【点睛】本句是个复合句。句首是由if引导的条件状语从句，其后由and连接两个并列的分句：第一个分句为it must be widely shared，其中主语it指代the tradition of ambition；第二个分句的主干为it...must be highly regarded...，由who引导的定语从句修饰people。句尾的the educated not least among them是独立主格结构，用来对people进行补充说明。注意，not least并不是双重否定，意为“尤其是，特别是”，起强调作用。


148．There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped—with the educated themselves riding on them.

【译文】这其中有着很强烈的伪善成分，恰如马跑光后再关上马厩门那样，而受过良好教育的人正骑在马背上。

【点睛】该句的主干是There is a...note of hypocrisy in this...。逗号之后的是主语的同位语，起着说明主句的作用。after the horses have escaped是同位语中的时间状语从句，破折号之后的部分是同位语的伴随状语。该句的重点是对hypocrisy“虚伪，伪善”及其后面的比喻的理解。后句的比喻，在这里是指受过良好教育的人在自己的野心实现以后（骑在马上），在追求野心的过程中受了益，却反过来谴责野心，并说自己并没有追求野心（把马厩门关上），这里的“马”象征ambition。heavy在这里不应理解为“沉重的”。


149．Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.

【译文】当然，当今人们对于成功及其各种标志的兴趣似乎并未减弱。避暑别墅、欧洲旅行、宝马车——地点、地名以及品牌或许会有变化，但这类事物如今被人渴求的程度似乎不亚于一二十年前。

【点睛】这两句话分别出现了比较级结构和双重否定，do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly和do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago。a decade or two years“一二十年”还可以说成one or two decades，需要注意的是：前一个表达使用不定冠词a是出于习惯，不可说成one decade or two。a decade or two比较口语化，而one or two decades却比较书面化。类似的短语还有in one or two words“三言两语”。


150．Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.

【译文】相反，我们目睹的虚伪现象比以前任何时候都多：批判美国物质主义的人却在南安普顿拥有避暑别墅；激进书籍的出版商却在三星级餐厅就餐；倡导在人生各个时期都参与民主制的记者却把子女送去就读私立学校。

【点睛】本句的主干为... we are treated to...spec-tacles...，其后是由which引导的非限定性定语从句，修饰spectacles。冒号后面是三个并列的名词性短语，其核心词分别是critic、publisher和journalist。第二个名词性短语中包含了一个由who引导的定语从句修饰the publisher；第三个名词性短语中包含了两个定语，一个是现在分词短语advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life，另一个是由whose引导的定语从句。be treated to的原意为“被招待，被款待”,to为介词。in ample supply指“供应充足”。冒号之后的三个例子突显出本句明显的讽刺意味。


151．No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professional and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not share its values.

【译文】在科学领域里，专业人员和业余爱好者之间无法划出泾渭分明的界线：任何规则都有其例外。然而，“业余”一词的确有这样的含义，就是相关人员没有完全融入科学界，尤其是他们可能不会认同这个群体的价值观。

【点睛】第一个句子是个复合句，其主干为No...distinction can be drawn...，冒号后面的内容是对前面观点的进一步说明。第二个句子的主干为the word “amateur” does carry a connotation..., connotation后面跟有一个同位语从句，对connotation的内容进行解释。过去分词concerned修饰the person，相当于who is concerned。

注意，nevertheless在这里提示语意的转折。

professional在句中作名词，意为“以某种职业为生的人（如职业运动员等）”，其反义词是amateur，意为“业余爱好者；业余运动员”，指“基于兴趣或为消遣而从事某种活动的人”。professional也可作形容词，意为“职业的；专业的”；amateur也可作形容词，意为“业余的”。

【考点归纳】与exception相关的短语还有：

above/beyond exception 无可非议的

by way of exception 作为例外

liable/subject to exception 易遭反对的

make an exception of 把…作为例外

make no exceptions 不允许有例外；一视同仁

take exception at 对…有反感

take exception to/against 对…表示异议，表示反对

with the exception of 除…以外

without exception 毫无例外地，一律

The exception proves the rule. （=Exceptions prove the rule. ）【谚】任何规则都有其例外。


152．The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century.

【译文】其总体结果便是业余爱好者想在专业地质学期刊上发表论文就更难了，而被广泛使用的论文评审推荐制度又进一步强化了这一结果，该制度先是出现在19世纪的国家级刊物上，后来在20世纪又被几家地方级地质学刊物使用。

【点睛】本句的主干为The overall result has been to make entrance to...harder for amateurs...。第一个逗号后面是一个名词性短语，其核心词是a result，可以看成是前面句子的主语overall result的同位语。后面跟有一个长的定语从句that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing，修饰result。该定语从句中又有两个并列的状语first by..., and then by...。

注意，entrance本义为“入口”，此处指“在专业期刊发表文章，进入专业圈子”。reinforce本义为“增强”，这里指“使难度更高”。


153．A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

【译文】类似的分化过程已经导致专业地质学家聚集起来，形成一两个全国性的专项学术协会，而业余地质爱好者们则倾向于要么留在地方性的协会，要么以不同方式组成全国性机构。

【点睛】本句是个并列句。两个表示对比关系的分句由连词whereas连接起来，第一个分句说明professional geologists的情况，第二个分句说明amateurs的情况。

【考点归纳】注意连词whereas的两个含义。

*　鉴于

Whereas the peoples of the colonies have been grieved and burdened with taxes...

