The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory” _____.

[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems

[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends

[C] has won support from influentials

[D] requires solid evidence for its validity

参考译文：作者认为“二级传播理论”_____。

[A] 是应对营销问题的一个方法

[B] 已帮助解释了某些流行趋势

[C] 赢得了某些有影响力的人物的支持

[D] 需要可靠证据来证实其可信性

hedge

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

n. [hedʒ] 树篱

v. [hedʒ] 用树篱围起；回避；躲闪；防备，防范(尤指金钱损失)

adj. [hedʒ] 树篱下的；树篱旁的

【例】[v] 防备，防范(尤指金钱损失)

2010 年阅读Text 2

The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.

参考译文：比尔斯基的案子涉及到一个已申请专利的商业方法，该方法被用来防范能源市场上的风险。

hypothesis

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

n. [haɪˈpɒθəsɪs] 假设；假说

【例】[n] 假设

2008 年完型

The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.

参考译文：有种观点认为，有些群体可能比其他群体更聪明，但这也只是不敢高声宣扬的假设而已。

infant

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

n. [ˈɪnfənt] 婴儿；(5~7岁的)幼儿

adj. [ˈɪnfənt] 供婴儿用的

【例】[n] 婴儿

2015 年翻译

Many of the ships were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey.

参考译文：许多船只在风暴中消失了，许多旅客死于疾病，也很少有婴儿能在旅途中幸存下来。

intrude

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

v. [ɪnˈtruːd] 侵入；侵扰；打扰；闯入；干扰

【例】[v] 侵扰

2013 年阅读Text 4

On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.

参考译文：在被否决的条款中，大多数人认为国会故意“占领该领域”，亚利桑那州因此侵犯了联邦的优先权。

 

knit

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

v. [nɪt] 编织；针织

n. [nɪt] 编织物；编织法

形近词：kit

【例】[n] 编织物

2013 年阅读Text 1

For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.

参考译文：对H&M来说，它若想为全球2300多家门店提供价格为5.95美元的针织超短裙，就必须依靠海外低薪劳动力，大量采购(原材料)以致给自然资源造成巨大压力，并且大量使用有害化学品。

形近词

kit

[kɪt] n. 衣物和装备；成套用品；配套元件

[kɪt] v. (为特定活动而)使某人装备起来

repertoire

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

n. [ˈrepə(r)ˌtwɑː(r)] 全部节目；全部本领；(计算机的)指令表

senate

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

n. [ˈsenət] 参议院；上院；大学理事会；大学评议会

【例】[n] 参议院

2012 年阅读Text 2

Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.

参考译文：佛蒙特州参议院被安特吉公司的行为激怒，于去年以26比4的票数通过决议，反对延长(其核电站许可证的)期限。

handle

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

v. [ˈhænd(ə)l] 处理；对待；操纵；触摸；抚养

n. [ˈhænd(ə)l] 柄，把手

补充词汇

[词组]

get rid of：除掉；去掉；摆脱

dispose of：解决；将(某物)处理掉

cope with：对付；支应

[同义词]

manage [ˈmænɪdʒ]

v. 处理；设法对付

address [əˈdres]

v. 对付；处理；谈及；向……作正式讲话；向……说话

【例】[v] 谈及

2014 年阅读Text 4

Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.

参考译文：然而，令人遗憾的是，该报告并未指出人文教育所面临的危机的本质，其结果可能弊大于利。

【例】[v] 处理

2012 年完型

The justices must address doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves accountable to the code of conduct.

参考译文：法官必须遵循一定的行为准则，才可解决人们对于法院合法性的质疑这一问题。

monopoly

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

n. [məˈnɒpəli] 垄断；专卖；垄断企业

补充词汇

[近义词]

possession [pəˈzeʃ(ə)n]

n. 占有；所有；拥有

control

[kənˈtrəʊl] n. 控制(能力)；支配(能力)

[kənˈtrəʊl] v. 控制；掌管；管理

【例】[v] 控制

2014 年阅读Text 1

What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”—protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.

