妙语点睛

相当于说The news was the team's victory.

精品译文

该队胜利的消息

15　the news of the team's having won

妙语点睛

意思是the news that the team had won或The news was that the team had won.

精品译文

该队获胜的消息

思维训练

Exercise 1.5 (Keys: 此处)

判断下列短语或句子中of所表示的语义关系，并翻译成中文。

1．the imprisonment of the murderer

2．the use of solar energy

3．He called for the removal of the ban.

4．guidelines for the control of dogs in public places

5．the virtue of thrift

6．companionship of books

7．I would rather have had one breath of her hair, one kiss of her mouth, one touch of her hand than an eternity without it.

8．Gaming has been the ruin of many worthy families, the loss of many a man's honor, and the cause of suicide.

9．She felt that women had no chance of gaining a professional career or of exercising their talents.

10．This twofold use of knowledge, that is, knowledge can be used equally for good or evil.

11．To affect change, there needs to be a motivation to change; there has to be a concept of how to change and then there has to be a means and program of implementation of this change.

12．The denial of these principles and the placement of man at the core of the universe results in a paralyzing mass selfishness, and the signs of it are already frightening evident.

写给读者的话



* * *



一、本章学习思路

正如我们在本章一开始就提醒读者的，提起名词，就如同打开了“潘多拉的盒子（Pandora's box）”，放出了一大堆有关名词用法的难题。原因很简单，这是由英汉两种语言的思维差异造成的。英语这门语言在描述和界定事物时，要比汉语精确，这反映在很多方面，其中英语对名词进行可数（countable）和不可数（uncountable）的分类就是集中体现之一。我们知道，用我们的汉语思维来看待名词，是不把名词分成可以数和不可以数的。英语则不然，对名词要分可数和不可数，并且把可数名词又区分为单数和复数。这两方面都是中国英语学习者的难点，因为它们不同于我们汉语的思维习惯。可以这么说，名词集中反映了中国人与以英语为母语的人的两种不同的物质世界观。

对于名词的学习，读者重点是要“理解”和“积累”。所谓“理解”，主要就是指要理解我们在1.2节中讨论的有关名词的可数与不可数，理解笔者提出来的名词可数性的“相对论”，理解可数与不可数之间相互转化的三大规律。

所谓“积累”，就是指对名词单复数变化规则和变化形式要积累，包括下面七大方面的积累：

1．只用作单数的名词有哪些？（见1.3.2小节）

2．只用作复数的名词有哪些？（见1.3.3小节）

3．规则名词怎么变复数？（见1.3.4小节）

4．不规则名词又如何表达复数？（见1.3.5小节）

5．复合名词变复数的规则是什么？（见1.3.6小节）

6．单复数同形的名词（零复数名词）有哪些？（见1.3.7小节）

7．有新词义的复数名词有哪些？（见1.3.8小节）

二、本章重点及难点

需要具体掌握的重点内容：

1．基本能够区分常见的可数名词和不可数名词；

2．掌握名词复数的变化规则；

3．名词所有格的构成；

4．名词所有格的具体用法和含义。

本章难点内容集中在“名词的数”方面，具体来说就是1.2节中讨论的可数与不可数，以及1.3节中讨论的单数与复数。尽管难掌握，但凡是想要学好英语的读者，这两方面内容都是不得不熟练掌握的，否则在造句中就会错误百出。比如不知道该不该把某个名词变复数，也不知道该怎么变复数，进而影响到名词前面的限定词的修饰关系，以及名词后面的谓语的单复数问题。所以说，在整个名词短语中，名词是核心，限定词与形容词都是围绕名词展开的。而在整个英语语法当中，除了动词最重要外，其次就是名词的使用规则了。

三、本章学习时间安排

本章内容繁杂、琐碎，并且涉及英汉思维的差异，因此读者需要多花时间来研读和思考。建议读者用10天左右的时间来学习这一章。另外，本章的综合练习比较多，读者可以再花两天的时间来做练习，通过练习来巩固所学的内容。事实上，对于名词的学习，绝不是读完本章所写的四万多字的内容就完全掌握了，因为名词涉及英汉思维的差异，所以是需要我们在今后的英语学习过程中，一直都要时刻关注的。



* * *



综合练习（Keys: 此处）

选择最佳答案填空。

1．The old folk of the city is among the first to be evacuated by the five______.

A． aircraft

B．aircrafts

2．______is being built.

A．A steelwork

B．A steelworks

3．I have______to do.

A．a lot of work

B．a lot of works

4．This is a______to an end.

A．mean

B．means

5．In ancient______men usually lived in caves.

A．time

B．times

6．An ironworks______at the foot of the mountain.

A．stand

B．stands

7．No news______good news.

A．is

B．are

8．Jack has three jackets, but only______trousers.

A．one

B．one pair of

9．The police______making inquires about the accident.