鉴于各殖民地民众备受重税负担之苦…

*　然而；但是；相反。whereas相当于while，但是较后者有很强烈的转折意味，while的语气则淡一些。

Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.

虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。


154．Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.

【译文】遗憾的是，这次调查结果只有一些浅显的发现，诸如新闻报道中的事实错误、拼写或语法错误，还有许多令人挠头的困惑，即读者到底想读些什么。

【点睛】本句的主干为this project has turned out to be...findings...，其中主语为this project，谓语为has turned out, to be mostly low-level findings为宾语，about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes是后置定语。过去分词短语combined with...作伴随状语，其中介词结构about what in the world those readers really want作puzzlement的后置定语，而what引导的是宾语从句。sad to say是being sad to say的简略形式，作状语，表示说话人的态度。

【考点归纳】英语中，最常见作状语的有：副词、分词、不定式、独立主格结构和状语从句，除此之外，形容词（短语）也可以作状语：

*　形容词（短语）作状语，表示方式或伴随，可位于句首或句末，有时也可位于句中。

Flushed and breathless, she bounded in through the gate．她满脸通红，气喘吁吁地从大门口跑了进来。

*　形容词（短语）作原因状语，一般位于句首，有时也可位于句中。

Afraid of being scolded, for a moment, little Franz thought of playing truant.

由于害怕挨骂，小弗朗兹一时起了逃学的念头。

Tom, very ill, sent for a doctor.

因为汤姆病得很厉害，派人请医生去了。

*　形容词（短语）作状语，表示时间和条件，通常位于句首，也可位于句末。

Ripe, these apples are sweet.

这种苹果熟了的时候很甜。

*　形容词（短语）作让步状语，常由一个形容词或连词or连接的两个或两个以上的并列形容词构成，一般位于句首，有时也可位于句中。

Wet or fine, he got up at six and took a walk in the park．不管天晴还是下雨，他总是六点起床，在公园里散散步。

*　形容词（短语）可以作状语，表示说话人的态度和看法，通常位于句首。

Worse still, the lion could even carry off the baby in its mouth．更糟糕的是，狮子甚至可能把婴儿叼走。


155．I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands.

【译文】我认为，推动这股巨大的并购浪潮背后的最重要的力量和促成全球化进程的力量一样：是交通运输和通讯成本的不断下降，贸易投资壁垒的减少，以及扩大的市场需要扩大的经营规模以满足消费者的需求。

【点睛】本句的主干为I believe that+宾语从句。宾语从句的主干为the...forces...are the same + that引导的定语从句。the same that为省略成分，其完整结构应为the same as the ones that，冒号后面的部分falling transportation...and enlarged markets为the most important forces的同位语，其中markets后面是由that引导的定语从句，capable of meeting customers' demands是operations的后置定语。M&A指前文中的mergers and acquisitions“并购”。


156．A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress promoted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.

【译文】一次平级调动伤害了我的自尊，阻碍了我事业的发展，使我不得不放弃了自己相对高调的工作，像一个蒙受屈辱的政府部长那样，我也声称“我只不过是想多和家人待在一起”，以此来掩饰我辞职的原因。

【点睛】本句的主干为A...move...promoted me to...，其中定语从句that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress修饰限定move。主句之后是让步状语从句although...I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”，其中in the manner of a disgraced government minister是插入语。lateral指“横向的”,lateral move指“横向迁移”，这里根据上下文应译为“平级调动”。high profile意为“高姿态，公开的态度，明确的立场”。

One needs to maintain a high profile in his profession.

一个人必须保持在职业上的明确的态度。

而low profile则意为“低姿态，不出头露面，不惹人注意”，类似于low key“低调”。keep a low profile的意思就是“保持低调”。

He keeps a low profile and doesn't go after headlines.

他保持低调，不让自己成为焦点。

Be efficient while keeping a low profile!

低调做人，高效做事！


157．I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into“downshifting brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status”.

【译文】我已经发现，也许正像凯尔西在不堪重负而公然辞去她在《她》杂志社的编辑一职之后那样——放弃那种“为生活忙碌”的人生信条并转而追求“悠闲的简单生活带来的回报远远大于经济成功和社会地位”。

【点睛】本句的主干为I have discovered...that..., that引导的宾语从句较长，其结构为that abandoning..., and making...brings...，动名词结构aban-doning the doctrine of “juggling your life”and making the alternative move into“downshifting...”为该宾语从句的主语，brings为谓语。as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress是插入语，而after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress是该插入语的时间状语。much-publicized意为“十分张扬的”,publicize的意思是“宣扬；推广”。句中的She是一本女性杂志的名称，因此首字母须大写。build-up“逐步的增长”。juggle“尽力应付”。brings with it far greater rewards than意为“带来的利益远远不止…”。downshift本义指“（汽车等）调低速档”,downshifting比喻“忙碌生活方式的改变”，即减少工作量，拥有更多可自由支配的时间。20世纪90年代，这种方式在西方那些长期辛苦工作，从未休息并享受个人生活的中产阶级中间流行，因此产生了一类人downshifter“生活简单者”。


158．While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline—after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late '80s—and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.

