61．With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can now watch the Corporation's news coverage, as well as listen to it.

【译文】随着英国广播公司开始向全世界开播电视节目，亚洲和美洲的数以百万计的人不仅可以听到广播，也能看到它的电视新闻报道了。

【点睛】本句句首是一个带有with的介词短语作状语，句子主干是millions of viewers...can now watch..., as well as listen to it。并列连词as well as连接两个谓语动词watch和listen to。

注意coverage源于其同源动词cover, cover作动词有“报道新闻”的意思（cover的其他用法详见第4句）, coverage指“覆盖范围；新闻报道”。


62．The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC—including ordinary listeners and viewers—to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping.

【译文】英国政府发起了这场争论，它邀请任何对BBC有看法的人——包括普通的听众和电视观众——对公司的好坏进行评说，甚至他们对公司是否值得办下去的想法。

【点睛】本句的主干是The debate was launched by the Government，其后由which引导定语从句which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC...修饰government，定语从句中不定式to say后面是两个并列的宾语从句：一个由what引导，另一个由whether引导，两部分由and连接；副词even表示进一步强调。此外，两个破折号之间的部分属于插入成分，用来进一步定义anyone。anyone后面的with介词短语也是用来修饰anyone的。


63．The BBC “ain't broke”, they say, by which they mean it is not broken (as distinct from the word“broke”, meaning having no money), so why bother to change it？

【译文】他们说“BBC没有破产”，意思是说公司没有垮（broken与broke的意思截然不同，后者指没有钱），那干嘛自找麻烦去改变它呢？

【点睛】so连接两个因果关系的句子。they say是插入语。which引导非限定性定语从句修饰前面引号中的部分。

【考点归纳】该句需要注意ain't的用法以及broke和broken的区别。

*　ain't是口语用法，相当于am not, are not, is not, have not, has not。ain't这一用法已有很长的历史，但是使用ain't被认为是未受过教育的美国黑人的标志。事实上，一些受过教育的人有时也使用这个词，尤其是当他们想表达滑稽或通俗的意味时，如固定表达Say it ain't so. （告诉我们事情不是那样的。）

*　broke和broken的区别

1）broke是典型的一词多义，所以作者在本句中特意将解释放在括号之内，此处意为“破产的；身无分文的”。

Following the election, the Democrats were demoralized, discredited, and broke．大选过后，民主党人士气低落、名声扫地、缺乏资金。

2）broken意为“破碎的；损坏的；（婚姻）破裂的；（家庭）破碎的；（语言）拙劣的，不流利的”。

Let's sweep away the broken glass.

让我们把这些碎玻璃扫走。

Alison speaks broken French.

艾莉森讲法语结结巴巴。

Most of these children come from broken families.

这些孩子中的多数人来自婚姻破裂的家庭。


64．The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.

【译文】这种变革通过聘用大量专业人员来适应新时代的技术要求，并阻止了效率的降低，这种效率的降低使得许多家族商行在那些精力充沛的创业者之后的第二代、第三代手中破产倒闭。

【点睛】句子的主干是The change met...requirements...and prevented the decline...。其中by engaging a large professional element是介词短语作状语，说明met the technical requirements of the new age的方式。that引导的是定语从句，修饰前面的decline in efficiency。


65．Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.

【译文】对资本和产业的这种大规模的而非个人操纵极大地增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性，他们在国民生活中代表不负责任的财富，这种财富与土地和土地拥有者责任相分离，几乎也同样与企业的经营责任相分离。

【点睛】本句的主干是...manipulation...increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class...。其中an element是class的同位语，representing irresponsible wealth是现在分词作定语修饰前面的element, detached from则是过去分词作后置定语，相当于省略了which is的定语从句。and连接的两个detached from，都修饰前面的wealth。

注意，a class的同位语an element是理解此句的关键。另外，句中一些短语的意思也会影响到对整句的理解，如：detach from“与…相分离”；irrespon-sible wealth“不负责任的财富”，在本句中指的是股东们虽然拥有大量财富，但并不参与企业的运作，不承担任何经营管理的责任。


66．Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who had their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.

