2010年北京外国语大学高级翻译学院入学考试备用试卷参考译文（汉译英部分）
李长栓
三、将下列段落译为英语（25分）
气候变化对中国农业生产、粮食安全、经济发展、生态保护、水资源利用、公共健康保障都将带来重大威胁。积极应对气候变化是中国实现可持续发展的内在要求。中国正处在全面建设小康社会的关键时期, 处于工业化、城镇化加快发展的重要阶段,发展经济和减缓气候变化任务十分繁重。在目前的发展阶段,能源结构以煤为主,经济结构性矛盾仍然突出,增长方式依然粗放,能源资源利用效率较低,能源需求还将继续增长,控制温室气体排放面临巨大压力和特殊困难。（209字）
译文：
Climate change [1]will pose serious challenges to China's food production[2], economic development, ecological conservation, exploitation of water resources and public health, and must be effectively addressed for sustainable development. On the other hand[3], this is the crucial stage to achieving the country’s target of a complete-xiaokang society[4], during which faster industrialisation and urbanisation is necessary. China is therefore faced with the double challenge of growth and mitigation[5]. In addition[6], dependence on coal as the main energy source, energy intensive growth and low energy efficiency will trigger greater energy demand, and emission control will become an even[7] greater challenge.
[1] 汉译英考试，考查的是学生的英文表达能力。要从整体上看学生的英语能力。能够不拘泥于原文字句，准确、灵活、地道地表达原文意思的，是上好译文。不要因为学生没有译出某个单词扣分。
[2] 粮食生产和粮食安全（保障）是一回事。如有同学省略任何一个，不扣分。
[3] 有转折关系，增加on the other hand。如有同学看出来，是加分因素。
[4] 如解释，就是a society of modest means for all.使用官方译法的（如a moderately prosperous society, a relatively well-off society等，也可以；用参考译文的译法，说明学生思考了，是加分因素。用拼音的，不扣分。
[5] 在气候变化中，提及mitigation，就是减缓气候变化。译文仅使用这个词，不加of climate change,不扣分。简洁明了的，是加分因素。
[6] 有递进关系，增加in addition。看出来的，是加分因素。
[7] 递进关系。能看出递进关系的，是加分因素。
四、将下列短文译为英语（50分）
经济危机促使美国的年轻人重返校园
通常来说，如果有一桩生意在经济危机时期提高价格，那么定会丧失其顾客。但是这一法则对美国的大学来说却毫不适用，它们在提高学费的同时却招来了史无前例的众多报名者。就拿乔治亚技术学院系统来说，其28个校区中从电力维修专业到牙科卫生专业均大幅增加了学费，但学生人数却比一年前增加了24%。一位发言人说，校园里的停车位已经满得“使我们不得不将车停到养牛的牧场里”。
全国的大学新生注册率已经达到了迄今最高水平。在十月份，18到24岁的青年人中有41%的人或是在两年制的学院（提供职业培训）注册，或是向四年制（可以授予本科学位）或更高级别的大学报名，而在一年前这一数字为39%。然而与此同时学费却平均上升了4%到7%。（307字）
译文：
Economic Crisis Sends Americans Back to School
As a general rule, abusiness loses its customers if it raises prices during an economic crisis. But this rule does not apply to American universities, where increased tuition fees have attracted an unprecedented number of applications. The Georgia Institute of Technology, for instance, has increased its intake by 24 per cent over the previous year across all 28 campuses, from electrical maintenance to dental health, despite higher tuition fees. According to the university’s spokesperson, campus parking areas are so crowded that "even the cattle farm has to be used for parking."
Registration rate of new students is the highest in the country’s history. In October, 41 per cent of young persons between 18 and 24 were either enrolled in two-year colleges (for vocational training) or four-year universities (for undergraduate degree), or even higher institutions of learning. Last year’s figure was 39 per cent. Meanwhile, tuition fees have increased by 4-7% on average.（李长栓）
北京外国语大学2008年硕士研究生入学考试
英汉同声传译专业试卷
（参考译文）
一、将下列段落译为汉语（25分）
Outside Europe, the most important powers in 1939 were undoubtedly Japan and the United States. Japan was at the time already deeply involved in hostilities with China. After seizing the northern provinces of that country in 1931 and organizing them into the puppet state of Manchukuo, Japan had tried to protect its rich loot and to expand its influence in China by a series of interventions, particularly in the rest of northern China. These steps had not surprisingly produced a rising tide of anti-Japanese sentiments in China, which in turn led the Japanese to embroil themselves even more deeply into Chinese affairs. When this tendency to interfere in China was combined with a degree of internal confusion and incoherence within the Japanese government that made the Chinese warlords of the time look well organized, new trouble was almost certain to follow. (141 words)
译文：
1939年，欧洲以外最重要的国家毫无疑问是日本和美国。当时，日本已经深深卷入与中国的冲突之中。1931年，日本占领了中国北方数省，并在此基础上建立了满洲国傀儡政权。此后，日本在中国不断挑起事端，特别是侵犯东三省外的其他北方各省，以巩固其侵占的地区，扩大在华的影响。日本的这些行为自然导致中国国内反日情绪日益高涨，而这种情绪又反过来使得日本进一步卷入中国事务。在日本逐步扩大侵华行动的同时，其国内局势出现了一定程度的混乱，政府内部意见不一，这使得中国军阀政权相形之下显得组织有序。在这一背景下，中日之间新的冲突几乎在所难免。
二、将下列短文译为汉语（50分）
Inflation: China’s least wanted export
When inflation starts to kill people then it is a serious problem. Three people died and 31 were injured on Saturday in a stampede to buy cut-price cooking oil in the western Chinese city of Chongqing. China can no longer explain away inflation as a short-term result of floods and epidemics of animal disease – nor can it ignore the strains its macroeconomic policies are producing.
