The governor pondering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path. =While the governor was pondering the matter, more strikers gathered across his path．总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工者聚集在他要通过的路上。

2）作条件状语

Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. = If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow．如果天气允许的话，明天他们将组织一次海滨小游。

3）作原因状语

The storm drawing near, the navvy decided to call it a day. = Since the storm was drawing near, the navvy decided to call it a day.

由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土工人决定收工。

4）作伴随状语

I took my ticket, and marched proudly up the platform, with my cheeses, the people falling back respectfully on either side. = I took my ticket, and marched proudly up the platform, with my cheeses, and the people fell back respectfully on either side.

我拿着车票和我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。


135．Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment—although no one had proposed to do so—and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.

【译文】他宣布反对使用这种异常的畜牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令禁止将联邦政府的经费用于此类试验——尽管还没有人提议要那样做——他还请以普林斯顿大学校长哈罗得·夏皮罗为首的一个独立的专家组在90天内向白宫提交一个报告，就对克隆人所应采取的国家政策提出建议。

【点睛】本句的主干为he ordered that...and asked...。句首的现在分词短语Declaring that...表伴随，declaring后面是由that引导的宾语从句。主句有两个谓语ordered和asked：第一个谓语ordered后面是由that引导的宾语从句，该从句使用了虚拟语气，谓语动词be前面省略了should。破折号之间是由although引导的让步状语从句，对前面的内容进行补充；第二个谓语asked的宾语是an independent panel of experts，其后的过去分词短语作定语，表明panel的领导者是谁；report后面接的是对象the White House，介词结构for a national policy on human cloning作recommendations的后置定语，说明其内容。理解这个句子的关键在于找到主句的两个谓语，然后理清两个谓语动词后面的宾语成分；再者就是理清句子开始的现在分词结构和破折号之间的补充成分。be opposed to指“反对”。animal husbandry指“畜牧业”。an independent panel of experts指“一个独立的专家小组”。

【考点归纳】虚拟语气是动词的一种特殊形式，用来表达说话人的愿望、请求、意图、建议、惊奇、设想等。he ordered that federal funds not be used中，由于动词order本身隐含说话者的主观意愿，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，所以其后面的that从句应用虚拟语气：“should+动词原形”，其中should常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形。

*　与order类似的后接宾语从句时要使用虚拟语气的动词还有：

suggest

propose

advise

demand

insist

order

request

require

recommend

desire

ask

decide

例如：

When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job.” 当我建议他用刮胡膏时，他说：“剃刀和水就行了”。

*　还有一类从句中的虚拟语气值得关注，就是在主语从句“It is+名词+that...”中的虚拟语气。在这类主语从句中常用虚拟语气表示建议、命令、请求、道歉、怀疑、惊奇等。这类名词有：

advice

decision

desire

demand

motion

order

pity

preference

proposal

recommendation

requirement

resolution

shame

suggestion

surprise

wish

wonder

idea

例如：

It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad．我建议派他去国外深造。


136．In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning”.

【译文】在5月17日的会议上讨论的建议书的序言草案中，夏皮罗提出，专家组已经达成广泛共识，即“试图通过成人细胞核克隆来创造人类生命的做法在道德上是不可接受的”。

【点睛】本句是个简单句，其主干为Shapiro suggested+that引导的宾语从句。宾语从句的主干为the panel had found a broad consensus...，其中宾语consensus后面是同位语从句，用来说明consensus的内容。在该同位语从句中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning。句首的介词短语In a draft preface to...和过去分词结构discussed at the 17 May meeting作状语。draft意为“草稿，草图”。consensus意为“共识；舆论”。


137．Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption. DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists—and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots.

【译文】其中最受欢迎的是父子和血缘关系检测，被收养的孩子可以利用它找到自己的血亲，家庭成员可以用它来追踪到被收养的孩子。DNA检测最近也大受热心的族谱学家的追捧，并且给那些寻找家族地理根源的商业活动提供了支持。

【点睛】第一句结构较为复杂，主干部分Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing省略了谓语动词，该部分在语句功能上相当于Among the most popular is paternity and kinship testing。which引导的两个并列的定语从句adopted children can...和families can...修饰paternity and kinship testing。第二句的主干为：DNA testing is the latest rage...and supports businesses。

rage在句中意为“狂热，风行”，如：

My girlfriend has a rage for light music．我女朋友对轻音乐有狂热爱好。

【考点归纳】与rage相关的短语还有：

*　be (all) the rage意为“流行，风靡一时”

These green cars are all the rage．这些环保汽车风靡一时。

*　have a rage for意为“对…有狂热爱好”

American movie makers seem to have a rage for New York City．美国的电影制作人似乎对纽约市情有独钟。

*　fly into a rage意为“勃然大怒”

I flied into a rage because he was late again．他再次迟到，令我勃然大怒。

*　in a rage意为“一怒之下”

In a rage he slapped the door on my face．一怒之下，他当着我的面摔门而出。


138．It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.

