"Good! Old tree roots is ________ best place to lean on and rest. Come, Come sit down with me and rest."

The boy sat down and the tree was glad and smiled with tears.......

This is the story of everyone. The tree is our parent. When we were young, we loved to play with Mom and Dad...

When we grown up, we left them... only came to them when we need something or when we are in trouble.

No matter what, parents will always be there and give everything they could to make you happy.

You may think the boy is cruel to the tree but that's how all of us are treating our parent.

Time is too slow for those who wait, too swift for those who fear, too long for those who grieve, too short for those who rejoice, but for those who love, time is eternity.

7．单项选择。

29．In 1864 Nevada entered the United States as ________ thirty-sixth state.

A．in the

B．to be the

C．was the

D．the

30． ________ are good for you.

A．Apple

B．An apple

C．Apples

D．The apples

31．Look at ________ on that tree! They're very big.

A．apple

B．an apple

C．apples

D．the apples

32．We had a very nice meal. ________ were especially good.

A．Vegetables

B．The vegetables

C．Vegetable

D．A vegetable

33．Most people believe that ________ are the basis of ________ .

A．marriage and family life—society

B．marriage and family life—the society

C．the marriage and the family life—society

D．the marriage and the family life—the society

34．Mary and John got married but ________ didn't last very long.

A．marriage

B．the marriage

C．a marriage

D．marriages

35．One of our biggest social problems is ________ .

A．the unemployment

B．unemployment

C．an unemployment

D．unemployments

36．Don't stay in that hotel. It's very noisy and ________ are very uncomfortable.

A．beds

B．the beds

C．this bed

D．a bed

37． ________ is a problem in most big cities.

A．Crime

B．The crime

C．Crimes

D．This crime

38．"What on earth is that?" "Don't you know? That's a whale, ________ ."

A．largest world's mammal

B．largest mammal in the world

C．the world's largest mammal

D．largest mammal of the world

39．A foreign language is a weapon in ________ , as Marx put it.

A．struggle of life

B．struggle of the life

C．the struggle of life

D．the struggle of the life

40．They waited for ________ inevitable to happen.

A．an

B．a

C．the

D．×

41．Suddenly ________ fire broke out in the warehouse and everything in it was on ________ fire.

A．×/a

B．the/×

C．a/×

D．×/the





Chapter 3


第三章　限定词（二）：数量限定词与个体限定词


在本章中，除了讨论常用的数量限定词和个体限定词之外，还会讨论有关限定词的其他用法。具体内容安排如下：

3.1　数量限定词（一）：a few，few/a little，little

3.2　数量限定词（二）：some/any

3.3　个体限定词（一）：each/every

3.4　个体限定词（二）：another/other

3.5　个体限定词（三）：either/neither

3.6　限定词总结（一）：限定词中的“二”与“三”

3.7　限定词总结（二）：限定词与可数／不可数名词

3.8　限定词总结（三）：限定词与of短语

3.9　限定词总结（四）：限定词之间的位置关系

3.10　限定词与形容词的区别

如同在上一章“冠词”中强调的一样，我们在讨论其他限定词的用法的过程中，也必须以名词的可数性及名词的单复数为基础，由此把名词区分为不可数名词、单数名词和复数名词这三种，在此基础上我们再来研习限定词的搭配用法。





3.1　数量限定词（一）：a few，few/a little，little

一、与名词的搭配关系

从与名词的搭配来看，a few和few的后面只能接复数名词，而a little和little的后面只能接不可数名词。例如：

1　a few days, few boys

2　a little water, little money

二、肯定／否定之别

从肯定及否定的角度来看，a few和a little的意思是肯定的，相当于some，表示“有一些”的意思。而few和little的意思是否定的，表示“很少，几乎没有”。例如：

3　His theory is rather difficult; few people understand it.

＝His theory is rather difficult; almost no people understand it. 他的理论很深奥，没什么人能够理解。

4　His theory is rather difficult, but a few people understand it. 他的理论很深奥，但有一些人能够理解。

5　I have little interest in English, so I am very poor at it. 我对英文没什么兴趣，所以学得很不好。

6　I have a little interest in English, so I like learning it. 我对英文有些兴趣，所以我喜欢学。

三、与only或very的搭配关系

我们只能说：only a little或only a few，而不能说：only few*或only little*。但为了强调否定意义，我们可说：very few或very little。我们来分析下面这道题：

7　His theory is rather difficult and ________ students can understand it.

A．only few

B．only a few

C．only little

D．only a little

正确答案

B。

妙语点睛

首先，从与名词搭配的角度来看，复数名词students只能与a few/few连用。其次，从与only搭配的角度来看，只有only才能与a few搭配。因此，正确答案是B，即only a few。

精品译文

他的理论很深奥，只有一些人能够理解。

思维训练

Exercise 3.1 (Keys: 此处)

用a few，a little，few，little填空。

1．A: Are you finished?

