1.5.3 what后面接名词

此时，what作关系形容词，结构是“what+名词”，意为“所有的……，尽可能多的……”，这时what一般表示物，不表示人。

38 What money I have has been given to you.

妙语点睛 这里what后面接名词money，原句相当于All the money that I have has been given to you。

精品译文 我身上所有的钱都给你了。

39 Lend me what reference books you have on the subject.

妙语点睛 这里what后面接名词短语reference books，原句相当于Lend me all the reference books that you have on the subject。

精品译文 请把你所有有关这个研究专题的参考书都借给我。

40 The accident completely wiped out what little sight he had left.

妙语点睛 这里what后面接名词短语little sight，原句相当于说The accident completely wiped out all the little sight that he had left。

精品译文 这次事故使他仅有的一点视力也丧失了。

41 After sharing what little food they had, the old couple let the two angels sleep in their bed where they could have a good night’s rest.

妙语点睛 这里what后边接名词短语little food，原句相当于说After sharing all the little food that they had。

精品译文 这对老夫妇把仅有的一点点食物拿出来款待这两个天使，然后又让出原本他们自己可以安睡的床，给这两个天使睡。

42 Wild Bill Donovan would have loved the Internet. The American spymaster who built the Office of Strategic Services in World War II and later laid the roots for the CIA was fascinated with information. Donovan believed in using whatever tools come to hand in the “great game” of espionage-spying as a “profession”.（2003年阅读第一篇）

妙语点睛 这里whatever是what的强调形式，后面接名词tools，所以同样属于第二种用法“what+名词”。Whatever tools在从句中作主语，而整个从句whatever tools come to hand则作using的宾语，是一个宾语从句。此外，would have loved是一个虚拟语气，这表明Donovan这个人现已不在人世，请参见第七章“虚拟语气”。

精品译文 Wild Bill Donovan若在世的话，他会爱上互联网的。这位美国间谍大王对情报着迷，他曾经在二战时建立了战略事务办公室，为中央情报局的成立奠定了基础。Donovan相信，在谍报工作这个“大游戏”中，可以使用任何手段。

真题再现：1997年语法

43 He claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in actual fact he is quite ignorant on the subject. _____ he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.

A. What little

B. So much

C. How much

D. So little

正确答案 A

妙语点睛 这里what little相当于what little knowledge，这类似于上述例句中的what little sight或what little food，这属于“what+名词”的结构。整个从句是what little he knows about it（it指天文学），用作主语，所以what从句在这里是一个主语从句。而what little在从句中作谓语knows的宾语。

精品译文 他自诩为天文学专家，但实际上他对这一领域知之甚少。他所知道的那点知识也是过时和不准确的。

真题再现：1993年语法

44 As for the winter, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of ______ furnace fuel is allowed saved for the dawn.

A. what

B. that

C. which

D. such

正确答案 A

妙语点睛 这个句子有一定的难度，with前的主句不难理解，关键是with后面成分的理解。首先，这里实际上是由with引导的一个独立分词结构（详细内容参见第九章），其一般结构是：with+名词或名词性短语+分词。此句中的结构可看成：with+what引导的名词从句（相当于名词短语）+saved for the dawn（分词结构）。这个with独立分词结构在句中作状语，表示原因。其次，我们再来分析这个由what引导的名词从句：most of what furnace fuel is allowed。what前没有先行词，这里是“what+名词（furnace fuel）”的用法。引导的名词从句确切说应为：what furnace fuel is allowed（所有分配的锅炉燃料）。可改为定语从句：all the furnace fuel that is allowed，然后再加上most of，所以要理解成［most of （what furnace fuel is allowed）］，表示“所分配的锅炉燃料中的大部分”。注意断句，不要理解成：［（most of what furnace fuel） is allowed］。也就是说，这里what从句是一个整体，相当于一个名词短语，然后再有most of （what从句）。这样的结构完全类似于我们上面讨论过的P13页例句（37）的翻译。