参考译文：我们要知道，他的动机在于他对“基本的公平”的热忱。他要保护纳税人，控制支出，确保只有最值得的申请人才能得到救济金。

strive

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

v. [straɪv] 奋斗；努力；力争；力求

形近词：stripe

形近词

stripe [straɪp]

n. 条纹；线条；臂章；种类

【例】[n] 种类

2007 年阅读Text 3

Scholars, policymakers, and critics of all stripes have debated the social implications of these changes, but few have looked at the side effect: family risk has risen as well.

参考译文：各类学者、决策人和评论人士已经讨论了这些改变可能引发的社会影响。但是，很少有人关注这些变化的副作用：家庭的风险增加了。

补充词汇

[词组]

strive for：奋斗；争取

 

 

测一测

bin n. 垃圾桶；垃圾箱；箱子；储物箱；储藏箱

★ bind v. 使紧密联系；使关系密切；约束；限制；使负有义务(或责任)

bruise n. 瘀伤；青肿

v. 碰伤；擦伤

census n. 人口普查

clarity n. (书、论点等的)清楚；清晰易懂；明晰；思路清晰；有条理

★ charter n. 章程；宪章

adj. (飞机或船只)包租的；包用的；根据特许状办理(或设立)的

v. (个人、团体)包租；租用(飞机、船只等)

moan v. 呻吟；呜咽；抱怨

n. 抱怨；低沉的声音

mock v. 嘲笑；嘲弄；(模仿)取笑

adj. 假的；仿制的；假装的

obsession n. 着迷；困扰

passion n. 激情；热情；热恋；强烈爱好；强烈的感情

v. [诗歌用语]表露强烈感情；显示巨大热情

prevalent adj. 流行的；盛行的；普遍的

hedge n. 树篱

v. 用树篱围起；回避；躲闪；防备，防范(尤指金钱损失)

adj. 树篱下的；树篱旁的

hypothesis n. 假设；假说

infant n. 婴儿；(5~7 岁的)幼儿

adj. 供婴儿用的

intrude v. 侵入；侵扰；打扰；闯入；干扰

knit v. 编织；针织

n. 编织物；编织法

★ kit n. 衣物和装备；成套用品；配套元件

v. (为特定活动而)使某人装备起来

repertoire n. 全部节目；全部本领；(计算机的)指令表

senate n. 参议院；上院；大学理事会；大学评议会

handle v. 处理；对待；操纵；触摸；抚养

n. 柄，把手

※ get rid of 除掉；去掉；摆脱

※ dispose of 解决；将(某物)处理掉

※ cope with 对付；支应

※ manage v. 处理；设法对付

※ address v. 对付；处理；设法了解并解决；向……作正式讲话；向……说话

monopoly n. 垄断；专卖；垄断企业

※ possession n. 占有；所有；拥有

※ control n. 控制(能力)；支配(能力)

v. 控制；掌管；管理

strive v. 奋斗；努力；力争；力求

★ stripe n. 条纹；线条；臂章；种类

※ strive for 奋斗；争取

 

 

Unit 24

adapt

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

v. [əˈdæpt] (使)适应；改编；改写

形近词：adaptiveness, readmit

形近词

adaptiveness [əˈdæptɪvnəs]

n. 适应性；适应能力

readmit [ˌriːədˈmɪt]

v. 重新接纳

contempt

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

n. [kənˈtempt] 轻视；蔑视；鄙视

形近词：contemptible

形近词

contemptible [kənˈtemptəb(ə)l]

adj. 可鄙的

【例】[adj] 可鄙的

2010 年阅读Text 1

Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?

[A] It is writers’ duty to fulfill journalistic goals.

[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.

[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.

[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.

参考译文：萧伯纳和纽曼最可能同意下面哪种观点？

[A] 履行新闻工作者的目标是作家的职责。

[B] 作家成为新闻工作者是可鄙的。

[C] 作家可能会为新闻业所引诱。

[D] 不是所有作家都胜任新闻写作。

dense

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

adj. [dens] 稠密的；浓密的；密集的；(物质)密度大的

形近词：densely

形近词

densely [densli]

adv. 浓密地；稠密地；密集地

exhaust

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

v. [ɪɡˈzɔːst] 使筋疲力尽；耗尽；抽完

n. [ɪɡˈzɔːst] 排气装置；废弃

【例】[adj] 筋疲力尽的(例句为exhaust 的形容词形式)

2012 年阅读Text 4

 

They worked until exhausted, lived with few protections and died young.

