without gloves (=with the gloves off)

毫不留情地


76．On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does—and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate.

【译文】这部优秀作品的护封上引用了斯蒂芬·杰·古尔德的一句话：“这本书本身就代表了理性。”的确如此——如果理性是创世纪论和进化论之争的唯一裁判，那么一切问题就已解决了。

【点睛】第一句话中用了直接引语作宾语。第二句话是对第一句的肯定，破折号后的部分作了进一步的解释。were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate其实是省略if的虚拟条件句，相当于if reason were the only judge in the creation-ism/evolution debate。

【考点归纳】如果虚拟条件句中的谓语部分含有were、had或should，可以将其放在句首，省略连词if，变成倒装句——这就叫做虚拟语气的倒装，是考研英语阅读文章中常常出现的。

*　Were it not for your help, I wouldn't have got what I have today. = If it were not for your help, I wouldn't have got what I have today.

要是没有你的帮助，我就不会有今天。

*　Had you come earlier, you would have met him.= If you had come earlier, you would have met him．你来得早一点儿的话，就可以碰到他了。

*　Should it rain, the crops would be saved.

= Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.

假如下雨，庄稼就有救了。

注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were，不用was。

If I were you, I would go to look for him.

如果我是你，就会去找他。

If he were here, everything would be all right.

如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。


77．After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.

【译文】经过6个月的争论和最后16个小时的国会激烈辩论，澳大利亚北领地成为世界上第一个允许医生根据绝症病人个人意愿来结束其生命的立法当局。

【点睛】本句的主干为Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority...，句首成分after six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates是介词短语作状语。后面的动词不定式to allow doctors...who wish to die相当于定语从句which allows doctors to...，修饰legal authority。短语take the life of sb. =take sb.'s life，意为“结束某人的生命”。

【考点归纳】其他与life相关的短语及用法：

*　take one's own life 自杀

In despair at his failure, he took his own life.

他因为对自己的失败感到绝望而自杀。

*　take your life in your hands 做冒险的事情

I think you take your life in your hands every time you get on a plane.

我认为你每次坐飞机都是在冒生命危险。

*　This is the life! 这才是生活啊！（某事让人感到极为放松或享受时所说的话）

Sun, sand and cocktails—this is the life!

阳光、沙滩还有鸡尾酒——这才是生活啊！

*　come to life 苏醒过来

The wounded soldier came to life again.

伤兵又苏醒过来了。


78．The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill Law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications.

【译文】要充分理解这一法案的深刻意义可能需要一段时间。《北领地末期病人权利法》促使医生和公民一起去努力探索其道德及实际方面的意义。

【点睛】第一句是个简单句。第二句稍微复杂一些，其主干为：The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill Law has left physicians and citizens...。分词短语trying to deal with its moral and practical implications作宾语physicians and citizens的补足语。

【考点归纳】注意本句中出现的单词import和短语

sink in、deal with。

*　import作名词和动词的不同用法：

1）作名词时，常用的意思为“进口，输入；进口商品”，而本句中意为“意义；重要性”。

The import of his remarks was that we should work harder．他的演讲的意义是我们应更加努力工作。

This is a question of great import.

这是一个十分重要的问题。

2）作动词时，意为“含有…意思，意味着”。





A high inflation rate imports hard times for consumers．通货膨胀率高意味着消费者日子难过。

*　sink in意为“渗入；被理解；被理会；被听进去”。

If the ink sinks in, it'll be hard to remove the spot from the cloth.

如果墨水渗入布料，就很难把污迹洗去。

It took a week for it to sink in that his mother had died.

大约过了一星期，他才明白过来他母亲已经死了。

*　deal with, resolve和solve都有“解决”的意思，其区别在于：

1）deal with仅表示“解决，处理”。

What we want is that the teacher may deal fairly with us．我们所希望的只是这个老师能够公平地对待我们。

2）resolve指“解决（矛盾或大难题）”，突出问题的严重性，如：resolve a conflict, resolve differences, resolve a crisis。除此之外，它还有一个比较重要的意思就是“下决心，决定”。

He resolved to study abroad.

