2018考研英语经典必背500句2

本站小编 免费考研网/2018-11-25

17.The American economic system is organized around a basically private enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.

【译文】美国的经济体系是以基本的私有企业和以市场导向的经济为架构的,在这种经济中,消费者很大程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要得到的商品和服务付费,来决定厂家应该生产出什么样的东西。

【点睛】本句是个复合句,主干为The American economic system is organized...,其中economy后跟定语从句in which consumers largely determine...most,而该定语从句又含有宾语从句what shall be produced,其后又跟有by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most作状语,说明消费者决定应该生产什么产品的方式,该状语中又包含了that引导的定语从句。

★ 提示:考研阅读中句式复杂的长难句越来越多。为了迅速了解句意,在阅读中考生应该分清句子的层次,首先必须找到句子的主干(主句),先看主句,忽略修饰成分,然后再看从句。这样才能做到主次分明,理解全面。

【考点归纳】本句中的market-oriented economy翻译为“以市场为导向的经济”。其中oriented (+to/towards) 意为“以…为方向(或目的)”,常与其他词构成复合词。

money-oriented society 拜金的社会

student-oriented class 以学生为主导的课堂

The union is oriented towards welfare capitalism.

工会以福利资本主义为其奋斗目标。


18.Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumer, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.

【译文】因此,在美国经济体系中,消费者个体的需求、商人利益最大化的欲望以及消费者想最大限度提高其收入的愿望——这三者共同决定了生产的内容,以及利用资源进行生产的方式。

【点睛】根据句首出现的副词thus,可知本句为前句的结论。It is...that是强调结构,被强调的部分由三个并列平行部分组成:the demand of individual consumer、the desire of businessmen to maximize profits以及the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes。determine后跟两个并列的宾语从句what shall be produced和how resources are used to produce it。

【考点归纳】副词是指专门用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词,或者对句子起描述作用的词。副词主要有九种,分别是:时间副词、地点副词、频度副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词、关系副词以及句子副词。本句中的thus属于句子副词。

句子副词有两种:一种用来承接上文,可以使这个句子和前面的句子连接更加紧密,有些接近连词或起着连词的作用;另一种用来介绍或描述下文。

* 用于承接上文的句子副词有:

therefore 因此

hence 因此

thereby 因此

thus 因此

consequently 因此

however 然而

nevertheless 然而

otherwise 否则

likewise 同样地

similarly 同样地

besides 而且

moreover 而且

meanwhile 同时

meantime 同时

especially 尤其

Luck is a wonderful thing. However, by its very nature it comes with no guarantee.

运气是美妙的。但是,本质上来讲,运气是没有保障的。(由however可知其后的句子和前一句语意上有转折。)

Nobody is born to be among the nobility; hence, one should make unceasing efforts to improve oneself.

没有人生下来就精神高贵,因此,人应不断努力提高自己。(由hence可知其后的句子是前一句的结论。)

* 用于介绍下文的句子副词有:

obviously 显然

apparently 显然

clearly 显然

frankly 坦率地

personally 就个人而言

luckily 幸运地

generally 一般而言

sadly 遗憾地

actually 实际上

surprisingly 令人惊讶地

ironically 讽刺意义地

Chiefly, the mould of a man's fortune is in his own hands.

主要来讲,一个人的命运主要掌握在他自己的手中。(chiefly这类副词引出下文,用逗号跟其后的句子隔开。)

★ 提示:在阅读中应重点关注这类句子副词,这样可以更好地把握文章的发展脉络和节奏。


19.The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper—printing presses, delivery trucks—isn't just expensive; it's excessive at a time when online-only competitors don't have the same set of financial constraints.

【译文】印刷纸质报纸所需要的一系列设施——印刷机,送货卡车——不仅成本高,而且在这个时代已经变得过于昂贵了,因为如今只做在线业务的竞争对手是不受这一系列资金约束的。

【点睛】这个句子的主干是The infrastructure isn't just expensive; it's excessive...。required to make a physical newspaper属于过去分词短语作infrastructure的后置定语,两个破折号之间的内容是插入语,指infrastructure的具体内容。excessive后的at a time是时间状语,when引导的定语从句修饰time,表明是什么样的时代。physical指“实物的,有形的”,a physical newspaper就是指“纸质报纸”。


20.If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.