精品译文 到了冬天，由于所分配的锅炉燃料中的大部分需要节省下来等到黎明时候再用，因此（夜里）冷得难受。





1.6 关系代词as

关于as引导定语从句，请大家首先记住：as引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句有着根本的不同。as引导的限制性定语从句只是用在一些固定结构如such，the same，as修饰的先行词后面。而as引导非限制性定语从句则没有这种结构上的要求。在考研英语真题中，主要涉及as引导的非限制性定语从句。

1.6.1 as引导非限制性定语从句

as引导的非限制性定语从句在句中的位置很灵活，可以位于句首、句中或句末，例如：

45 As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a two-edged weapon which can be used equally for good or evil.

妙语点睛 as引导的定语从句用在句首，此时，as指代后边的完整主句。

精品译文 正如人们常常指出的，知识是一把双刃剑，可以用于造福，也同样可以用来为害。

46 As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, and conventions underlies all social interrelationships.（1997年阅读第二篇）

妙语点睛 as引导的定语从句用在句首，此时，as指代后边的完整主句。

精品译文 与任何发达社会一样，在美国，一套复杂的文化信号、信念及习俗制约着所有的社会交往。

47 There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.（1998年阅读第二篇）

妙语点睛 as定语从句用在句中，隔开了there is与a “disjunction”。

精品译文 正如财政部长Robert Rubin所说，显示生产力增长的大量商界轶闻与统计数字所反映的情况之间存在“脱节”。

48 There is, as has been suggested, a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting, but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself.

妙语点睛 as引导的定语从句用在句中，隔开了there is与a growing body。

精品译文 正如前面已经提及的，对新闻与广播进行研究的文献越来越多，但是关注新闻采访本身的研究却很少。

49 I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.（2001年阅读第五篇）

妙语点睛 as引导的定语从句用在句中，隔开了discovered与其that宾语从句。

精品译文 我已经发现——也许Kelsey也会发现，她由于过于劳累而公开地辞去了在《她》的编辑职位——放弃“忙忙碌碌”的理论，而采取另一种“放慢生活节奏”的方式，会比经济上的成功和社会上的地位更有价值。

50 Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry—William Shakespeare—but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches.（2006年阅读第二篇）

妙语点睛 as引导的定语从句用在句中，隔开了主语Stratford-on-Avon与其谓语has。

精品译文 众所周知，Stratford-on-Avon只有一个产业，即威廉·莎士比亚，但是存在着两个明显不同且日益敌对的分支。

51 This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing; living in “public and industrious thoughts”, as Emersion would say, is something else.（2006年英译汉）

妙语点睛 as引导的定语从句用在句中，隔开了主语public and industrious thoughts与其谓语is。

精品译文 这种描述甚至适合大多数著名学者。在人类知识领域的某个分支方面学识渊博是一回事；如同爱默生所指出的：生活在“可感知的和卓越的思想中”是另外一回事。

52 The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world’s five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).（2004年阅读第二篇）

妙语点睛 as引导的定语从句用在句末。

精品译文 世界三大中央银行家（Greenspan, Duisenberg和Hayami）的姓氏首字母都位于字母表前列（尽管他们其中一人实际上用的是日文），而世界上五大首富（Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison和Albrecht）也是这样。

真题再现：语法攻克考研“完形填空”——2006年第18题

53 18 Edward Zlotkowski, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, puts it, “There has to be coordination of programs. What’s needed is a package deal.”

A. So

B. Since

C. As

D. Thus

正确答案 C

妙语点睛 本题考查as引导的定语从句。

精品译文 正如马萨诸塞州Bentley学院社区服务主任Edward Zlotkowski所指出的：“必须要有项目之间的协调，需要的是一揽子计划。”

真题再现：1995年语法

54 ______ is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.

A. What

B. That

C. It

D. As

正确答案 D

妙语点睛 本题考查as引导的定语从句。

精品译文 正如人们普遍认为的，经济的增长取决于生产的顺利发展。

真题再现：1999年语法

55 ____ can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.

