Proper guilting connects the dots between your child's actions and an outcome without suggesting anything is wrong or bad about her-and focuses on how best to repair the harm she s caused In one fell swoop it inspires both guilt and empathy or what Martin

Hoffman, an emeritus professor at NYU known for his extensive work on empathy, has

termed empathy-based guilt. Indeed, you may already be guilting your child (in a healthy way!) without realizing it. As in: Look, your brother is crying because you just

threw his Beanie Boo in the toilet. Hopefully, the kid is moved to atone for her behavior.

and a parent might help her think through how to do that.

Work by Renee Patrick, a psychology professor at the University of Tampa, shows that it's important for parents to express themselves in a warm and loving way: a parent who seems chastising or rejecting can induce anxiety in a child, and do nothing to encourage healthy behavior. Patrick s work also shows that kids whose parents used a strategy intended to elicit "empathy based guilty" during their adolescence tended to see moral concepts like fairness and honesty as more central to their sense of themselves. (a related technique that' s been found effective in adolescents involves what Patrick calls "parental expression of disappointed expectations"--which is as harrowing as it sounds.)

Joan Grusec, a psychologist and researcher in parenting and children s development, and a colleague of Malti's at the University of Toronto, says it's important to make the what-you-can-do-about-it part a discussion between parent and child, instead of a sermon. Forcing a child to behave morally may prevent her from internalizing the lesson you're trying to impart. And, she says, such a conversation may work better "once everybody has simmered down, "rather than in the heat of a dispute. she points to research on what academics call reminiscence, which suggests that discussing a transgression after the fact may better help children understand what they did wrong.

Of course, knowing when to feel bad and what to do about it are things we could all benefit from. Malti's research may focus on kids, but guilt is a core human emotion-an inevitability for people of every age. And she believes that it has the potential to be especially helpful now, in a world that is growing more divided and atomized.

She argues that guilt may have the ability to bring us together, not despite but because of its focus on the self. The proposition is radical. What if the secret to treating one another better is thinking about ourselves not less, but more?

This article appears in the April 2018 print edition with the headline "How to Guilt-Trip Your Kids."

21. 【题干】Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help _______.

【选项】

A.regulate a child's basic emotions

B.improve a child's intellectual ability

C.foster a child's moral development

D.intensify a child's positive feelings

【答案】C

【解析】根据题干“researchers”,“guilt”,“a good thing”关键词定位到第一段最后一句，除此之外，提干中还有关键词“because”, 判定该题属于细节题中考查因果逻辑关系的题目，需要在原文中精准回文定位;原文中第一段最后一段明确出现了“This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt...a good thing.”根据代词向前文指代的原则，题干中所问的原因就在上一句，由“Children aren't born knowing how to say 'I'm sorry', rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends----and their own conscience”，其中的“such statements appease parents and friends----and their own conscience”(该品质能够使父母/朋友和孩子自己都感觉更舒适)，such statements指代的即为“say sorry”或文章主题词guilt, 纵观四个选型，只有C选项foster a child's moral development(提高孩子的道德发展)可以实现同义替换，故为正确答案。其余选项A.regulate a child's basic emotions (管理孩子基本情绪)中的regulate原文未提及， B.improve a child's intellectual ability(改善孩子的智力)中intellectual ability原文未提及，而D.intensify a child's positive feelings(加强孩子的积极感觉)在原文中未提及，故排除。



22. 【题干】According to Paragraph 2, many people still consider guilt to be _______.

【选项】

A.deceptive

B.burdensome

C.addictive

D.inexcusable

【答案】B

【解析】根据题干可知这是一个典型的细节题。根据题干关键信息 “paragraph 2, “ many people still consider guild to be”定位到第二段，最终锁定对本段第二句话的理解，尤其关键的是对第二句话中破折号的理解，“it is deeply uncomfortable—it's the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. ” (这种感觉非常不舒服，就像穿着一件石头做的夹克一样), 对比所给四个选项，只有 B 项“burdensome”(负担沉重的，繁重的)与原文表述一致，故为最佳答案。 A项“deceptive” (欺骗的) C项“addictive”(上瘾的)以及D项“inexcusable” (不可原谅的)均与原文表述不一致，故排除。



23. 【题干】Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that _______.