B: Not yet. I need ________ more minutes.

B: Not yet. I need ________ more time.

2．Do you have ________ minutes? I'd like to ask you ________ questions. I need ________ more information.

3．He is very poor and he has ________ clothes.

4．I like music. I like to listen to ________ music after dinner.

5．Jane is very shy. She seems to have ________ friends in her new school.

6．I had ________ food this morning. Now I am very hungry.

7．Mr. Zhang's grammar lecture is very clear. As a result, very ________ students have questions at the end of class.

8．English is not hard. Only ________ students are not good at it.

9．I had only ________ money with me.

10．Only ________ dollars have been borrowed from the manager.





3.2　数量限定词（二）：some/any

一、与名词的搭配关系

从与名词的搭配来看，some和any均可以与不可数名词及可数名词复数连用，表示“一些”。some一般用在肯定句中，而any一般用在否定句中。例如：

1　Clint is busy. He always has some work to do. But John is lazy. He never does any work. 克林特很忙，他总是有工作要做。但是约翰很懒，他什么也不干。

2　Last night I was very hungry and I wanted some food to eat. But now I am not hungry and I don't want any food to eat. 昨晚我很饿，想吃点东西。但是现在我不饿了，什么也不想吃。

3　I need some medicine to cure my cough. 我需要吃点药治好咳嗽。

4　I want to buy some computer books. 我想买几本计算机书。

5　I don't have any friends here. 我在这里没有朋友。

在疑问句中，我们多数情况下用any，但是在表示我们期待一个正面的回答或要鼓励对方说“是”时，要在疑问句中用some。例如：

6　Have you got any medicine to cure your cough? 你吃治疗咳嗽的药了吗？

7　Would you like to give me some advice? 你想给我提点建议吗？

8　Can I have some more wine? 我能再喝点酒吗？

除了上述与不可数名词及复数名词搭配外，some和any都可以与单数名词搭配，此时均有特殊的含义和用法。具体详述如下。

二、特殊用法一：any与单数名词搭配

当any的后面接单数名词时，它的意思是“无论哪一个，任何一个”，此时可用于任何类型的句子。比如用于下面的肯定句中：

9　You can catch any bus. They all go to the railway station. 你坐哪辆公共汽车都行，它们都到火车站。

10　You can ask any person over there. They all can tell you. 你问那边的哪个人都行，他们都会告诉你。

三、特殊用法二：some与单数名词搭配

some可与单数可数名词连用，这时的some表示不确定的“某一个”的意思。例如：

11　Of the many ways of getting to prison, Soapy thought the best was to eat a big meal at some good restaurant and then told the manager that he didn't have money to pay.

妙语点睛

这是欧·亨利（O'Henry）的小说《警察与赞美诗》中的句子。我们看到，这里some的后面接的是一个单数名词restaurant，表示“某一家餐馆”。显然，他不会同时在“几个餐馆”吃饭，所以不说some restaurants。

精品译文

在众多可能入狱的办法当中，苏比认为最好的办法是找一家好餐馆大吃一顿，然后告诉经理说没钱付账。

再看其他例句：

12　A mirage is an atmospheric optical illusion of some object. 海市蜃楼就是某个物体的奇特的光学幻影。

13　Some person at the gate is asking to see you. 门口有个人要见你。

下面这个句子出自英国电影《四个婚礼和一个葬礼》（Four Weddings and a Funeral）：

14　I always just hoped that I'd meet some nice friendly girl, like the look of her, hope the look of me didn't make her physically sick, then pop the question and, um, settle down and be happy. It worked for my parents.