【译文】像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城镇的涌现，是为了给众多的“舒适”阶层提供居住场所。这些人依赖于其丰厚收入而不工作，除了分红和偶尔参加一下股东大会向管理层发号施令之外，与外界几乎毫无联系。

【点睛】本句的主干是Towns...sprang up to house...classes，后面两个who引导两个定语从句修饰前面的classes。except在这里是介词，它后面的that指代relation, drawing和attending并列，作介词of的宾语。动词不定式to dictate their orders to the management是目的状语。短语spring up意为“出现，涌现”，例如：

Computer stores are springing up all over the place.

该地区的电脑店铺正如雨后春笋般崛起。


67．The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good.

【译文】“股东”本身对持股的公司里雇工们的生活、思想或需求一无所知，而且他们对劳资双方的关系也不会产生积极的影响。

【点睛】本句是由and连接的两个并列句，主干是the shareholders...had no knowledge..., and his influence...was not good。在第一个分句中，过去分词短语employed...作定语修饰前面的workmen，相当于省略了who were的定语从句，定语从句in which he held shares修饰company。第二个分句是常见的主系表结构。

【考点归纳】注意短语such as和as such的区别。

*　such as“例如，诸如”，表示列举。

I like drinks such as tea and soda.

我喜欢诸如茶和汽水之类的饮料。

*　as such“作为一个…，本身”，主要用来表示强调，在正式的英语中常被省略，但使用它会让句子更有韵律。它也可用来指代前面提到的情况。

The CEO was a former drill sergeant, and as such expected everyone to obey his orders instantly.

这位总裁曾是训练警官，他本人希望每个人都立刻遵守他的命令。（such 指代 former drill sergeant）

Wealth, as such doesn't matter much.

财富本身算不了什么。


68．The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away.

【译文】领取报酬代表公司经营的经理与工人及其需求的关系更加直接，但是就连他对工人们也没有那种熟人之间的了解。而在正在消失的古老家族企业的那种更加家长式的制度下，雇主们却常常与他们的工人有这样的私人关系。

【点睛】本句是由but连接的表转折关系的两个分句。第一个分句的主干为The...manager...was in more direct relation with..., acting for是现在分词作后置定语修饰manager。第二个分句的主干为...he had seldom...knowledge of the workmen...，定语从句which the employer had often had...修饰前面的that familiar personal knowledge, passing away是现在分词短语作后置定语修饰前面的family business。under the more patriarchal system of the old family business是介词短语作状语，修饰谓语had often had。

【考点归纳】不及物动词act与介词的不同搭配。

*　代理（+for）

She acts for me in the matter.

在这件事上，她是我的代理人。

*　起作用，见效（+on/upon）

Does the drug take long to act on the nerve centers？

这种药要很长时间才对神经中枢发生作用吗？

*　假装；演戏，表演

The actress acts very well.

这位女演员表演得非常出色。

*　扮演，充当（+as）

John acted as chairman in his absence.

他不在时，约翰充当主席。

*　举止，表现

I don't think she acted right.

我认为她的举止欠妥。


69．Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools; a labor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; and above all the American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological.

【译文】在诸多形成因素当中，我想特别指出：这个国家优秀的小学教育；欣然接受新技术的劳动力；奖励发明者的做法；而且最重要的是美国人对那些技术性事物的非言语的、“空间性的”思考天赋。

【点睛】本句的主干为I would single out...。句首的介词短语among the many shaping factors作状语，谓语为would single out，其后用分号隔开的各个名词性短语作single out的宾语，其中a labor force后接由that引导的定语从句。最后的形容词technol-ogical是后置定语，修饰前面的things。

短语single out“挑出”后面列举的各种因素都是shaping factors的具体内容，要特别注意在最后一个因素前面的短语above all，该短语用来强调American genius for nonverbal, “spatial” thinking about things technological，这说明它比其他因素更重要。


70．A further stimulus to invention came from the “premium” system, which preceded our patent system and for years ran parallel with it.