【选项】

A.emotions are context-independent

B.emotions are socially constructive

C.emotional stability can benefit health

D.an emotion can play opposing roles

【答案】D

【解析】根据题干可知这是一个典型的细节题。根据题干关键信息“Vaish holds that …awareness that.” 定位本文的第二段“There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking …can serve.”但是这句话是他的观点句，也就是题干信息所在句，本句没有答案，因此，根据线性思维，下文他又继续补充到“adding that this revival is a psychology researcher…..in another ”(这种复兴是更大的认识的一部分，即情绪不是二元情感，在一个情境中有利的情绪在另一个情境中可能是有害的)，对比四个选项，只有D“an emotion can play opposing roles”(情绪可以起到相反的作用)为最佳答案。A项“emotions are context-independent”(情绪与语境无关)与原文表述相反。B 项“emotions are socially constructive”(从社会角度讲，情绪具有积极性)在文中没有提及。C项“emotional stability can benefit health”(情绪稳定有益与身体健康)在文中没有提及，故排除。



24. 【题干】Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing _______.

【选项】

A.may help correct emotional deficiencies

B.can result from either sympathy or guilt

C.can bring about emotional satisfaction

D.may be the outcome of impulsive acts

【答案】B

【解析】根据题干可知这是一道人物观点题。根据题干关键词“Malti and others have shown 与cooperation and sharing.”回文定位到第四段第三句：“Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing.” (马尔蒂和其他人已经表明，内疚和同情可能代表了合作和分享的不同途径。) 对比四个选项，只有B项 can result from either sympathy or guilt(要么归因于同情，要么归因于内疚)与原文表述一致，故为正确选项。A项may help correct emotional deficiencies(可能有助于改正情感缺陷)与第四段第二句话… that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency(内疚可能会弥补情感缺陷)不符。C项can bring about emotional satisfaction(能够带来情感上的满足)并未提及。D项may be the outcome of impulsive acts (可能是冲动行为的结果) 与第四段第三句…which can rein in their nastier impulses(这可以控制他们更糟糕的冲动)因果倒置，故排除。



25. 【题干】The word “transgressions” (Line 4, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to _______.

【选项】

A.teachings

B.discussions

C.restrictions

D.wrongdoings

【答案】D

【解析】根据题干要求定位到第五段第二句话“Using caregiver assessments and the children's self-observations, she rated each child's overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions after moral transgressions.”且位于主句的“transgressions”的前面出现to feel negative emotions，情感属于消极贬义。对比四个选项，D项wrongdoings坏事，不道德的行为，属于贬义词，与其情感色彩一致，故为正确选项。A项teachings教导，属于褒义词。B项discussions讨论，属于中性词。C项restrictions 限制;约束，属于中性词，故排除。



阅读B

Editorial Board

Using Forests to Fight Climate Change

Forests give us shade, quiet and one of the harder challenges in the fight against climate change. Even as we humans count on forests to soak up a good share of the carbon dioxide we produce, we are threatening their ability to do so. The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forests that emit more carbon than they absorb.

Thankfully, there is a way out of this trap-but it involves striking a subtle balance, Helping forests flourish as valuable "carbon sinks" long into the future may require reducing their capacity to sequester carbon now. California is leading the way, as it does on so many climate efforts, in figuring out the details.

The state's proposed Forest Carbon Plan aims to double efforts to thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest, including by controlled burning. This temporarily lowers carbon-carrying capacity. But the remaining trees draw a greater share of the available moisture, so they grow and thrive, restoring the forest's capacity to pull carbon from the air. Healthy trees are also better able to fend off bark beetles. The landscape is rendered less combustible. Even in the event of a fire, fewer trees are consumed.