【译文】审计人员完全有理由相信，那些有着明确目标并知道如何付诸行动的科学家不该因为需要一只眼睛盯着收银机，另一只眼睛盯着显微镜而被分散了注意力。

【点睛】本句的主干为It is...reasonable for auditors to...，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为不定式结构to believe that...。believe之后是由that引导的宾语从句，该从句的主干为scientists...should not be distracted by..., scientists后跟由who引导的定语从句，而该定语从句中又包含着两个分别由where和how引导且由and连接的宾语从句。distract意为“使分散；使迷惑”。have (keep) an eye on意为“盯着，看着；注意，留意”。

I have to run to the bathroom. Would you keep an eye on my suitcase while I am away？

我得去一下洗手间。你能帮我看一下包吗？


139．Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “oddballs”among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who“work well with the team”.

【译文】如果像他们的论文所反映的那样，科学家也想看到某种标准模式的规律性和一致性，那么管理层歧视研究者中的“不合时宜者”，而青睐较为传统的“善于团队合作者”，这也是无可厚非的。

【点睛】该句因否定词nor置于句首，引起部分倒装结构。句子的主干为Nor...is management to be blamed for...。句首否定词nor之后跟有由if引导的条件状语从句，从句中的as...as...结构，是将科学家对“规律性和一致性”的希望与其论文所反映的情况作比较。介词结构for discriminating against...作状语，说明blamed的原因。句末由who引导的定语从句修饰more conventional thinkers。conformity意为“一致；符合”。oddballs在句中意为“不合时宜者”。

【考点归纳】本句出现了部分倒装结构，即把句子谓语的一部分（主要是助动词或系动词）放到句子主语前。

*　当下列否定词及含有否定意义的短语修饰状语，并置于句首时，句子的主谓要部分倒装。

never 从不

no 不

neither 也不

not only 不仅

hardly 几乎不

scarcely 几乎不

little 一点也不

seldom 很少

rarely 不常

not until 直到…才

nowhere 任何地方也不

at no time 在任何时候都不

on no account 决不

in no respect/sense 决不

in no case 在任何情况下都不

by no means 决不

in vain 徒劳

still less 更不要说

under no circumstance 决不

on no consideration 决不

例如：

Not only have we forgotten how to laugh, but forgotten how important it is.

我们不仅忘记了如何笑，还忘记了笑的重要性。

Nor are the insights of happiness limited to what is near around you.

幸福的视野并不局限在你周围的事物。

*　注意：

1）如果谓语动词是单个实义动词，倒装时需根据人称和时态加助动词do。

Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly．我们几乎没料到他会这么快就完成了任务。

考生要广义理解“句首”的概念，注意从句的句首和并列分句的句首均为句首。

2）以neither或nor开头的句子，符合前面所说的情况，也适用于另一人（物）的否定句中的倒装。

Their failure was not final, and neither is yours.

他们的失败并非不可更改，你的失败也并非如此。


140．The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of off-spring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribe.

【译文】当今人与人在很大程度上的平等——即面对优胜劣汰人人机会均等，并且连子女的数目都一样——这意味着和印度土著部落相比，在印度中上层中自然选择已经丧失了80%的力量。

【点睛】本句的主干为The...mediocrity...means that...。means之后跟有由that引导的宾语从句，in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribe作地点状语，compared to the tribe是过去分词结构作状语，省略了if/when being。破折号中间的插入成分为独立主格结构，用来对the grand mediocrity of today进行补充说明。grand此处意为“程度很深”。mediocrity意为“平均化”或“折中”。


141．When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.

【译文】当艺术领域的一项新运动成为某种流行时尚时，最好弄清楚该运动倡导者的真实意图。因为，不管他们的原则在今天看来是多么牵强，多么不切实际，多年以后他们或许会被视为正常。

【点睛】本句是由for连接的两个表示因果关系的并列句，并列句中的两个分句都是复合句。整个句子的主干为it is advisable to find out...for...it is possible that...。for之前为表结果的分句，结构为when引导的时间状语从句+主句；该主句的主干为it is advisable to..., it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式结构，其中又包含了由what引导的宾语从句。for之后为表原因的分句，结构为however引导的让步状语从句+主句；该主句的主干为it is possible that...，其中it依然是形式主语，真正的主语是由that引导的从句。句中attain应理解为“发展成”。however意为“无论如何”。be in fashion意为“流行的”。farfetched意为“牵强的；不切实际的”。

【考点归纳】让步状语从句是英语九大状语从句之一，主要用来表示让步关系，即“虽然，尽管，即使”等概念。让步状语从句的引导词包括：

although 尽管

though 尽管

while 尽管

as 虽然

that 虽然

however 无论怎样

whatever 无论什么

whoever 无论谁

whomever 无论谁

whichever 无论哪个

whenever 无论何时

wherever 无论哪里

however 无论怎样

whether 是否

even if 即使

even though 即使

no matter (who、what、where、when、how) 无论…

*　由though和although引导的让步状语从句。though和although都表示“虽然，纵然”之意，在一般情况下可以互换。在口语中，though较常用，although比though正式，二者都可与yet、still或nevertheless连用，但不能与but连用。

Though it is true that one must not live in the past, it is important to use the past to learn from his mistakes．尽管人不该生活在过去，但从过去的错误中汲取教训却是重要的。

Although/Though he is very old, （yet）he is quite strong.