【译文】另一方面,如果某种产品大量生产导致其成本下降,那么就有可能增加卖方和制造商的供给,而这也就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消费者购买产品。

【点睛】本句是个复合句:If...producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost是条件状语从句;主句是this will tend to increase the supply...,分词结构offered by seller-producers作supply的后置定语,其后跟有一个非限定性定语从句which in turn will lower...to buy the product,其中which指代它前面的整个主句的内容。注意句中代词的指代含义:its指代的是commodity's,而主句的主语this指代整个状语从句。result in是“导致”的意思,没有被动语态。

【考点归纳】下列短语也有“导致”的意思。

to lead to

to bring about/on

to cause

to spark off

to induce

to generate

例如:

Excessive patriotism can lead to xenophobia.

过分的爱国主义可导致仇视一切外国人。

What sparked off the quarrel?

什么导致了争吵?

A principal fruit of friendship is the ease and discharge of the fullness and swellings of the heart, which passions of all kinds do cause and induce.

友谊的主要效用之一就是使人心中的愤懑抑郁之气得以宣泄释放,这些不平之气是各种的情感都可以引起的。


21.They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well.

【译文】信用卡持有者可在商店、饭店、宾馆,在当地、外地甚至国外赊购货物,同时信用卡还可以使他们获得银行提供的许多服务。

【点睛】本句是由并列连词and连接的并列句,英文中常用并列连词,如:and, as well as, but, or, so, yet, nor, for, not only...but also..., either...or..., neither...nor...等连接两个或两个以上的单词、短语或句子。如果由并列连词连接的是两个或两个以上的句子,则构成并列句。并列句中各个分句之间是并列平等的关系,没有从属关系,意义同等重要。第一个分句包含复杂的地点状语in stores, restaur-ants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad。

★ 提示:在阅读中看到状语中有并列连词and,不必把整个状语部分都读完,仅知道这里是并列状语就足够了,这样做可以提高阅读速度。

本句中另一理解难点是give sb. credit,意为“给某人信用额度”。与credit相关的常用表达还有on credit,例如:

If you can't afford to pay cash, buy the furniture on credit.

你如果不能付现金,可用赊购的方式购买家具。

【考点归纳】注意区别容易引起混淆的as well as和as well。

* as well as意为“还有,不但…而且…”。要注意的是,在A as well as B的结构里,语意的重点在A,不在B。

He can speak Spanish as well as English.他不但会说英语,而且会讲西班牙语。(绝不能译作“他不但会说西班牙语,而且会讲英语”。这样翻译就本末倒置了。)

not only...but also...也可以表示相同的意思,但语意重点恰好颠倒。

如果as well as用作连词引出比较从句,其意为“和…一样好”。

He speaks Spanish as well as English.他说西班牙语像说英语一样好。(语意的重点依旧在前半部分,而非后半部分。)

* as well不是连词而是副词短语,意为“也”,相当于too,一般置于句末,有时和连词and或but搭配使用。

He is a knight, and a poet as well.

他是骑士,但也是诗人。


22.Factors such as the place and period in which we are reading, our gender, ethnicity, age and social class will encourage us towards certain interpretations but at the same time obscure or even close off others.

【译文】诸如阅读的时间和地点,我们的性别、种族、年龄和社会阶层等因素都会促使我们对文本产生某些特定的解读,但同时也掩盖甚至封闭了其他解读方式。

【点睛】本句的主干是Factors will encourage us but obscure or even close off others。其中encourage us...和but后面的部分是并列关系,such as到will之间的部分属于列举,具体说明了factors所指的内容,towards certain interpretations是介词短语,作后置定语。obscure在句中作动词,意为“掩盖;使模糊不清”,close off意为“封锁,隔绝”。


23.Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences.

