163．One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand.

【译文】油价上涨不会导致失眠的另一个原因是，与20世纪70年代不同，这次油价上涨不是发生在物价普遍上涨及全球需求过旺的背景之下。

【点睛】本句的主干为One more reason...is that..., that引导一个表语从句，其中不定式结构not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices是后置定语，修饰reason。句中表语从句的主干为it has not occurred against...，其主语it指代的是the rise in oil prices。unlike the rises in the 1970s是插入语。

lose sleep over意为“因…而失眠”，例如：

I lost sleep over an Irish coffee last night.

昨晚因为喝了杯爱尔兰咖啡，我失眠了。

但是sleep in则指“睡懒觉”或“睡过头了”。

Do you often sleep in on weekends？

你喜欢在周末睡懒觉吗？

be against the background of...“在…的背景之下”，其中介词against有“对照；衬托；以…为背景”的意思。

dark colors against a fair skin

深色衬托出白皙的肌肤

Against the background of international economic integration, Chinese businesses are trying various means to optimize their mode of business operation．面对全球市场的一体化趋势，中国企业纷纷寻找最适合生意发展的经营途径。


164．Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of “double effect”, a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect.

【译文】尽管法院判决认为，宪法并未赋予医生帮助患者自杀的权利，然而实际上仍支持了医疗界的“双重效果”原则，这个存在了几个世纪的道德原则认为，如果一种行为具有双重效果（一个是希望达到的好的效果；另一个是可以预见的有害的效果），而如果行为实施者只是想要达到好的效果，这个行为则是允许的。

【点睛】本句是一个复杂句。主句的主干为...the Court...supported the medical principle of “double effect”...，其中主语为the Court, in effect作状语，宾语为the medical principle, of“double effect”为后置定语，修饰宾语。其后的a centuries-old moral principle...是the medical principle的同位语，holding后面是一个由that引导的宾语从句解释a moral principle的内容。破折号之间的定语从句用来对two effects进行解释。句首是由although引导的让步状语从句，该状语从句中含有一个由that引导的宾语从句that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide。

句首的it指代的是the Court“法院”。constitution指“宪法”，其形容词constitutional的意思就是“宪法的”。

【考点归纳】注意rule一词的用法。rule除作名词指“权威；统治；教规；规则”外，还可作动词指“裁决，裁定”。

the rule of law 法治

the rules of basketball 篮球比赛规则

rules and regulations 规章制度

the golden rule 金科玉律

make it a rule to...惯于…，照例…

He does everything by rules．他事事墨守成规。

The court ruled in her favor．法庭判她胜诉。


165．On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.

【译文】另一方面，许多医疗界人士承认，致使医生帮助患者自杀的这场争论升温的部分原因是由于病人的绝望情绪，对这些病人来说，现代医学延长了临终前肉体的痛苦。

【点睛】该句的主语是many，谓语是acknowledge“承认”，后面有一个that引导的宾语从句，而其中由by引导的短语中又包含一个定语从句for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying，来修饰前面的patients。

【考点归纳】注意on another level和on the level的用法。

*　on another level意为“在另一方面；在另一层次”,level前可以用important等形容词修饰。

This is a special phenomenon in this world, but on another level it is a significant part of human society．这是一个世界上的特殊现象，但从另一方面来看，它是人类社会的重要部分。

*　on the level意为“坦率的；老实的”。

If you plan to buy a new car, I recommend you go to Joe Doakers. My friend Joe is really on the level—he'll give you a fair price, and he'll take good care of the car after you buy it.

要是你准备买新车的话，我建议你去找我的朋友乔·多克斯。乔是很老实的——他会给你很公道的价格。而且你买了车以后，他还会很好地维护你的车。


166．It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying” as the twin problems of end-of-life care.

【译文】全国科学学会发布的报告指出了医院临终关怀护理中存在的两个问题：对病痛处理不足和大胆使用“无效而强制性的医疗程序，这些程序可能会延长甚至玷污死亡的过程”。

【点睛】本句的主干为It identifies the undertreatment...and the...use...as the...problems...。该句的主语是it，指代的是上文提到的NAS（the National Academy of Science国家科学学会）发布的报告，谓语是identifies，宾语包括并列成分the under-treatment of pain和the aggressive use of “ineffectual and forced medical procedures”，其中第二个宾语还有一个that引导的定语从句来修饰。

identify...as...意为“把…视为…”，类似的表达还有regard...as...、take...as...。

undertreatment意为“治疗不够”,under-是前缀，意为“在…之下；次于”。例如：

underdevelopment 发育不全

under-age 未达到法定年龄的

end-of-life意为“临终的”。end作名词有“死亡”的意思。

A man awaits his end dreading and hoping all.

一个等待死期的人，惧怕一切又希望一切。


167．The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World WarⅡand later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information.