参考译文：他们工作到筋疲力尽，生活几乎没有保障，年纪轻轻就命丧黄泉。

forecast

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

n. [ˈfɔː(r)kɑːst] 预测；预报

【例】[n] 预测

2013 年阅读Text 3

As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.

参考译文：如常所见，过去决定未来：现在，人类对于塑造地球和自身历史的长期模式已经有了很深的了解，这足以让我们有据可依地预测我们的后代将身处怎样的境地。

mutual

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

adj. [ˈmjuːtʃuəl] 相互的；彼此的；共有的

形近词：mutually

形近词

mutually [ˈmjuːtʃuəli]

adv. 互相地

补充词汇

[词组]

mutual benefit：共同的利益

nowhere

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

adv. [ˈnəʊweə(r)] 任何地方都不；没有任何地方

【例】[adv] 任何地方都不

2009 年阅读Text 4

According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “so much important attached to intellectual pursuits.”

参考译文：按照标准的美国哲学史记载，在殖民时代的美国，没有任何地方比新英格兰“更重视对知识的追求”。

preferable

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

adj. [ˈpref(ə)rəb(ə)l] 更可取的；更好的；更合适的

形近词：preference

【例】[adj] 更可取的

2007 年翻译

While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments.

参考译文：虽然律师的评论和反馈可能会提高新闻报道的质量，但是新闻记者依赖自己对重要性的理解并自己做出判断，是更可取的。

形近词

preference [ˈpref(ə)rəns]

n. 偏爱；优先(权)；偏爱的事物(或人)

【例】[n] 偏爱

2010 年阅读新题型

The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005.

参考译文：现今首要的趋势是消费者越来越喜欢外出就餐。消费者在家庭之外的地方消费的食品饮料占消费总量的百分比已从1995年的32%上升到了2000年的35%，并且有望在2005年达到38%。

reinforce

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

v. [ˌriːɪnˈfɔː(r)s] 增援；加强

形近词：enforce

【例】[v] 加强

2009 年阅读新题型

Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity.

参考译文：迪尔凯姆主张宗教信仰的作用是加强社会团结。

形近词

enforce [ɪnˈfɔː(r)s]

v. 强制执行(法律、规定等)；强行实施；强加；迫使

【例】[v] 强制执行(法律、规定等)

2013 年阅读Text 4

In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.

参考译文：在亚利桑那州和美国(政府)的对决中，亚利桑那州提出了一项充满争议的方案，即让州警察和地方警察执行联邦移民法。该方案里有四项有争议的条款，其中三项被多数票否决。

renew

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

v. [rɪˈnjuː] 重新开始；更新；恢复；使(受到损毁或丢失后)重获新生

【例】[v] 更新

2013 年阅读Text 1

These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.

参考译文：这些品牌鼓励有时尚意识的消费者将衣服看作一次性商品，洗一两次后就不能再穿了(虽然他们并没有这么宣传)，还鼓励他们每过几周就更新他们的衣橱。

sympathy

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

n. [ˈsɪmpəθi] 同情；同情心；赞同

补充词汇

[词组]

show sympathy for：同情……

in sympathy with：同情；赞成

excel

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

v. [ɪkˈsel] 优于；超过

形近词：excess, excessive, excellent, excellence

形近词

excess

[ɪkˈses] n. 过多；过量；无节制；无度

[ˈekses] adj. 过量的；过多的；额外的；多余的

【例】[n] 过多；过量

2013 年阅读Text 1

Americans buy roughly 20 billion garments a year—about 64 items per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.

参考译文：美国人每年购买大约200亿件服饰——平均每人64件。而无论他们捐出去多少，这种过度消费也造成了浪费。

excessive [ɪkˈsesɪv]

adj. 过分的；过多的

【例】[adj] 过多的

2014 年阅读Text 2

There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education.

参考译文：造成这一现象的原因有很多，其中之一便是法律教育的成本过高。

excellent [ˈeksələnt]

adj. 极好的；卓越的；杰出的

【例】[adj] 极好的

2013 年阅读Text 3

Take a broader look at our species’ place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years.