Cooking oil is a special case – its price influenced by demand from China’s glut of new biofuel refineries – but the broader price of food has risen in recent months by more than 15 per cent compared with a year earlier. Floods and other acts of God have had their effect, as has the global rise in wheat prices, but there are structural forces at work as well.
Nor is inflation confined to food any longer: producer prices are creeping up. The PPI for manufactured goods was up 3.2 per cent in October – many steel products rose by more than 10 per cent – and the PPI is likely to go even higher when the recent 10 per cent hike in the controlled pump price of diesel feeds through. Given the likelihood that more state-controlled prices will have to rise, and given that the official inflation data do not properly capture important prices, such as the cost of education, the real situation may be even worse.
That is a worry for the rest of the world, used to enjoying the “China price”, a seemingly open-ended deflationary pressure on the world economy. The surge in Chinese inflation since June has barely fed through into export prices yet – but it will. China’s currency has also been gently appreciating, but so far improvements in productivity have meant that Chinese manufacturers have not needed to raise export prices. If currency appreciation speeds up, that will change.
The renminbi may have to rise faster because the tools that China is using to tackle inflation have not worked. Bank reserve requirements were hiked again over the weekend, to 13.5 per cent, but the strain on the banking sector’s profitability will start to tell. Interest rates have risen repeatedly, but with CPI inflation above 6 per cent, and benchmark lending rates only slightly higher, real interest rates are low.
There must now be a low, but non-zero, probability that China opts for a one-off revaluation of the renminbi in order to ease its domestic monetary problems. That would be the right move. The adjustment would be easier both for China and for the rest of the world if the renminbi had not been kept so low for so long. But the pain of unwinding global imbalances will only get worse the longer they are left. (451 words)
译文：
通胀：最不想要的中国出口
当通货膨胀开始致人死亡时，问题就严重了。在中国西部城市重庆，周六发生了一起由抢购降价食用油引发的踩踏事件，导致3人死亡，31人受伤。中国不能再将通胀简单归结为洪灾和动物疫情造成的短期影响，也不能再无视其宏观经济政策带来的压力。
虽然食用油是个特例——中国国内新上马了一大批生物燃料加工厂，带动对原材料需求，从而影响食用油价格——但最近几个月食品价格整体上涨，同比超过15%。的确，洪灾及其他自然灾害、全球小麦价格上扬影响了了通胀，但结构性因素的影响同样不容忽视。
中国的通胀也不仅限于食品领域，生产资料价格也在上涨。十月份，工业品出厂价格指数（PPI）上涨了3.2%，许多钢材产品的PPI涨幅更是超过了10%，而且考虑到国家控制的柴油零售价格最近上调了10%，受此影响，PPI还有可能进一步攀升。由于更多国家控制价格的产品可能被迫涨价，加上中国官方的通胀数据没有适当反映一些重要价格，比如教育成本，中国实际的通胀情况可能更糟。
这种通胀压力正是其他国家所担忧的。世界各国以前一直享受着“中国价格”带来的实惠，廉价的中国产品为世界经济带来的似乎永远是通货紧缩的压力。六月份以来的快速通胀基本上还没有影响到出口产品价格，不过影响迟早会出现。人民币也在缓步升值，但由于中国的制造业不断提高劳动生产率，出口价格目前还没有提高。但是一旦人民币升值的速度加快，这种局面就会改变。
人民币升值的速度可能不得不加快，因为中国现在采取的抑制通胀的手段并不奏效。周末，银行存款准备金率再次调高，达到13.5%，但提高准备金率对银行业利润带来的压力会很快显现。利率也在不断提高，但居民消费价格指数（CPI）现在已经突破6%，而贷款基准利率只比CPI略高一点，所以实际利率水平仍然很低。
中国通过一步到位的人民币改革缓解国内货币问题的可能性肯定很小，但不是不存在。一次性升值可能是正确的选择。如果人民币没有被人为压低这么久，中国和其他国家现在的调整也许会容易些。纠正世界经济不平衡会产生阵痛，但是问题拖得越久，阵痛就越厉害。
三、将下列段落译为英语（25分）
科学发展观是协调的发展观。唯物辩证法认为，世界是普遍联系的，任何事物的发展必然与其他事物相互联系、相互制约，只有协调好各方面关系，才能实现健康发展；否则，只能是畸形的发展。要实现全面发展，就必须立足新的历史起点，处理好由发展的阶段性特征所伴生的新矛盾和新问题，因此，协调发展是实现全面发展的正确道路和政策途径。协调发展，是指各个方面的发展要相互适应，就是要统筹城乡发展、统筹区域发展、统筹经济社会发展、统筹人与自然和谐发展、统筹国内发展和对外开放，促进现代化建设各个环节、各个方面相协调，促进生产关系与生产力、上层建筑与经济基础相协调。(268字)
译文：
The scientific approach to development is a coordinated approach to development. According to the theory of dialectical materialism, the world is inter-connected. The development of any matter is inevitably linked to, and constrained by that of others. A healthy development can only be achieved by coordinating all relations; otherwise, development would turn out to be distorted. In order to achieve an all-round development, we need to address the new contradictions and problems associated with the new stage of development from a historical perspective. Therefore, coordinated development is the right road to follow and the policy means through which all-round development can be achieved. Coordinated development implies that development of all sectors must fit together. That is, we must not only coordinate urban and rural development, regional development, economic and social development, but also the development between humans and nature as well as domestic development and opening to the outside world. In other words, we must promote coordination between all aspects of modernization, including production relations vis-à-vis productive forces, and the superstructure vis-à-vis economic foundation.