【译文】另一个刺激发明的因素是“奖励”制度，它产生于专利制度之前，且多年来一直与后者同时实行。

【点睛】本句是一个复合句，句子的主干是A further stimulus...came from the “premium”system...。逗号后的which引导了一个非限定性定语从句，修饰前面的“premium”system。句末的it指代前面的patent system。precede此处意为“在…之前”。parallel意为“平行的”。短语run parallel with意为“和…平行”。


71．Americans flocked to these fairs to admire the new machines and thus to renew their faith in the beneficence of technological advance.

【译文】美国人纷纷涌向博览会去欣赏新机械，也因此更加坚信技术进步会造福人类。

【点睛】本句的主干结构是Americans flocked to these fairs...；动词不定式to admire and thus to renew...作flocked的目的状语。renew their faith译为“更加坚信”。

【考点归纳】flock意为“蜂拥”，其近义词还有：swarm“使成群”、throng“使成群”。

*　flock作名词时指“鸟群、羊群”，也指“较小的动物群、人群”；作动词时指“聚集；成群地去（或来）”，有时具有贬义。

Last-minute bargain hunters flocked to the shop.

店家大廉售时，想在最后一刻捡便宜的人蜂拥而至。

Birds of a feather flock together.

物以类聚，人以群分。

*　swarm作名词时指“（昆虫等的）群”，作动词时指“成群地移动（或飞行）；到处是人（或物）；挤满（+ with）”，有时带有贬义或令人不快的感觉。

I saw the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiers plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.

我曾看到大批头脑愚蠢、训练有素、唯命是从而又凶暴残忍的德国士兵，像一群蝗虫在蠕蠕行进。

Customers swarmed into the store.

顾客蜂拥挤进商店。

The castle swarmed with sightseers.

这座城堡里到处都是观光客。

*　cluster意为“使成群（+together）”，是中性词。

The peak was so cold that the mountain-climbers clustered together for warmth.

山顶太冷，登山者聚集在一起取暖。

The square was clustered with people.

广场上聚集着成群的人。


72．As Eugene Ferguson has pointed out, “A technologist thinks about objects that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions; they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process...The designer and the inventor...are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist.”

【译文】正如尤金·弗格森所指出的那样：“一个技术专家思考的是那些不能被简化成能用清楚的语言描述的东西。这些东西在他的思维中是通过一种形象的、非语言的方式被加工处理的…设计者和发明者…能够在他们的头脑中装配并操作那些尚不存在的装置。”

【点睛】本句的直接引语部分较复杂，其中包含两个句子。第一个句子是分号连接的两个并列句：第一个分句的主体结构是A technologist thinks about objects...，其中定语从句that cannot be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions修饰前面的objects；第二个分句使用了被动语态，主语they指代前面的objects。第二个句子中定语从句that as yet do not exist修饰前面的devices。

【考点归纳】

注意动词短语reduce to和副词as yet的用法。

*　reduce to在本句中意为“简化为，归纳为”。

Finally the chair reduced all the questions to one.

最后，主席把所有的问题归结为一个。

*　as yet意为“到此时，到目前为止”，用于现在完成时的句子里。可用于现在完成时的副词还有already, yet, just, ever, never等。

This is the second game. They've already won a

game．这是第二场比赛。他们已经赢了一场。

We haven't reached an agreement as yet.

我们还没有达成协议。


73．Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheels, etc., like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea.”