我一直希望能遇见某个为人很好、长相也不错的姑娘，希望我的长相也不会让她讨厌。然后我就向她求婚，嗯，然后我们结婚，从此过上幸福的日子。我的父母就是这样的。

（作者注：pop the question是一个俚语，表示“向某人求婚”的意思。）

值得注意的是，some的这一特殊用法可表示强烈的感情色彩，它往往暗示缺乏兴趣，甚至是蔑视的态度。请看例句：

15　I don't want to spend my life in some lonely little village. 我可不想把自己的一生消磨在一个偏僻的小山村里。

16　A: Two buttons have been off my new jacket.

B: Some bargain.

精品译文

A：我那件新夹克已经掉了两粒扣子了。

B：什么破烂货！

17　A: Mike promised he'd help on this rush job. But he never showed up.

B: Some friend he is.

精品译文

A：麦克答应帮我赶这个急活，可他就是没有出现。

B：这叫什么朋友！

2007年4月16日，美国弗吉尼亚理工大学枪击案的歹徒韩国人赵承熙（Cho Seung-Hui）杀死32人，然后自杀，制造了美国历史上最惨重的校园枪击案（killing 32 people and committing suicide in the deadliest school shooting in U. S. history）。他事先自拍了一段录像，后来他把这段自制录像寄到全国广播公司新闻部（NBC News）。在这段令人毛骨悚然的录像中他说：

18　This is it. This is where it all ends. End of the road. What a life it was. Some life.

妙语点睛

这里他说some life，显示了他对人生的绝望和对生命的蔑视，这导致他枪杀了32人。

精品译文

就这样。这样结束一切。结束人生的路。多么美妙的人生。可真没白活。

下面这个对话来自著名电影《阿甘正传》（Forrest Gump），是在电影一开头，阿甘的妈妈带着小阿甘去医院检查智商后，他妈妈和医生希尔考克（Mr. Hillcock）之间的对话：

19　Mr. Hillcock: I'm going to show you something, Mrs. Gump. Now here is normal. Forrest is right here. The State requires a minimum IQ of 80 to attend public school, Mrs. Gump. He's going to have to go to a special school. He'll be just fine.

Mrs. Gump: What does normal mean, anyway? He might be a bit on the slow side, but my boy, Forrest, is going to get the same opportunities as everyone else. He's not going to some special school to learn how to retread tires. We're talking about 5 little points here. There must be something can be done.

妙语点睛

在some special school这个短语里，阿甘的妈妈用some来修饰一个单数名词school（一般来说some是要修饰复数名词的），这里的some就是一个特殊用法，在这里，它表示阿甘妈妈对“残障学校（special school）”不感兴趣，甚至是蔑视的态度，从而更加表明她要让儿子接受正式教育的决心。

关于这个句子的更多解释，详见第七章“将来时态”。

精品译文

希尔考克医生：甘太太，我打算给你看样东西。你看，正常的智商是在这个位置，而阿甘的智商在这里。国家规定，最低智商要达到80才能上公立学校。所以，阿甘只能去残障学校，他才能适应。

甘太太：“正常智商“是什么意思？他不就是反应或许比别的孩子稍微慢一点嘛！不过，我儿子阿甘一定要接受和其他所有人一样的教育，他绝不去什么特殊残障学校学习如何修补轮胎。他不就是智商差五个小点嘛，一定能有办法！

四、特殊用法三：some与数词连用

在限定复数名词时，some的后面还可以先接一个数词，然后再接名词，此时some表示“大约”的意思。这一用法常常暗指这是一个给人以深刻印象的很大的数字。例如：

20　Some 1,500 passengers and crew died aboard the Titanic when it sank on April 14, 1912 after hitting an iceberg. It lies at a depth of some 4,000 meters, some 640 kilometers south of Newfoundland, Canada.

妙语点睛

这里共有三处some与数词连用，都是为了强调这些数字是相当可观的。

精品译文

在“泰坦尼克”号游轮于1912年4月14日因为撞击冰山而沉没之后，船上大约有1,500名乘客和船员丧生。它的沉没地点位于加拿大纽芬兰省以南约640公里处大约4,000米深的海里。

21　For "good", the Chinese worked out a combination of "woman" and "child". Once this combination process had started, there was no limit to it. The Chinese still use the system today, having developed it to the point of producing some forty thousand combined characters out of a few hundred original pictures of concrete objects.