A. As

B. What

C. That

D. It

正确答案 A

妙语点睛 本题考查as引导的定语从句。

精品译文 对比这些数据，我们就可以看出，基本原则是要求病人积极参与到改善自己健康状况的活动中。

1.6.2 与as引导非限制性定语从句有关的作文精品句型

as引导的非限制性定语从句，在考研作文中会大派用场。

56 As is seen from the chart, the average hours a student spends on the computer per week have increased dramatically in the past decade.

57 As is vividly betrayed in the cartoon above, a hen is promising what it should conduct to the public.（1998年作文）

58 As is obviously betrayed by the pictures above, three facts which are associated with smoking can be clearly realized by the public all over the world.（1997年作文）

59 As can be seen from the table/graph/figure, there is a marked increase/decline/favorable change in ...

60 As we can see from the table/graph/figure, drastic/considerable/great changes have taken place in...over the period of time from...year to...year.

1.6.3 as引导限制性定语从句

上文提到，as引导限制性定语从句，只能用在一些固定结构中，如such, the same, as修饰的先行词后面。请看例句：

61 He’ll repeat such points as are discussed in the book.

62 Such a student as works hard will be sure to succeed.

63 He tried to make as few mistakes as he could avoid.

64 He is not the same playboy as we knew.

65 The instrument is not such an instrument as I saw on the exhibition.

66 He is not such a man as would leave his work half done.

67 He is not such a fool as we would assume him to be.

68 It is unlikely that you will have such an exciting experience as Janet had a few years ago.

69 They made the same mistake as others would have made on such an occasion.

70 The new map of the ocean floor shows the locations of twice as many undersea volcanoes as were previously thought to exist.





1.7 关系代词than

我们可以把than用作关系代词来引导定语从句，这一点也许很多考生还不熟悉，但却在历年考研真题中多次出现。请看下列真题例句：

真题再现：语法攻克考研“完形填空”——2004年第35题

71 Families have also experienced changes these years. More families consist of one parent households or two working parents; consequently, children are likely to have less supervision at home ______ was common in the traditional family structure.

A. than

B. that

C. which

D. as

正确答案 A

妙语点睛 这里than在从句中充当主语，后面接谓语动词was，它指代的先行名词是supervision，比较的对象是现代家庭对孩子的supervision要比传统家庭少。

精品译文 这些年来家庭模式也经历了变化，更多的家庭是单亲家庭或者双职工家庭；其结果是，与传统家庭结构相比而言，孩子可能在现代家庭里所受的管教更少。

对于than作为关系代词的用法，很多考生会感到很不理解。下面将通过类比说明详细解释一下。上句中先行词supervision前面有一个比较级形容词less，而在结构上与比较级构成呼应的只能是than，也就是构成less...than这样的结构搭配（children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure）。为什么我们要把这个句子看作定语从句，而不是大家所熟悉的比较状语从句呢？为了解释清楚，现在我们试着把less...than这一结构从句子中去掉并稍加改写，原句：

Children are likely to have less supervision at home than was common in the traditional family structure.

就变为：

Children are likely to have the supervision at home that was common in the traditional family structure.

这就是一个典型的定语从句了，that取代了than在从句中作主语。这句话的意思就成了“孩子们在现代家庭里可能有的管教，在传统家庭里也有”。我们还可以更进一步用上面提到过的the same...as来替换，原句就变为：

Children are likely to have the same supervision at home as was common in the traditional family structure.

这里as取代了than在从句中作主语。这句话意思是“孩子们在现代家庭里受到了与传统家庭里相同的管教”。说到这里，我们也就解释了为什么正确答案不是that，which或as，因为它们都无法和less构成结构上的呼应关系。从上述这样的详细分析中，我们可以归纳总结出than引导定语从句的用法特点：