【译文】罗伯特·富尔顿曾经这样写道：“一个技师应当会坐在杠杆、螺丝钉、楔子、轮子等当中，就像一个诗人沉浸在字母表的字母中，把这些字母看成自己思想的展示，在这样的展示中，每种新的排序都传达出一种新的思想。”

【点睛】本句主干为Robert Fulton once wrote...。直接引语作wrote的宾语，其主干为The mechanic should sit down...。连词like“如同，同样”用在句中构成比较。注意，like a poet后面省略了谓语部分should sit down。considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts是现在分词短语作状语表伴随，其中them指代前面的letters。后面的定语从句in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea修饰前面的exhibition。而本句中的considering是动词consider的分词形式，这点需要注意，不要将词性弄混淆了。

【考点归纳】注意considering、considered和considerable的区别。

*　considering可作介词、副词和连词。作介词和连词时指“就…而论，考虑到”；作副词时指“考虑到各方面”，是后面省略all the circumstances的说法，通常置于句尾。

Considering the distance, he arrived very quickly.

考虑到路程较远，他来得够快了。（介词）

Considering he's only been learning English a year he speaks it very well．考虑到他只学了一年英语，他讲得算是很流利了。（连词）

You've done very well, considering.

总的来说，你做得很出色。（副词）

*　considerable是形容词，意为“相当大的；相当多的；值得考虑的；重要的”。

He made a considerable sum of money in real estate．他做房地产生意赚了一大笔钱。

Paul is a considerable person in his town.

保罗是镇上的一位重要人物。

*　considered是形容词，意为“考虑过的，经过深思熟虑的”。

It is his considered decision that she should be fired．他经过仔细考虑后，决定解雇她。


74．Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope—all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people.”

【译文】性的困惑、经济困顿和对宗教的祈望，所有这一切都汇集在那关键的一刻——他对父亲说，自己打开《圣经》时看到的第一句话将决定自己的命运，他看到的第一行充满魔力的文字是：“务必要从他们中间出来，不要沾不洁净的物，我要做你们的神，你们必须做我的子民。”

【点睛】这个复合句的句式比较复杂，主干为：Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope—all came together。破折号后的all是对前面三个名词的概括总结。when引导的定语从句“...when he opened the Bible...shall be my people.”修饰a decisive moment，在这个定语从句中有opened、told、read三个并列的谓语动词。settle one's fate意为“决定某人的命运”。如：Actually, nobody but yourself can settle your fate.

实际上，除了你自己，没有人能左右你的命运。

【考点归纳】settle是考研英语中的重点词汇之一，具有多个不同的意思。

*　安家，定居

We got married and settled the land ten years ago.

十年前，我们结了婚，在这块土地上定居下来。

*　（使）安定

After the excitement she tried to settle herself．激动过后，她设法平静下来。

*　安排；解决；调停

The question has been settled．这个问题已经被解决了。

*　支付，结算

We have some bills to settle．我们有些账要付。


75．In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise.

【译文】在最后三章中，他毫不客气地对神造论者进行了猛烈抨击。他揭露了这些人的活动和策略，对那些不了解神造论者做事方式的人来说，其欺骗性和歪曲事实的程度会令他们感到吃惊和不悦。

【点睛】第一句话的主干是...he takes off...and gives...。第二句话是由and连接的并列句，在第二个分句中，unfamiliar with the ways of creationists相当于省略了who are的定语从句，用以修饰those。在第一句话里，作者把写书比喻成拳击，因而在抨击神造论的时候，用了takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating这样的句子。第二句话里，their programs and tactics, their deception and distortion中的两个their指代的都是creationists'。

【考点归纳】本句需要注意take off one's gloves和glove的用法。

*　take off one's gloves意为“与某人认真地或不宽容地争辩”。相传西方中世纪时骑士们打架都会事先脱掉手套、帽子之类的东西。

You don't have to take off your gloves to a girl like Jenny: there's more bark than bite in what she says．对像杰妮这样的女孩你没有必要如此不依不饶。她说起话来只不过是嘴巴厉害了点儿，可是很少伤害别人。

*　与glove相关的用法还有：

fight with the gloves off

真刀真枪地战斗，你死我活地战斗

fight with the glove on 斯文地争辩/战斗

handle with (kid) gloves 灵活处理；小心对待

handle without gloves 严厉对待，大刀阔斧地处理

take up the glove 应战

The gloves are off．认真起来。

throw down the glove 挑战