【译文】残疾儿童与其他同龄的孩子相比有某种显著的差异。对于这些孩子来说,要使他们的潜力在成年时能完全得到开发,那么他们所受的教育就必须适应那些差异。

【点睛】考研英语阅读中常会考到熟词僻义,例如本句中的exceptional一词,其常见意思为“特别的,杰出的,优秀的”。第一句中exceptional children的意思不太明确,但是从后半部分可以看出是指“残疾儿童”,所以,此处的exceptional是“身有残疾”的一种委婉表达。

【考点归纳】

* 委婉语(Euphemism)是一种普遍的语言现象,是人们在谈论那些令人不快或尴尬的事情时所使用的较为礼貌的说法。由于委婉语在英语中应用比较广泛,了解一些委婉语的用法对我们学好英语有很大帮助。例如:退休的人retired people常被称作pensioners,残疾人crippled (disabled) man则称为special man, physically disabled或physically deficient。老年人old man称为senior citizen或second childhood(第二次童年),笨学生a stupid pupil则称为a slow learner(学得慢的人)或under-achiever(尚未发挥潜力的人)。

* 注意adapt和adopt这两个易混淆的单词。

adapt使适应;改编

This novel has been adapted for radio from the Russian original.

这部小说已由俄文原著改编为广播剧。

Our eyes slowly adapted to the dark.

我们的眼睛慢慢地适应了黑暗。

adopt采用;收养;接受

As they had no children of their own, they adopted an orphan.

因为自己没有孩子,他们收养了一名孤儿。

She has been adopted as Labor candidate for York.

她被提名为约克郡的工党候选人。


24.You make further inferences, for instance, about how the text may be significant to you, or about its validity—inferences that form the basis of a personal response for which the author will inevitably be far less responsible.

【译文】你进行进一步推理,例如,文本对你的重要性可能体现在哪里,或者文本是否正确,这些推理是构成读者自身反应的基础,而作者对读者的反应所负的责任无疑要小得多。

【点睛】本句的主干是You make further inferences about...or about, about引导的介词短语作宾语补足语。破折号后面的部分是对inferences的进一步解释,that引导的是定语从句,在这个定语从句中,还含有一个for which引导的定语从句,修饰response。


25.Rather, we ascribe meanings to texts on the basis of interaction between what we might call textual and contextual material: between kinds of organization or patterning we perceive in a text's formal structures (so especially its language structures) and various kinds of background, social knowledge, belief and attitude that we bring to the text.

【译文】不如说,我们在给文本赋予意义时是根据文本资料和语境资料两者的相互作用:文本资料就是指通过从文本形式结构(特别是其语言结构)中所认知到的各种组合或模式,语境资料是指我们阅读时所赋予文本的各种背景、社会知识、信仰以及态度。

【点睛】句子的主干是we ascribe meanings to texts, on the basis of引导的短语作状语,表示给文本赋予意义的基础,冒号后面的内容是对textual and contextual material的解释。what引导的宾语从句作between的宾语。冒号后的we perceive in a text's...是一个省略引导词that的定语从句,修饰前面的organization or patterning。attitude后还有一个that引导的定语从句修饰前面的background, social knowledge, belief and attitude。


26.The great interest in exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities.

【译文】过去30年间公共教育所表现出的对特殊儿童的热切关注表明了存在于我们社会中的那种强烈的感受,即所有公民,不论情况如何特殊,都应该得到全面发展其能力的机会。

【点睛】本句的主干是The great interest...indicates the strong feeling...。in exceptional children...past three decades作the great interest的定语,宾语the strong feeling后面有一个同位语从句that all citizens deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabil-ities。whatever their special conditions用来修饰all citizens,在阅读时可跳过以加快阅读速度。


27.That concept implies educational opportunity for all children—the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great.

【译文】这一概念暗示了所有儿童都有接受教育的机会——即每一名儿童,不论其自身的能力大小,都有权利在学习上最大限度地得到帮助。

【点睛】破折号前的内容是本句的主句,破折号后面的是对educational opportunity for all children的进一步说明,其中包含一个由whether引导的让步状语从句,该状语从句中使用了虚拟语气。to the limits of...意为“达到…的极限”。

【考点归纳】在非常正式的语体中,当条件状语从句或让步状语从句是系表结构时,系动词可以用原形,构成特殊形式的虚拟语气,即be型虚拟语气。be型虚拟语气可用于由if、though、whatever、lest、so long as等引导的分句中,表示推测、让步、防备、忧虑等含义。

If money be not your servant, it will be your master.