妙语点睛

这里的some与数词forty thousand连用，以强调该数字是巨大的，翻译时可以译成“多达四万”来加以体现。

精品译文

对于“好”这个字，中国人创造出“女”和“子”的组合来表示。自从开创了这种组合造字法后，中国人就一直沿用至今，现在他们用几百个象形文字，已创造出多达四万个组合汉字。

思维训练

Exercise 3.2 (Keys: 此处)

用some或any填空。

1．Last night I was very hungry and I wanted ________ food to eat. But now I am not hungry and I don't want ________ food to eat.

2．I need ________ medicine to cure my cough.

3．I want to buy ________ computer books.

4．I don't have ________ friends here.

5．A: I thought this shirt was a great deal but I washed it once and it's shrunk so much that I can't wear it.

B: ________ bargain. You should ask for a refund.

6．A: Mike promised he'd help on this rush job. But he never showed up.

B: ________ friend he is.

7．You can catch ________ bus. They all go to the railway station.

8． ________ 1,500 passengers and crew died aboard the Titanic when it sank on April 14, 1912 after hitting an iceberg. It lies at a depth of ________ 4,000 meters, ________ 640 kilometers south of Newfoundland, Canada.





3.3　个体限定词（一）: each/every

一、与名词的搭配关系

从与名词的搭配来看，each和every的后面都只能接单数可数名词，这就是为什么要称它们为“个体”限定词的原因。它们不能修饰不可数名词和复数名词。比如我们说：every/each boy，而不说：every/each boys*。此时若作主语，句子的谓语动词显然要用单数。例如：

1　Every boy has a gift. 每个男孩都有礼物。

2　Each boy has a gift. 每个男孩都有礼物。

3　Every man is the master of his own fortune. 每个人都是自己命运的主宰。

这两个限定词都是只能与单数名词连用，这是二者的共同点。但二者的重点在于其用法上的差异。具体阐述如下。

二、二者用法上的差异

1．二者在词性上的差别

二者最重大的区别是：each不仅用作限定词，而且也可用作代词；而every只能用作限定词。因此，each用作代词可以单独使用，而every只能与名词连用，不能单独使用。如上面的例句2可改为：

4　Each has a gift.

却不能说：

Every has a gilt.*

精品译文

人人都有礼物。

注意下面句子的结构和用法：

5　Every boy/Each boy has a gift.

妙语点睛

这里的each和every都用作限定词，后面只能接单数名词，如这里的boy。

精品译文

每个男孩都有礼物。

6　Each has a gift.

妙语点睛

each用作代词，后面的谓语要用单数，如这里的has。

精品译文

人人都有礼物。

7　Each of the boys has a gift.

妙语点睛

each用作代词，后面加of短语。此时of的后面须加限定词，然后再接复数名词。不能说：each of boys*，而要说：each of these/the/my boys。但谓语依然用单数，因为each是主语核心词。

精品译文

每个男孩都有礼物。

类似例句7这个句子，若要用every，则只能这么说：

8　Every one of the boys has a gift.

妙语点睛

every不能单独使用，而且在与of短语连用时，只能是分开写的every one of...，而不能说：everyone of...。关于这一点，详见3.8节。

精品译文

每个男孩都有礼物。

9　The boys each have a gift.

妙语点睛

each用作代词，可跟在主语后面，作主语的同位语，但此时的谓语动词用复数，因为复数名词（如这里的boys）是主语核心词。

10　The boys have a gift each.

妙语点睛

each用作代词时也可放在句末。

精品译文

每个男孩都有礼物。

11　I give the boys each a gift.

妙语点睛

each用作代词时也可放在间接宾语的后面。

精品译文

每个男孩我都送了礼物。

2．二者在意思上有两点区别

首先，each可以用来指两个或两个以上的事物。而every却总是指三个或三个以上的事物，不能指两个。例如：

12　Each sex has its own physical and psychological characteristics.

妙语点睛

性别就“男”和“女”两种，故不能说：Every sex...*。

精品译文

男女各有其生理和心理上的特点。

13　There are a lot of trees on each side of the street.

妙语点睛

街道只有两旁，故不能说：...every side...*。

精品译文

街道两旁都是树木。

关于哪些限定词表示“二”的概念，哪些是表示“三”以上的概念，详见3.6节。

其次，尽管each和every都可作“每一个”讲，但两者的意思并不完全一样。every强调整体，相当于all的意思；而each则表示个别的概念。当我们用each时，我们强调的是一个一个不同的人或事物。例如：