【译文】在美国，这种趋势一开始是对经济衰落做出的一种反应——80年代后期经济萎缩造成的大量人员冗余之后——现在这种趋势仍被认为与节俭政治有关；而在英国，至少在我认识的愿意简化生活的中产阶级中，他们寻求生活简单化的原因却是各不相同。

【点睛】本句是由while连接的两个表对比的并列句。第一个分句说的是美国的情况，第二个分句说的是英国的情况。第一个分句的主干为the trend started...and is still linked to the politics of thrift，其主语为the trend，谓语包括两个：started和is still linked，两个破折号之间的部分是对第一个谓语的补充。第二个分句的主干为we have...reasons for...，其句首的in Britain为地点状语，介词结构among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance也作状语。redundancy指“重复；多余物，多余量”，其形容词为redundant。


159．For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the '80s, down-shifting in the mid '90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life—growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one—as a personal recognition of your limitations.

【译文】对于我这一代曾在整个80年代受到鼓励为生活奔波的女性来说，90年代中期出现的隐退与其说是寻求一种神话般的美好生活——自己种植有机蔬菜，搞不好自己也变成呆板懒散的人——不如说是认识到自身能力有限这一事实。

【点睛】本句的主干为... downshifting...is not so much...as...。句首for the woman...作句子的状语，其中包含定语从句who were urged to keep juggling through the '80s。破折号后的动名词结构growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one是插入语。

【考点归纳】not so much...as...是一个常用的并列连词，其含义相当于rather than，意为“与其说是…倒不如说是…”。和其他连接词一样，它可以连接词与词、短语与短语以及句子与句子。

*　连接词与词

Oceans don't so much divide the world as unite it.

与其说海洋分隔了世界，倒不如说海洋连接了世界各国。

*　连接句子时，其连接的往往是because或that引导的从句，意思是“倒不是因为…而是因为…”,as后的that有时可省去。

It's not so much that the machine is out of order as （that）I have not learned to operate it.

倒不是机器出了故障，而是我还没有学会操作。

*　该并列连词中的as可用but（rather）替换：not so much...but（rather）...。

It is not so much the actual population of the world but its rate of increase which is important.

重要的与其说是实际的世界人口总数，倒不如说是世界人口增长率。


160．If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties.

【译文】如果你是你讲话对象中的一员，那么你就能了解这个团队成员们共有的经历和问题，而且你对餐厅中难以下咽的食物或老总在选择领带方面差劲的品位品头论足也是无可厚非的。

【点睛】本句的主句是由and连接的两个并列的分句，句首的if引导了一个条件状语从句，其中包含了一个由which引导的定语从句，修饰the group。主句的第一个分句也含有一个定语从句which are common to all of you，修饰the experiences and problems。第二个分句的主干为it'll be appropriate for you to make a passing remark..., it是形式主语，而真正的主语是不定式短语to make a passing remark about...。

address在本句中作动词，意为“演讲”。

I have the honor of introducing to you Mr. Smith, who will address you on his recent tour abroad.

我荣幸地向你们介绍史密斯先生，他将向你们谈谈他最近的国外之行。

be in a position to do sth．是惯用法，意思是“能够；具备做某事的能力”。

I'm not in a position to reveal any of the details of the project at present.

我目前不能透露计划的任何细节。


161．As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor.

【译文】结果是，现代世界已经日益充斥着智能装置，虽然我们几乎注意不到它们，但它们的普遍存在已经节省了许多劳力。

【点睛】本句的主干为...the...world is...populated by intelligent gizmos...。其后由but连接两个whose引导的定语从句，修饰先行词intelligent gizmos, whose在从句中作定语。句首的as a result是整个句子的状语。

gizmo意为“机械装置；小玩意”。

populate意为“居住于”，例如：

The town is heavily populated by immigrants.

该镇居住着很多外来移民。


162．Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.

【译文】虽然一开始在20世纪60年代和70年代有过一段乐观的时期——那时候似乎晶体管电路和微处理器的发展使它们在2010年前能模仿人类大脑的活动——但是最近研究人员已经开始将这个预测延后数十年，甚至数百年。

【点睛】本句的主干是...researchers...have begun to extend that forecast...。句首的介词结构Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s...作让步状语，其中还包含了一个由when引导的定语从句，修饰the 1960s and 1970s，在这个定语从句中还包含一个表语从句that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010。

spell意为“一小段时间”，所以a spell of initial optimism的意思是“开始的一段乐观时期”。