他决心出国念书。

3）solve一般指“解决难题”，如：solve a problem, solve a riddle，但所要解决的问题的严重性不如resolve。

She tried to solve a crossword puzzle.

她试着解答一个填空游戏。


79．Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back.

【译文】一些机构如释重负，而另一些机构，包括教会、生存权的团体以及澳大利亚医疗协会都猛烈抨击议案及其通过之仓促。但是大势已定，不可逆转。

【点睛】在第一句中，有两个表示对比的分句：Some have breathed...others...attacked...，其中others之后是介词短语including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association，对others进行进一步的解释。its passage中的its指代前面提到的the bill。第二句与第一句是转折关系。

【考点归纳】tide的引申义及短语turn back的用法。

*　tide本义是“潮水，潮汐”，但在本句中引申为“趋势，趋向”。

They believed the tide would turn before the year was out．他们相信，形势会在一年之内得到扭转。

*　turn back意为“改变方向；停止前行，扭转”。

We were stopped on the road by the floods and had to turn back.

我们在公路上被洪水所阻，不得不往回走。

Democracy and freedom are the unalienable rights of the people; no one and even God cannot turn back the demand for them.

民主和自由是人民不可剥夺的权利，没有谁，即使是上帝也无法逆转人们对其需求。


80．In Australia—where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.

【译文】在澳大利亚，由于人口老龄化、寿命延长技术和公众态度变化等原因，其他州也将考虑制定类似的法律来处理安乐死问题。

【点睛】本句的主干为...other states are going to consider...。句首的介词短语in Australia作地点状语。定语从句where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part进一步解释Australia的具体情况。

【考点归纳】注意play a part和play a role。

这两个短语都有“发挥（或起到）作用”的意思，在表达上没有区别，只是为了在写作上避免重复。

China is playing her active part in the nuclear issue of North Korea．中国在朝鲜核问题上起着积极的作用。

Public play a decisive role in fighting against piracy.

公众在抵制盗版的事务中扮演了决定性的角色。


81．For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill Law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition.

【译文】对于利奥德·尼克森，一位54岁饱受肺癌折磨的达尔文市市民来说，《北领地末期病人权利法》意味着他可以摆脱萦绕心间的对痛苦的恐惧继续活下去，无需整天担心因呼吸困难而痛苦地死去。

【点睛】本句的主干为the NT Rights of Terminally Ill Law means...。句首的for Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer作句子的状语，其中a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer为Lloyd Nickson的同位语。本句的宾语是一个从句：he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering。而这个宾语从句中冒号后的a terrifying death from his breathing condition是his suffering的同位语。


82．There are, of course, exceptions. Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.

【译文】当然也有例外。在美国，心胸狭窄的官员、粗鲁的侍者以及无礼的出租车司机也并不少见。然而人们常常作出这样的评论，所以值得讨论一番。

【点睛】第一个句子特别简单，是there be结构，of course是插入语。第二句是主系表结构，但注意此句出现了双重否定结构，hardly unknown等于pretty well-known，含有推测的语气。第三句使用了so...that...结构，其中made so frequently是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰前面的observation。

【考点归纳】英语中双重否定句是一种非常特殊的句型，具有一般的否定句和肯定句所不具备的表达功能。有时为了表达强烈的情感或突出某一主题，可以使用双重否定来加强或削弱语气。

*　双重否定句中通常含有两个具有否定意义的词语，这两个否定词起相互抵消、相互加强或相互减弱的作用。

None of us have never made mistakes.

我们中没有人从不犯错误。（语气加重，语言更具感染力，其肯定含义要强于一般的肯定句）

All of us have made mistakes.

我们所有人都犯过错。（仅在陈述事实）

Nobody does not believe in him.

无人不相信他的话。

Everybody believes in him.

大家都相信他的话。

*　有时，有些双重否定句只表示某种委婉的语气，而其肯定的程度还不如一般的肯定句，这样的双重否定句也叫委婉型双重否定句。

It is not impossible for you to do it without other's help.