【译文】这位美国间谍大王对情报着迷，他曾在二战期间建立了战略服务处，后来又为中央情报局打下基础。

【点睛】本句的主干为The American spymaster...was fascinated with information。spymaster之后跟有定语从句who built the Office of Strategic Services in World WarⅡand later laid the roots for the CIA。root本义指“（植物的）根”，也指“根基；基础”。lay the roots for指“为…打下基础”，类似lay a (the) foundation for sth.。fascinate意为“使着迷；使神魂颠倒”，其常见搭配为：be fascinated with sb./sth.。例如：

I watched her, fascinated.

我看着她，完全被她迷住了。

He was fascinated with her smiles.

他为她的微笑而着迷。

fascinate的形容词是fascinating，名词是fascination。


168．The winner, by a large margin, was a tiny Virginia company called Open Source Solution, whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world.

【译文】胜出了一大截的赢家却是弗吉尼亚的一家小公司，名为“开放源代码解决方案”，其明显优势在于对电子世界的把握。

【点睛】本句的主干为The winner...was a tiny Virginia company。该句的主谓部分之间是插入语by a large margin，过去分词短语called Open Source Solution和非限定性定语从句whose clear advantage was its mastery of the electronic world共同修饰表语company。

margin指书本的“空白处，留白处”，也指“差额，差价”等。by a...margin意为“…之差”

by a narrow margin 相差不大

by a wide margin 大幅度地

例如：

He passed the exam by a narrow margin.

他勉强通过考试。

Open Source是一个计算机术语，中文译为“开放源代码”。


169．Open-source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. That's where Stratford earns its keep.

【译文】公开来源的谍报活动也的确有风险，因为很难区分正确与错误的信息。而这正是斯特雷福德公司赚钱的地方。

【点睛】第一句是一个带原因状语从句的复合句，第二句是一个带表语从句的复合句。

tell在句中是“分辨”的意思。

Can you tell the twin sisters apart？

你分得清这对孪生姐妹吗？

to earn one's keep是“挣钱维持生活”的意思，类似于to earn one's living、to earn one's bread、to earn one's livelihood或to earn/turn an honest penny“以正当的手段凭努力工作挣钱”。

When you earn your keep, you will be able to do many things that your parents cannot afford to let you do now.

当你能挣钱养活自己了，你就可以做许多你的父母现在负担不起你做的事。


170．Stratford's briefs don't sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing, whereby agencies avoid dramatic declarations on the chance they might be wrong.

【译文】斯特雷福德公司的简报听上去并不像华盛顿当局常规的往来公文，政府部门往往避免发布引人注目的言论，因为这些言论可能出错。

【点睛】主句的主干为Stratford's briefs don't sound like...，其后是由whereby引导的非限制性定语从句，对前面的主句进行补充说明。其中，whereby相当于by which、by what，即“靠什么”。

back-and-forthing译为“往来公文”。与forth相关的短语还有：sway back and forth“前后摇动”,stretch forth one's arms“伸出胳臂”,from this time forth“今后，从此以后”。

whereby是副词，意为“通过；借以”，例如：

There is no other way whereby we can cross the river.

我们没有别的办法过河。

on the chance意为“也许能够（做到某事）；希望能够（做到某事）”，后边常接that引导的从句或介词of，例如：

He waits on the chance that she may want to say more.

他等着，希望她还有话要说。

而on the off chance的意思是“万一发生”，强调有微小的希望或可能性。


171．To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “all that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause is that good people do nothing.”

【译文】18世纪的政治家埃德蒙·柏克曾说过类似这样的话，“一项被误导的事业如果要成功，它唯一需要的是好人无所作为”。

【点睛】本句句首是一个目的状语To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke，直接引语的主干是一个主系表结构：all...is that...，其中主语all之后有一个定语从句that is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause，主句的系动词is后面跟有一个表语从句that good people do nothing。这里应注意两个that的不同用法：第一个that在定语从句当中充当主语，第二个that引导表语从句，本身不充当任何成分。

paraphrase意为“将…释义（或意译），改述”。

He paraphrased the poem in modern English.

他用现代英语译述这首诗。

triumph意为“（大）胜利；业绩；胜利的喜悦”。

The football team achieved a complete triumph.

足球队大获全胜。


172．For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals—no meat, no fur, no medicines.

【译文】例如，在近期的一次集市上，一位供职于动物权利宣传点的慈祥的女士分发小册子，规劝人们不要使用动物制品和动物实验制品——肉类、毛皮、药物。

【点睛】本句的主干为a...woman...was distrib-uting a brochure...。现在分词短语staffing an animal rights booth作woman的后置定语，brochure后面跟有一个由that引导的定语从句，限定修饰brochure；该定语从句中的anything之后也跟有一个定语从句限定修饰anything。

grandmotherly的意思为“老祖母似的；慈祥的”，类似的还有fatherly“父亲般的；慈祥的”,motherly“像母亲的，慈母般的”；staff在此句中作动词，意为“作为雇员”。fair在句中作名词，意为“集会”。distribute有“分发；分配；散布”等意思，在本句中意为“分发，散发”。

They had distributed the lands among the peasants.

他们把土地分给农民。

distribute的反义词为contribute“贡献”,tribute意为“贡物”。