1）than可作关系代词引导定语从句，在从句中一般作主语（也可作宾语）。

2）than前面的主句需有形容词比较级形式。

3）比较级所修饰的名词即为先行词。

我们下面来看更多的真题例句：

真题再现：1995年语法

72 There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than ______ in the public mind today.

A. exists

B. exist

C. existing

D. existed

正确答案 A

妙语点睛 根据以上分析，我们知道，这个句子也是than引导的定语从句。在关系词than前边众多名词（如cancer, risk, anxiety）当中，哪个是先行词呢？大家只要按照我上面提到过的than用法特点3“比较级所修饰的名词即为先行词”，就很容易判断出这里的先行词是anxiety，先行词是单数，所以谓语动词应为exists。故正确答案为A。than就是指代anxiety在从句中作主语。这里我们再次看到正确判断先行词的重要性，找到了先行词，原句就好理解了，定语从句than exists in the public mind today表示的是存在于人们心中的是anxiety，不是cancer或risk。这样，整个句子的意思就明了了。

精品译文 人们不应该像如今这样担心患上癌症。

类似的考题在1999年再次出现：

真题再现：1999年语法

73 These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digital information than ______ in traditional media.

A. exist

B. exists

C. existing

D. to exist

正确答案 A

妙语点睛 只要掌握了than引导定语从句的上述特点，很快就能判断出在than前边的众多名词（如information, use, restrictions）当中，restrictions是先行词，因为它前面带有比较级修饰语greater。先行词是复数，所以谓语动词应为exist。故正确答案为A。定语从句than exist in traditional media表示的是存在于传统媒体中的restrictions，不是information或use。

精品译文 这些提案试图寻求一种对数字化信息的使用与复制比传统媒体更加严格的限制。

再看更多例句：

74 Don’t drink more wine than is good for health.

75 Don’t give him more money than is needed, since money will burn a hole in his pocket.

76 For any given task in Britain there are more men than are needed. Strong unions keep them there. In Fleet Street, home of some London’s biggest dailies, it is understood that when two unions quarrel over three jobs, the argument is settled by giving each union two. That means 33 percent over-manning, 33 percent less productivity than could be obtained.

77 Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision-making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict.

在上面讨论的than引导定语从句的例子中，than都是在从句中充当主语，下面我们来看两个than在从句中作宾语的例子：

78 For now, however, it does appear that the economy can sustain a higher growth rate than most people thought plausible just a year or two ago. In that limited respect, at least, we appear to be in a “New Economy”.

妙语点睛 这里higher所修饰的名词短语growth rate是先行词，than指代growth rate, 同时在从句中作谓语动词thought的宾语（plausible作宾语补足语）。所以，定语从句than most people thought plausible just a year or two ago意思是“ 目前经济的增长率要高于一两年前大多数人认为有可能的增长率”，换句话说，“目前的增长率在一两年前是绝大多数人认为不可能实现的”。

精品译文 不过，目前我们的经济确实实现了持续较快的增长，该增长率在一两年前是绝大多数人认为不可能实现的。所以，仅此而言，我们正处于一个“新经济时代”。

79 He soon found it easy to make more money by thieving than his father had done by a lifetime of honest work.

妙语点睛 这里more所修饰的名词money，即为先行词，than指代money, 同时在从句中作谓语动词had done（即had made）的宾语。定语从句than his father had done by a lifetime of honest work意思是：他父亲通过一辈子辛勤劳作所挣的钱。

精品译文 很快他就发现，盗窃比他父亲一辈子勤恳劳作容易挣到更多的钱。





1.8 关系副词when

讨论完关系代词，我们现在来分析一下关系副词的用法。在英语中，引导定语从句的关系副词主要有when, where, why，它们在从句中分别作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语。

1.8.1 用when引导定语从句，其先行词必须是表示时间的名词

可引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，其先行词是表示时间的名词，如day, year, time等。

80 Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.（2002年阅读第二篇）

妙语点睛 先行词是表示时间的1960s and 1970s，所以后面接的关系副词是when。

精品译文 虽然在20世纪60年代和70年代，人们一开始很乐观地认为，晶体管电路和微处理器的发展似乎将在2010年前能够模仿人类大脑的活动，但是最近研究人员已经开始将这个预测延后数十年，甚至是数百年。

81 Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.（1999年阅读第一篇）

妙语点睛 先行词是表示时间的early 1980s，所以后面接的关系副词是when。