没有别人的帮助，你自己做那件事也未尝不可。（委婉型双重否定句）

It is possible for you to do it without other's help.

没有别人的帮助，你自己做那件事也是可能的。（一般的肯定句）

It is not uncommon for a great scholar to be ignorant of everyday affairs.

一个伟大的学者对日常事务一无所知，这并不罕见。（委婉些，带有推测商榷的色彩）

It is common for a great scholar to be ignorant of everyday affairs．一个伟大的学者对日常事务一无所知，这种情况很平常。

一个双重否定句到底是强化语气还是弱化语气，要根据具体的语境来判断。


83．Someone traveling alone, if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement.

【译文】单独旅行时，如果饿了、伤了或病了，通常只能求助于最近的小屋或村落的人家。

【点睛】本句是一个简单句。句子的主干为Someone...had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement。现在分词短语traveling alone作后置定语修饰前面的someone。if hungry, injured, or ill...实际上是简略的if引导的状语从句，相当于if he is hungry, injured, or ill...，这里作插入成分。另外“have sth. + to do”结构中的动词不定式作定语修饰前面的sth.，在这里就是：没有可以投靠〔to turn to（动词不定式）〕的地方〔nowhere (sth.)〕。turn to在这里的引申含义是“投靠，求助于”。

【考点归纳】考研英语中关于turn的动词短语小结：

turn up 意外出现；在预定的时间或地点到达

turn down 拒绝；关小

turn on 打开（如：the light, the gas, the radio）

turn off 关掉（如：the gas）

turn out 结果是，原来是

turn over in one's mind 考虑

turn away 转过去；避开

turn into 变成

turn to 求助于；转向


84．The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.

【译文】很多美国人的这种随意的友好态度不应被看作是肤浅的或虚假的，而应被视为历史形成的文化传统。

【点睛】本句的主干是The casual friendliness should be interpreted neither as...nor as..., but as...。主语是friendliness，谓语是should be interpreted。其中neither...nor...结构中用词性相同的成分——形容词superficial和artificial作主语friendliness的补足语。注意，but as后面的部分也是主语friendliness的补足语。neither...nor...but...结构强调的重点在but之后。

【考点归纳】本句使用了补足语。补足语分宾语补足语和主语补足语两种，宾语补足语是补充说明及物动词的宾语，它与之前的宾语一起构成句子的复合宾语；主语补足语补充说明主语的状态、特征等。如果把带有宾语补足语的句子变成被动句，原来补充说明宾语的部分就变成补充说明主语了，也就变成了主语补足语。

*　被动语态的主语补足语与主动语态的宾语补足语是密切相关的。

1）I saw him playing basketball yesterday.

（playing basketball是宾语him的补足语。）

2）He was seen playing basketball yesterday.

（本句的含义是：别人看见他正在打篮球。playing basketball是主语 he 的补足语，故称作主语补足语。）

要特别注意的是：主语和主语补足语一起称作复合主语，所以含有主语补足语的句子一般是被动语态，谓语动词是可以接复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）的及物动词，句首的主语就是主语补足语的逻辑主语。

*　主语补足语的类别

1）动词elect, call, name, make, find, leave等后面常接名词作主语补足语。

Gain at the expense of reputation should be called loss.

以名誉为代价而收获的东西应被称为损失。

2）动词keep, make, paint, cut, burn, beat, wash, find, consider, wipe等后面常接形容词作主语补足语。

Rough roads will be made plain.

崎岖的道路将变成坦途。

3）动词see, watch, hear, feel, listen to, look at, imagine等后面接分词作主语补足语。

He is often heard reading English.

人们常听见他在读英语。

4）感官动词see, watch, hear, notice, feel, make等后面接带to的不定式作主语补足语。

Time is often said to be money, but it is more—it is life．人们常说时间是金钱，但时间不止如此，它是生命。

5）介词短语作主语补足语。

The books in the study must be kept in good order．书房的书籍必须有序地摆放。

6）as后面接名词、形容词、分词等作主语补足语。

Mishaps are regarded as knives that either serve us or cut us as we grasp them by the handle or blade．灾难就像刀子，握住刀柄就可以为我们服务，拿住刀刃则会割破手。


85．As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.