如果金钱不是你的奴仆,它就会成为你的主人。(条件状语从句的虚拟)

If the rumor be true, everything is possible.

谣言要是真的,任何事都是可能的了。(条件状语从句的虚拟)

One should always live in the best company whether it be of books or of men.

在生活中应该一直和益友为伴,无论这益友是书还是人。(让步状语从句的虚拟)

No idle person is ever safe, whether he be rich or poor.

无所事事的人不会高枕无忧,不管他是富有还是贫困。(让步状语从句的虚拟)

Quietly we sat on the riverbank lest the fish swim away.

我们静静地坐在河岸,害怕把鱼儿吓跑了。(虚拟表忧虑)


28.In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.

【译文】作为回应,学校也在调整课程安排,使授课能够适应残疾儿童,适应那些不能从常规课程中真正获益的儿童的需要。

【点睛】本句的主干是schools are modifying...programs,后面的现在分词短语adapting instruction to...作目的状语,其中又包括两个定语从句:who are exceptional和who cannot profit substantially from regular programs来修饰children。第二个定语从句前的to those是adapting instruction to those的省略。


29.Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come from and where we are going.

【译文】拆除莫纳克亚山上所有的望远镜或禁止未来在那里建造新的望远镜的呼声忽略了一个现实,即天文学和夏威夷文化都在寻求一些终极问题的答案:我们是谁、我们来自哪里及我们将向何处去。

【点睛】本句的主干是Calls ignore the reality。a call to do sth.是固定搭配,意为“做…的呼吁/请求/要求”,主语Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to ban future development there中,or连接了to disassemble和to ban两个并列的动词不定式短语。主干宾语the reality后是由that引导的同位语从句,对reality进行解释说明。在同位语从句中,短语questions about...意为“关于…的问题”,其中介词about后跟了三个宾语从句,who we are, where we come from和where we are going,这三个宾语从句由and连接,构成并列关系。


30.A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee's safety and Entergy's management—especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.

【译文】一系列的事故,包括2007年冷却塔的部分倒塌,以及一个地下管道系统被发现泄漏,都使得人们严重质疑佛蒙特州扬基核电站的安全性和安特吉公司的管理——尤其是在该公司对其管道问题作出欺骗性的声明之后。

【点睛】本句的主干是A string of accidents raised serious questions。including...部分作插入语,补充说明accidents;破折号起强调作用,其后是由after引导的时间状语从句。a string of意为“一系列”,collapse of a cooling tower意为“冷却塔的倒塌”,underground pipe system leakage意为“地下管道系统泄漏”,raise serious questions about...意为“对…提出严重质疑”,make misleading statements about...意为“对…作出欺骗性声明”。


31.Environmental factors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can't prepare a medicine against cosmic rays.”

【译文】环境因素永远无法完全消除,正如海沃德所指出的那样:“我们无法制造出一种抗宇宙射线的药。”

【点睛】注意分号的用法,分号的主要功能是表示意思相关的句子的联系。本句中,由分号连接的句子可以分成两个独立的句子而不改变原意,但是连成一句可以使两部分的联系比分成两句时更紧密。这里,分号后面的部分用来进一步说明前面的意思,因此,可知cosmic rays是environmental factors中的个例。注意prepare在此意为make sth.,即把各种成分或元素混合在一起而制成、制造或合成,如prepare a meal, prepare the lecture。

【考点归纳】动词eliminate、exclude和remove都有“排除,驱逐,去掉”的意思。

* eliminate通常指例行地、有步骤地去掉某物或某人。

Our goal is to eliminate poverty.

我们的目标是消灭贫困。

Our team was eliminated from the competition in the first round.

我们队在第一轮比赛中就被淘汰。

* exclude常用于短语exclude sb. from。

The club excluded women from membership.

该俱乐部拒绝妇女加入。

* remove是普通用词,不带任何感情色彩。

Our office has removed to Shanghai from Beijing.

我们的办公室已经从北京迁到上海。

She saw he had removed his glasses.

她看到他摘下了自己的眼镜。


32.Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then.


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