四、将下列短文译为英语（50分）
无论如何，创造财富的物质资源，不论其初始分配如何，最终是要通过各种各样的渠道，流入到具有企业家精神的人手里，这是自由市场的一个基本趋势。这些人获得对他人的财富的支配权、使用权，以之为自己创造财富，并积累财富。这正是自由市场具有效率的根源。它可以动态地、自发地把资源从资源利用效率较低的人手里转移到资源利用效率较高的人手里。
中国人讲“富不过三代”，其中有一些无奈，但也揭示了自由市场的精髓所在：财富本身并不能充当财富的保障。因为，财富本来就不是财富创造出来的。所以，由于企业家精神积累了财富的人的后代，未必总是能够最有效地利用他们手里所掌握的资源。如果是在身份制社会，这就将损害全社会的资源利用效率。而自由市场向这些家庭提供了足够的制度安排，使之自然地将其掌握资源交给富有企业家精神的人控制。假如他们不愿意这样做，那市场就会无情地淘汰他们，以破产倒闭的方式使其交出对资源的控制权。市场总是顽固地要把资源转移到能力最高的企业家手里。权力控制经济的社会、身份制社会、国有企业制度，都无法做到这一点，因而其经济整体效率必然要比市场配置资源的社会低很多。
所以，假如人们期望市场发挥其高效配置资源的功能，那就根本没有必要去操心成功的企业家退休之时如何安排企业的未来。反正财富、资源是要向具有企业家精神的人手里集中的，只要市场是自由的，这种趋势无人能够改变。那么，对社会来说，最重要的事情是设计种种健全的制度，让那些不具有企业家精神的人可以方便地将其资源控制交给富有企业家精神的人，而企业家只要可以充分发挥其企业家精神、其财产权得到切实保障，自然可以发现、创造出这些制度来。(680字)
译文：
In any case, material resources that generate wealth, regardless of its initial distribution, at the end will, through various channels, flow into the hands of those with entrepreneurial spirit. This represents a basic trend of a free market. These people gain the right to use the wealth of others to generate and accumulate wealth for themselves. This is the source of efficiency of a free market, a system that automatically transfers wealth from the hands of those who cannot use resources efficiently to those who can.
A Chinese saying goes that wealth does not survive three generations. Though it conveys some sense of helplessness, it reveals the essence of a free market: wealth is not a guarantee for itself. Wealth has never been a self-generated product. The offspring of entrepreneurs who have amassed wealth are not always able to use the resources in their hands efficiently. In a status-based society, this would impinge on the efficiency of a society as a whole. But a free market has provided institutional arrangements for these families, enabling them to transfer the control over resources to those with entrepreneurial spirit naturally. If they aren’t willing to do so, then the market will ruthlessly eliminate them by forcing them to give up their control through bankruptcy. The market is determined to transfer resources into the hands of those most competent entrepreneurs. This can not be accomplished in a power-controlled economy, a status-based society or a system of state-owned enterprises, hence their low efficiency versus a society where resources are allocated by the market.
Therefore, if people expect the market to give free rein to its function as a highly efficient resource allocator, then there is no need to worry about who should run their businesses when successful entrepreneurs retire. In any event, wealth and resources will be concentrated in the hands of those endowed with an entrepreneurial spirit. As long as the market is free, this trend will not be subject to any change. Then, the most important thing for society is to design institutions that help those devoid of entrepreneurial spirit transfer their control over resources to those who possess it. And as long as entrepreneurs can bring into full play their vigour and their property rights are guaranteed, they can naturally discover or create such systems.（李长栓）
2005年研究生招生基础英语试题参考译文（“王阳明捉贼”