A．is

B．are

10．I saw four______at the exhibition.

A．Japanese

B．Japaneses

11．The Chinese people______a great people.

A．is

B．are

12．Two aircraft______badly damaged.

A．was

B．were

13．I opened the letter and it contained______.

A．an important information

B．an important piece of information

14．There______no means of learning what is happening.

A．is

B．are

15．Under no______would I tell a lie.

A．circumstances

B．circumstance

16．The public______requested not to leave cigarette ends in these woods.

A．is

B．are

17．That fellow is clever; he has______.

A．brain

B．brains

18．The cattle______grazing in the meadows.

A．is

B．are

19．______goods arrived in good order.

A．Those

B．That

20．Before liberation, he could hardly support his family with his______.

A．wages

B．wage

21．Warm______is comfortable in winter.

A．clothings

B．clothing

22．The number of doctors in our country______greatly increased since liberation.

A．has

B．have

23．One thousand pounds______a small sum to run a factory.

A．is

B．are

24．Li Hua's new works______just been published.

A．has

B．have

25．The singer and dancer______attend our evening.

A．is to

B．are to

26．Tom drove past the______on his way to work.

A．police's station

B．police station

27．During the power shortage, the______went out.

A．streets lights

B．street lights

28．He is an______.

A．economics teacher

B．economic teacher

29．The current______is extremely uncertain.

A．economics situation

B．economic situation

30．Xiao Li and Lao Wang put up the______decorations.

A．party

B．party's

31．Liu Yi is the new______professor.

A．mathematic

B．mathematics

32．The students did not like the______.

A．dormitory's rules

B．dormitory rules

33．He took many______when he was in Beijing.

A．language courses

B．languages courses

34．I need to buy a______.

A．plane ticket

B．plane's ticket

35．Jane is taking an advanced______this semester.

A．physic course

B．physics course

36．______has sense organs in a canal known as the lateral line, which allows them to respond to changes in water pressure caused by nearby motion.

A．That the fish

B．Fish

C．When fish

D．If the fish

37．Because______is highly compressible, it is impossible to define a clear upper boundary of the atmosphere.

A．air

B．the air

C．an air

D．airs

38．I want______.

A．a dollar worth candy

B．a dollar worth's candy

C．candy a dollar's worth

D．a dollar's worth of candy

39．I'll go to the sea for______.

A．a holiday of a month

B．a month holiday

C．a months' holiday

D．a month's holiday

40．I am afraid there isn't______for you in my car.

A．room

B．place

C．seat

D．corner

41．In ten years' time, all those youngsters will become______.

A．grown-up

B．grown-ups

C．growns-up

D．growns-ups

42．Ten years had elapsed, I found she had______.

A．a few white hairs

B．much white hair

C．a little white hairs

D．few white hair

43．______are grazing in the fields.

A．ten heads of cattle

B．ten head of cattle

C．ten heads of cattles

D．ten head of cattles

44．The book contained a large______of information.

A．deal

B．amount

C．number

D．sum

45．Hardly a month goes by without______of another survey revealing new depths of scientific illiteracy among US citizens.

A．words

B．a word

C．the word

D．word

46．Clint will give us______on our grammar study.

A．an advice

B．some advice

C．some advices

D．advices

47．There are many______on the scene of the accident.

A．lookers-on

B．lookers-ons

C．looker-ons

D．looker-on

48．I walked too much yesterday and______are still aching now.

A．my leg's muscles

B．my muscles of leg

C．my leg muscles

D．my muscles of the leg

49．My home is only twenty ________ from New Oriental School.

A．minute walk

B．minutes walk

C．minutes' walk

D．minute's walk

50．The woman over there is______mother.

A．Julia and Mary

B．Julia and Mary's

C．Julia's and Mary's

D．Julia's and Mary

51．He is very tired. He needs______.

A．a night rest

B．rest night

C．a night's rest

D．rest of night

52． ________ is too much for a little boy to carry.

A．A bike's weight

B．Bike's weight

C．The weight of a bike

D．The weights of bikes

53．In this medical team there are ________ and ________ .

A．three man doctors, two woman nurses

B．three men doctors, two women nurses

C．three man doctor, two women nurse

D．three men doctor, two women nurse

54．The old house belongs to ________ .

A．Jack's and his brother

B．Jack's and his brother's

C．Jack and his brother's

D．Jack and his brother

55．Are these ________ who are playing volleyball over there?

A．the bikes of the students

B．the students' bikes

C．the bikes of the students'

D．the student's bikes

56．The policeman is investigating the ________ about the traffic accident.

A．passer-by

B．passers-by

C．passer-bys

D．passers-bys

57．Suddenly ________ fire broke out in the warehouse and everything in it was on ________ fire.

A．×/a

B．the/×

C．a/×

D．×/the

58．The soldier left his ________ in the ________ .