The need for such planning is increasingly urgent. Already, since 2010, drought and beetles have killed more than 100 million trees in California, most of them in 2016 alone, and wildfires have scorched hundreds of thousands of acres.

California's plan envisions treating 35,000 acres of forest a year by 2020, and 60,000 by 2030 financed from the proceeds of the state's emissions-permit auctions. That's only a small share of the total acreage that could benefit, an estimated half a million acres in all, so it will be important to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought.

The strategy also aims to ensure that carbon in woody material removed from the forests is locked away in the form of solid lumber burned as biofuel in vehicles that would otherwise run on fossil fuels. Or used in compost or animal feed. New research on transportation biofuels is under way, and the state plans to encourage lumber production close to forest lands. In future the state proposes to take an inventory of its forests' carbon-storing capacity every five years.

State governments are well accustomed to managing forests, including those owned by the U.S. Forest Service, but traditionally they're focused on wildlife, watersheds and opportunities for recreation. Only recently have they come to see the vital part forests will have to play in storing carbon. California's plan, which is expected to be finalized by the governor early next year, should serve as a model.

To contact the senior editor responsible for Bloomberg View's editorials: David Shipley atdavidshipley@bloomberg.net

26. 【题干】By saying “one of the harder challenges ,”the author implies that_________.

【选项】

A.global climate change may get out of control

B.people may misunderstand global warming

C.extreme weather conditions may arise

D.forests may become a potential threat

【答案】D

【解析】根据题干信息词定位到首段。第一句引出文章话题“在人类对抗气候变化中，森林给我们带来了一个更为艰巨的挑战。”第二句指出人类正在威胁到森林吸收二氧化碳的能力。第三句“The climate change we are hastening could one day leave us with forest that emit more carbon than they absorb.”为本段的主题句，指出我们人类所造成的气候变化问题最终会使得森林排放更多的二氧化碳，而不是吸收。即森林可能会威胁气候的恶化和人类的生存。故选择D项“森林可能会变为一个潜在威胁。”。



27. 【题干】To maintain forests as valuable “carbon sinks," we may need to__________.

【选项】

A.preserve the diversity of species in them

B.accelerate the growth of young trees

C.strike a balance among different plants

D.lower their present carbon-absorbing capacity

【答案】D

【解析】根据题干要求定位到第二段。该段首句中的前半句there is a way out of this trap对应题干中To maintain forest as valuable “carbon sinks”,后半句提出具体的解决方法it involves striking a subtle balance(这需要达到一个微妙的平衡)，但并没有说这个平衡是不同植被间的平衡，故不能据此选[C]strike a balance among different plants。紧接着第二句提到要达到这一目的可能需要reducing their (forests') capacity to absorb carbon now(降低他们(森林)现在吸收碳的能力)，由此可知正确答案应为[D]选项。



28. 【题干】California's Forest Carbon Plan endeavors to_______.

【选项】

A.cultivate more drought-resistant trees

B.reduce the density of some of its forests

C.find more effective ways to kill insects

D.restore its forests quickly after wildfires

【答案】B

【解析】细节题做题的技巧是“准确定位和匹配”。根据题干关键词“Forest Carbon Plan”定位至第三段第一句话。题干中问题是“endeavor to”表示“努力做…”对应文章中“double efforts to”,因此答案在这个短语之后即“thin out young trees and clear brush in parts of the forest”表示的意思是使“森林里部分小树变稀疏，清理部分灌木”，这与选项C中的“reduce the density of some of its forests”即“降低森林的密度”一致。因此正确答案选C。



29. 【题干】What is essential to California's plan according to Paragraph 5?

【选项】

A.To handle the areas in serious danger first.

B.To carry it out before the year of 2020.

C.To perfect the emissions-permit auctions.

D.To obtain enough financial support.

