半年，而不是下半年。如果你再看一下为世界杯和职业联赛输送人才的欧洲各国的国家青年队，你会发现这种奇怪的现象更加明显。

【点睛】这两个句子都是虚拟语气。第一句的主干为you would...find a...quirk，其前面是虚拟条件句，冒号后面的句子elite soccer players...是前面宾语quirk的同位语，这个同位语从句的主干为elite soccer players are more likely to have been born...than in...。第二句的主干为you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced，其中宾语为this strange phenomenon，不定式结构to be even more pronounced为宾语补足语。在第二个句子的条件从句中包含了一个定语从句that feed the World Cup and professional ranks，修饰the European national youth teams。

birth certificate意为“出生证”。certificate是“证明书”。noteworthy意为“值得注意，引人注意的”。quirk意为“怪癖；怪事，巧合”，在句中表示“奇怪的现象”。elite意为“精英，杰出人士”。feed的基本义是“喂养，饲养”，在本句中引申为“输送”。


198．Superhigh scores like vos Savant's are no longer possible, because scoring is now based on a statistical population distribution among age peers, rather than simply dividing the mental age by the chronological age and multiplying by 100.

【译文】像莎凡这样的超高分数不会再有了，因为现在的评分标准是根据同年龄中人口分布统计数据制定的，而不仅仅用智力年龄除以时间年龄再乘以100。

【点睛】本句的主干为Superhigh scores...are no longer possible，逗号后的部分是由because引导的原因状语从句。注意rather than引导的是一个状语，表示否定后面的部分而肯定前面的部分。

句中出现了一些术语，如：scoring“得分”，在本句中指智力测验的得分，statistical population distribution“人口分布统计”,age peers“同龄人”,mental age“智力年龄”,chronological age“时间年龄”。


199．Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen—and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for families' future healthcare.

【译文】医疗的绝对支出和家庭负担的份额均已增加，而新近流行的健康储蓄计划正从立法机构向沃尔玛超市的员工普及，可扣除的部分更高了，家庭的未来医疗保险又有了一笔很大的投资风险。

【点睛】本句是个并列句，由and连接两个并列的分句。破折号之前的部分是第一个分句，其主语为两个并列的名词短语Both the...cost...and the share...，谓语为have risen, borne by families是过去分词短语作后置定语。破折号之后是第二个分句，其主干为...health-savings plans are spreading from...to...。其后为介词with引导的状语，说明newly fashionable health-savings plan的内容：一是更高的扣除部分，二是增加了一笔很大的投资风险。absolute意为“绝对的”，其反义词是relative。legislative halls“立法机构”。deductible意为“可减免的，可扣除的”，在文中指“保险合同的扣除条款”。


200．Just as bosses and boards have finally sorted out their worst accounting and compliance troubles, and improved their feeble corporation governance, a new problem threatens to earn them—especially in America—the sort of nasty headlines that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite: data insecurity.

【译文】就在老板和董事会成员最终解决了极糟糕的账务与合规问题，并改善公司管理的不利局面后，一个新的难题又构成了威胁，即数据安全。而在美国，这个威胁尤其严重，对他们的负面报道会成为头条新闻，从而不可避免地导致了管理层成员辞职。

【点睛】本句的主干为...a...problem threatens to earn them...。句首是由as引导的时间状语从句，从句的主语为bosses and boards，谓语动词为sorted out和improved。主句中两个破折号之间的部分为插入语，第二个破折号后的the sort of nasty headlines为宾语them的补足语，其后是定语从句that inevitably lead to heads rolling in the executive suite，冒号之后的data insecurity是a new problem的同位语。

board除了有“木板”的意思，还可表示“董事会”，即board of directors。sort out意为“解决”。accounting意为“会计”,accountant意为“会计师”。compliance意为“合规”。governance意为“管理”,corporation governance意为“公司管理”。heads rolling在句中指“辞退”。suite意为“套房，套间”,the executive suite指“管理层”。





写作锦囊关键句



1．With the growing popularity of...in China, the quality of our lives has been considerably changed.

【译文】随着…在中国越来越流行，我们的生活质量已经得到了显著改善。

【点睛】本句是典型的阐述式开头句型，既可以用于议论文，也可以用于说明文。其中的省略号可以替换为下列名词（短语）：

computers 电脑

private cars 私家车

credit cards 信用卡

supermarkets 超市

pets 宠物

fast food 快餐食品

coca-cola 可口可乐

insurance 保险

应当注意的是，用于替换的名词如果是可数名词，必须使用其复数形式；但是如果替换成football、basketball等表示球类运动的词汇时，则不用变成复数，因为像footballs这一复数形式表示“多个足球”。

【句型拓展】

*　Along with the growing popularity of Medicare System in China, the quality of our lives has been considerably changed．随着医疗保险制度在中国的不断推广，我们的生活质量已经得到了显著改善。

*　As higher education is more and more popular in China, the quality of our lives has been consider-ably changed．随着高等教育在中国的日益普及，我们的生活质量已经得到了显著改善。

*　With the increasing popularity of cell phones in China, our lives have been considerably changed.

随着手机在中国越来越流行，我们的生活已经有了明显改观。


2．Currently, there is widespread concern over...

【译文】目前，人们普遍担心…

【点睛】本句是典型的议论式开头句型，其中，over后面可以接下列名词（短语）：

drug abuse 吸毒

illegal publication 非法出版

drunk driving 酒后驾驶

high inflation rate 高通货膨胀率

sexual discrimination 性别歧视

children with a single parent 单亲儿童

acid rains 酸雨

overpopulation 人口过多

waste of food 浪费食物

rapid urbanization 快速城市化

negative influence of western culture

西方文化的负面影响

decrease of farmland 农业用地减少

应当注意的是，本句型中的介词over可以替换为on，两者都表示“关于…”。

【句型拓展】

*　At present, there is a widespread concern on corruption．现在，人们普遍关心腐败问题。

*　Currently, there is universal awareness of environment protection.