他虽然年纪大了，但身体还很健壮。

*　由as和though引导的让步状语从句。as引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现，被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形。though有时也用于这样的结构中，但although不可以这样用。

Hard as/though he works, he makes little progress.=Though he works hard, he makes little progress.

尽管他学习很努力，但几乎没取得什么进步。

*　由no matter+疑问词/疑问词+后缀ever引导的让步状语从句。

no matter what=whatever

no matter who=whoever

no matter when=whenever

no matter where=wherever

no matter which=whichever

no matter how=however

例如：

No matter what you do, do with your might.

=Whatever you do, do with your might.

无论你做什么，都要尽力而为。

*　由ever if/even though引导的让步状语从句。

We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad.

即使天气不好，我们也要去旅行。

*　由whether...or...引导的让步状语从句。

Whether you believe it or not, it is true．信不信由你，这确实是真的。


142．With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.

【译文】然而，就未来派诗歌而言，情况就复杂多了，因为无论未来派诗歌为何物——即使承认它赖以存在的理论基础都是正确的——这种形式也很难被称为文学。

【点睛】该句的主干为the case is rather difficult, for...it can hardly be classed as Literature。连词for之前的部分是表示结果的分句，句首的with regard to Futurist poetry作状语。for后面是表示原因的分句，其结构为由whatever引导的让步状语从句+插入语+主句。两个破折号之间的部分还包含了一个由that引导的宾语从句，而这个宾语从句中又含有定语从句on which it is based，修饰theory。in/with regard to意为“就…而言，关于”。

【考点归纳】含有regard的短语还有：

*　as regard 至于；谈到

As regard the other matter, we can discuss that at the next meeting.

至于另外一个问题，我们可以在下次会上讨论。

*　regard还有“尊敬，器重”的含义。hold sb. in high regard或者have a high regard for sb. “极尊重某人”。give/ send one's regards to...“向…表示敬意”。


143．But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river—and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”

【译文】然而，一开始我们从注释中读到某行诗描述了一个土耳其军官和一个保加利亚军官在桥上打架并双双掉入河中，而后却发现那行诗不过充斥着“扑通，扑通，185公斤重”这类描述他们落水时的动静以及军官们体重的词语时，我们不免感到有点心烦意乱。

【点睛】本句的主干为it is a little upsetting to read...that...and...to find that...，其中it为形式主语，真正的主语为动词不定式结构to read...that...和to find that...。两个不定式结构都跟有宾语从句：第一个不定式结构之后的宾语从句中off which they both fall into the river为定语从句，修饰bridge。


144．In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.9 percent of students in the United States.

【译文】最近一次调查显示：只有24.5%的日本学生对学校生活完全满意，而美国学生此项的比率却高达67.9%。

【点睛】本句的主干是it was found that...，句中的24.5 percent of Japanese students是百分数的名词短语，在句中作主语。其谓语动词应该与Japanese students保持一致，故而用复数形式were。


145．With economic growth has come centralization: fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households.

【译文】随着经济的增长，出现了集中化：日本全国1.19亿的公民，其中足有76%的人口定居城市：在这里，原来的社区和多代同堂的大家庭已被摒弃，取而代之的是与外界疏于往来的、只由两代人组成的家庭。

【点睛】本句是个并列句，由分号将两个并列的分句隔开。由于介词短语前置于句首，第一个分句的主干为完全倒装结构With economic growth has come centralization，其正常语序应为Centralization has come with economic growth。第二个分句的主干为fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities...，其后跟有由where引导的定语从句修饰cities。centralization指“集中；中央集权化”。extended family指“几代同堂式的家庭”。in favor of此处意为“由…取代”。households指“家庭”。


146．If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one's destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf.

【译文】如果个人的雄心能够得到正确看待的话，那么它的回报——财富、声誉、对命运的把握——都使人们认为是值得为之付出代价的。

【点睛】本句是个复合句。句首是一个由if引导的条件状语从句，主句的主干为the rewards of ambition...must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices...。破折号中间的部分为the rewards的同位语，进一步具体说明rewards的内容。句末的过去分词结构made on ambition's behalf为sacrifices的后置定语。短语on behalf of意为“为了；代表”。


147．If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them.

【译文】如果雄心一贯被认为是充满活力的，那么它就应该被广泛推崇，尤其应该得到那些受他人羡慕之人的高度重视，特别是其中受过良好教育的人。