【译文】正如在其他发达国家一样，在美国，所有社会关系的背后都隐含着一系列复杂的文化符号、信念和习俗。

【点睛】本句含有一个非限定性定语从句。句首的as是一个关系代词，表示“这一情况，这一事实”，引导定语从句，修饰整个主句。

【考点归纳】关系代词包括that、which、who、whom和whose，常用来引导定语从句，可在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。但是，英语中还有一些特殊的关系代词，如：as, than和but，它们也可以用来引导定语从句。本句句首的as就是一个关系代词，它既可引导限定性定语从句，也可引导非限定性定语从句。

*　引导限定性定语从句

当主句出现such、as、the same等词时，定语从句往往由as引导，构成固定结构。

Take such measures as the situation calls for.

按形势所需采取相应对策。

Well, Mary, remember that there are as good fish in the sea as ever came out of it. You surely will find your Mr. Right.

嗯，玛丽，要记住海里的好鱼取之不尽。你肯定会找到你的白马王子的。

*　引导非限定性定语从句

as引导非限定性定语从句时，从句可置于先行词之前且从句常修饰整个主句。

As we have noted, few people are total winners or losers.

正如我们已指出的那样，很少有人是完全的胜利者或完全的失败者。

As is well known, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth．众所周知，海洋占地球面积的百分之七十以上。


86．Rather than have people simply rate their beauty compared with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been morphed to appear more and less attractive.

【译文】他没有让人们仅仅通过与别人相比来评价自己的美貌，而是让他们从一组包括已经被修改得更加迷人的或是魅力有所减少的照片中认出他们自己的原始照片。

【点睛】此处实际上是rather than连接了两个并列的分句，第一个分句的主干是（he）have people simply rate..., rather than位于句首，分句用了倒装结构。第二个分句的主干是he asked them to identify...，其中包含一个由that引导的定语从句，修饰versions。simply意为“仅仅，只不过”。如：

Many people watch TV simply to stave off boredom over the Spring Festival Holidays．很多人看电视仅仅是为了打发春节休息期间的无聊时光而已。

simply还可以用于表示强调，意为“简直，根本”。如：

This sort of criticism simply cannot be justified．这种批评根本就不合理。

rate意为“评价；评级”，如：

We rated his fortune at about 200,000 dollars.

我们估计他的财产约值二十万美元。

rate常与as搭配，即be rated as意为“被评为”，如：

He was rated as major in 2000．他在2000年被评为少校。

original photograph意为“原始照片”。morph有“改变”的含义，此处指“修改图片”。attractive意为“有魅力的，迷人的”。

【考点归纳】注意区分rather than, more...than和other than的用法。

*　rather than用来表示“是…而不是…”，通常连接两个并列成分。

He is an artist rather than a philosopher.

他是位艺术家而不是位哲学家。

*　sb./sth. is more A than B表示“与其说sb./sth.是B，不如说是A”；sb./sth. is not more A than B表示“与其说sb./sth．是A，不如说是B”。

He is more an artist than a philosopher.

与其说他是位哲学家，不如说他是位艺术家。

He is not more an artist than a philosopher.

与其说他是位艺术家，不如说他是位哲学家。

*　other than的含义与except/but相同，都表示从总体中除去一部分，后接名词、代词或不定式。

The truth was known to no one other than herself.

除了她自己，没人知道真相。

In that case, there is nothing you can do other than wait．那样的话，除了等待你别无他法。


87．The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of“drug abuse”to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.

【译文】他们常用“物质滥用”而不用“药物滥用”，来表明滥用酒精、烟草这样的物质如同滥用海洛因和可卡因一样有害。

【点睛】本句的主干是The phrase “substance abuse” is often used...，不定式to make clear that...作目的状语。clear后面的that substances can be just as harmfully misused是宾语从句，作动词make的宾语，而clear则是宾语补足语。