参考译文：纵观人类在宇宙中的位置，就会清楚，人类就算没有机会存活数十万年，也有很大的机会存活数万年。

excellence [ˈeksələns]

n. 优秀；卓越；杰出

【例】[n] 优秀；卓越；杰出

2014 年阅读Text 4

In 20l0, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors and others” to “maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education.”

参考译文：2010年，国会中主要的民主党人和共和党人致信美国人文与科学院，要求其指出联邦政府、州和地方政府、大学、基金会、教育工作者、个人赞助者以及其他人可以采取哪些行动，来维持国家在人文学科和社会科学的学术成就及教育方面的优势。

 

补充词汇

[词组]

excel in/at：在……方面胜过；在……方面擅长

forth

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

adv. [fɔː(r)θ] 向前；向外

补充词汇

[词组]

set forth：启程；出发

back-and-forth：来回地；一来一往地

and so forth：等等；诸如此类

frightening

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

adj. [ˈfraɪt(ə)nɪŋ] 可怕的；令人恐惧的

【例】[adj] 可怕的

2007 年阅读Text 3

From the middle-class family perspective, much of this, understandably, looks far less like an opportunity to exercise more financial responsibility, and a good deal more like a frightening acceleration of the wholesale shift of financial risk onto their already overburdened shoulders.

参考译文：可以理解的是，从中产阶级家庭的角度来看，这一切看起来远远不像是一个履行更多金融责任的机会，在很大程度上反而更像是一次可怕的加速：把金融风险全部都转移到其负担已十分沉重的双肩上。

frustrate

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

v. [frʌˈstreɪt] 使灰心；使沮丧；挫败；阻挠……的成功

【例】[v] (使)沮丧

2009 年阅读Text 4

The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often _____.

[A] influenced by superstitions

[B] troubled with religious beliefs

[C] puzzled by church sermons

[D] frustrated with family earnings

参考译文：约翰·戴恩的故事告诉我们，那些没有接受过良好教育的新英格兰人经常______。

[A] 受到迷信的影响

[B] 惹上宗教信仰的麻烦

[C] 对教会的布道感到迷惑不解

[D] 为家庭收入沮丧

补充词汇

[词组]

be frustrated by/with：因……沮丧；因……受挫

grain

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

n. [ɡreɪn] 谷物；谷类；颗粒；细粒；粮食

inferior

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

adj. [ɪnˈfɪəriə(r)] 下等的；下级的；(质量等)差的；次的

n. [ɪnˈfɪəriə(r)] 境遇或成绩比其他人差的人

形近词：inferiority

【例】[adj] (质量等)差的；次的

2011 年阅读Text 1

According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?

[A] They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.

[B] They are easily accessible to the general public.

[C] They help improve the quality of music.

[D] They have only covered masterpieces.

参考译文：根据文章内容，下列哪项关于唱片的说法是正确的？

[A] 它们在质量上通常次于现场音乐会。

[B] 大众很容易得到这些唱片。

[C] 它们有助于提高音乐品质。

[D] 它们只包括杰作。

形近词

inferiority [ɪnˌfɪəriˈɒrəti]

n.自卑；自卑感；劣等；下级

【例】[n] 自卑感

2011 年翻译

This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.

参考译文：这种说法似乎是在为忽视那些需要帮助的人的行为找借口，也似乎是为剥削、上层人的优越感和底层人的自卑感所做的一种合理解释。

initiative

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

adj. [ɪˈnɪʃətɪv] 创始的；起始的

n. [ɪˈnɪʃətɪv] 积极的行动；倡议；主动权；主动性；积极性；进取心

形近词：initiate

【例】[n] 积极的行动

2012 年阅读Text 1

In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.

参考译文：在南非，一个名为“关爱生命”的预防艾滋病行动征募年轻人在同龄人中宣传性安全。

形近词

initiate [ɪˈnɪʃieɪt]

v. 引发；开始；创始；使初步了解

补充词汇

[同义词]

initial [ɪˈnɪʃ(ə)l]

adj. 最初的

instrument

词频 ★☆☆☆☆

n. [ˈɪnstrʊmənt] 工具；仪器；机械；乐器

形近词：instrumentalist

形近词

instrumentalist [ˌɪnstrʊˈment(ə)lɪst]