A．arm, quarter

B．arm, quarters

C．arms, quarter

D．arms, quarters

59．The basketball team ________ baths now.

A．has

B．have

C．is having

D．are having

60．Statistics ________ one of the subjects that I study.

A．are

B．is

C．were

D．was

61．This is my ________ bicycle.

A．uncle Peter

B．uncle's Peter

C．uncle Peter's

D．uncle's Peter's

62．The ________ living-rooms are near their bedrooms.

A．child's

B．children's

C．childrens'

D．children

63．Our university has bought ________ for the laboratory.

A．a new equipment

B．a new piece of equipment

C．some new equipments

D．new equipments

64．Can you make change for a ________ ?

A．twenty-dollars bill

B．twenty-dollar bill

C．twenty dollars bill

D．twenty dollar bill

65．I have to write a ________ this weekend.

A．one-thousand-words paper

B．one-thousand-word paper

C．one thousand words paper

D．one thousand word paper

66． ________ already been interviewed.

A．A number of applicants have

B．A number of applicants has

C．The number of applicants have

D．The number of applicants has

67．There ________ telephone calls today.

A．has been a number of

B．have been a number of

C．has been the number of

D．have been the number of

68． ________ dull.

A．This scissors are

B．These scissors is

C．This pair of scissors is

D．This pair of scissors are

69．He doesn't have ________ money.

A．much

B．many

C．a few

D．little

70．There are ________ students in this room than in the next room.

A．little

B．few

C．less

D．fewer

71．There ________ bad news on television tonight.

A．is too much

B．are too much

C．is too many

D．are too many

72． ________ people left early.

A．A lot

B．A few

C．A little

D．Less

73．Would you like ________ sugar than this?

A．less

B．fewer

C．little

D．few

74．Only ________ dollars have been borrowed from the manager.

A．a few

B．few

C．some

D．little

75．The letter was short because there wasn't ________ .

A．many news

B．much news

C．a lot news

D．a lot of news

76．There are ________ in the Central Park.

A．lots of children

B．lots of childs

C．a lot children

D．a lot childs

77．There are a lot of ________ in the field.

A．sheeps and cows

B．sheeps and cow

C．sheep and cows

D．sheep and cow

改错题。

78．The hind (A)leg of the gerbil are (B)particularly well adapted (C)to leaping (D)across its desert habitat.

79．(A)Much theories (B)have been developed concerning (C)how people learn about cultures from the myths and legends passed down from one generation to (D)another.

80．Several (A)comet are discovered each year, but very few of (B)them are (C)bright enough (D)to be seen without the aid of magnification.

81．Rafting (A)was an essential (B)mean of (C)transportation from prehistoric (D)times to the nineteenth century.

82．The (A)actor James Earl Jones (B)gained Broadway stardom in "The Great White Hope" for his (C)powerful portrayal (D)of prizefighter.

83．Large, multicolored insects (A)with four wings, dragonflies (B)play a very important role in the ecosystem of humid (C)area by (D)controlling the population of mosquitoes.

84．In 1889 Jane Addams, a social worker in Chicago, founded Hull House, an (A)institution (B)devoted to the (C)improvement of community life in poor (D)neighborhood.

85．In the late nineteenth century, journalist and publisher William Randolph Hearst (A)established a vast publishing empire that (B)included eighteen (C)newspapers in twelve (D)city.

86．The Architectural History Foundation (A)was established in 1977 (B)to support the (C)publication of important (D)book on architecture.

87．(A)Most bats roost in crevices, caves, or (B)building by day and are (C)active at night (D)or twilight.

88．The (A)water of Hanauma Bay in Oahu, Hawaii, (B)are known for the color, diversity, and (C)abundance of (D)their tropical fish.

89．Metalworkers use the term "machine tool" to (A)refer to a piece of (B)an (C)equipment used (D)for shaping metal.

90．The (A)health (B)authority announced that (C)decision two days (D)ago.

91．She now has (A)authorities (B)over the people she (C)used to (D)take orders from.

92．A good (A)sleeping bag is (B)an essential (C)part of every camper's (D)equipments.

93．To meet (A)needs of providing (B)live international television (C)coverage more and more (D)communication satellites have been launched.

94．In old (A)times there were (B)many (C)monarches (D)in Europe.

95．The flock of (A)sheep (B)is straying (C)in all (D)directions.

96．(A)As many as 50 percent of the (B)income from motion pictures produced in the United States (C)comes from marketing the films (D)abroad.

97．(A)The superintendent of women (B)nurse for the Union Army (C)during the Civil War (D)was Dorothea Dix.

98．In the United States, (A)presidential elections are held (B)once (C)every four (D)year.

99．Located in Canada, the Columbia Icefield (A)covers (B)area of 120 square miles and is 3.3 feet (C)thick in some (D)places.