【答案】A

【解析】根据题目定位到第5段，题目What is essential to California's plan 中的essential可回文定位，对应原文中的so it will be vital to prioritize areas at greatest risk of fire or drought的vital，其后的prioritize对应选项中的handle…first，areas at greatest risk对应选项中的the areas in serious danger，故正确选项为A。



30. 【题干】The author's attitude to California's plan can best be described as________.

【选项】

A.ambiguous

B.tolerant

C.supportive

D.cautious

【答案】C

【解析】根据题干关键词“attitude”，可确定是态度题。做态度题的核心是把握明显感情色彩的关键词，即可快速得出答案。而在文章的最后一段，往往会出现本文的结论，容易出现感情色彩的关键词。根据最后一段最后一句，California's plan, which is ……, should serve as a model (California的计划应该能够起到榜样作用)，model是一个积极色彩的词汇，所以答案选C supportive支持的。


阅读C

U.S. Farms Can't Compete Without Foreign Workers

The visa system for temporary agricultural workers is broken.

American farmers have been complaining of labor shortages for several years now. Given a multi-year decline in illegal immigration, and a similarly sustained pickup in the U.S. job market, the complaints are unlikely to stop without an overhaul of immigration rules for farm workers.

Efforts to create a more straightforward agricultural-workers visa that would enable foreign workers to stay longer in the U.S. and change jobs within the industry have so far failed in Congress. If this doesn't change, American businesses, communities and consumers will be the losers.

Perhaps half of U.S. farm laborers are undocumented immigrants. As fewer such workers enter the U.S., the characteristics of the agricultural workforce are changing. Today's farm laborers, while still predominantly born in Mexico, are more likely to be settled, rather than migrating, and more likely to be married than single. They are also aging. At the start of this century, about one-third of crop workers were over the age of 35. Now, more than half are. And crop picking is hard on older bodies.

One oft-debated cure for this labor shortage remains as implausible as it has been all along: Native U.S. workers won't be returning to the farm.

In a study published in 2013, economist Michael Clemens analyzed 15 years of data on North Carolina's farm-labor market and concluded, "There is virtually no supply of native manual farm laborers" in the state. This was true even in the depths of a severe recession.

In 2011, with 6,500 available farm jobs in the state, only 268 of the nearly 50000 unemployed North Carolinians applied for these jobs. More than 90 percent (245 people) of those applying were hired, but just 163 showed up for the first day of work. Only seven native workers completed the entire growing season, filing only one-tenth of 1 percent of the open farm jobs.

Mechanization is not the answer either--not yet at least. Production of corn, cotton, rice, soybeans and wheat have been largely mechanized, but many high-value, labor- intensive crops, such as strawberries, need labor. Even dairy far, where robots currently do only a small share of milking, have a long way to go before they are automated.

As a result, farms have grown increasingly reliant on temporary guest workers using the H-2A visa to fill the gaps in the agricultural workforce. Starting around 2012, requests for the visas rose sharply, from 2011 to 2016 the number of visas issued more than doubled.

The H-2A visa has no numerical cap, unlike the H-2B visa for nonagricultural work, which is limited to 66,000 annually. Even so, employers frequently complain that they aren't allotted all the workers they need. The process is cumbersome, expensive and unreliable. One survey found that bureaucratic delays led H-2A workers to arrive on the job an average of 22 days late. And the shortage is compounded by federal immigration raids, whích remove some workers and drive others underground.

Petitioning each year for laborers—and hoping the government provides enough, and that they arrive on time--is no way to run a business. In a 2012 survey by the California Farm Bureau, 71 percent of tree-fruit growers and nearly 80 percent of raisin and berry growers said they were short of labor. Some western growers have responded by moving operations to Mexico. Without reliable access to a reliable workforce, more growers will be tempted to move south.

According to a report by the Partnership for a New American Economy, Americans are consuming more fresh produce, which is good. But a rising share of it is grown elsewhere. In 1998-2000 14.5 percent of the fruit Americans consumed was imported. Little more than a decade later, the share of imported fruit had increased to 25.8 percent. Rural US. communities that might have benefited didn't.