思维训练

Exercise 7.8

请选择最佳答案填空。

1．We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we_________him. (CET-4)

A．would have telephoned

B．must have telephoned

C．would telephone

D．had telephoned

2．He must have had an accident, or he_________then. (CET-4)

A．would have been here

B．should be here

C．had to be here

D．would be there

3．Mary________my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.

A．has received

B．ought to have received

C．couldn't have received

D．shouldn't have received

4．I would have gone to visit him in the hospital, had it been at all possible, but I__________fully occupied the whole of last week.

A．were

B．had been

C．have been

D．was

5．Some women________a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family. (CET-4)

A．must make

B．should have made

C．would make

D．could have made

6．A safety analysis________the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.

A．would identify

B．will identify

C．would have identified

D．will have identified





7.9　名词从句如何使用虚拟

虚拟语气除了用在上述非真实条件从句以外，在特定的名词从句中也需要用虚拟语气。这里所说的“特定的名词从句”，是指这样的名词从句中均要含有特定的标志词，这些标志词可用来表示愿望、建议、命令、请求或意志等语气。而且，与非真实条件虚拟句中的主句和从句的谓语动词的形式完全不同的是，名词从句虚拟句的谓语变化的形式只有一条规律，那就是：名词从句虚拟句无论其主句的谓语动词是何种形式，从句的谓语形式均为should＋动词原形，其中should可以省去。这里特别要提醒读者注意：不是用would，而是用should。比如：

1　I suggest that we should go tomorrow.

2　I suggested that we should go the next day.

妙语点睛

上面两个例句中的suggest即是我们所说的标志词。这里从句中谓语的时态（should go）并没有受主句谓语时态（suggest，suggested）的影响。

精品译文

1．我建议我们明天走。

2．我当时建议我们第二天走。

由此可知，要掌握名词从句的虚拟句，最终归结为：记住相应的标志词即可，一旦主句中出现某一个标志词，就要注意其从句谓语须用（should）＋do。

下面分别为读者列出了一些常见的标志词。

7.9.1　在下列词的宾语从句中

ask（要求，请求），advise，beg，command，demand，decide，deserve，desire，determine，insist，move（动议，提议），order，prefer，propose，require，recommend，request，suggest和urge等。请看例句：

1　His father urged that he study medicine.

妙语点睛

注意这句话中用study，不用studies。

精品译文

他父亲要求他学医学。

2　The Chinese government and people have demanded that the U.S. Government shoulder all the responsibilities for the incident, apologize to the Chinese side and take effective measures to prevent the recurrence of such incidents.

精品译文

中国政府和人民要求美国政府对此事件必须承担全部责任，向中国道歉，并采取有效措施防止类似事件再次发生。

3　The instructions ask that we not take more than three tablets once.

妙语点睛

从句的谓语not take相当于should not take，这里should被省去了。

精品译文

说明书要求每次服用的量不超过三粒。

4　The board deemed it urgent that these files should be printed right away.

妙语点睛

这里因为有了形容词urgent，所以从句要用虚拟语气，即用动词should be printed的形式。

精品译文

董事会要求把这些文件立刻打印出来。

5　Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so — and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Prinoeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning....NBAC will ask that Clinton's 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extended indefinitely, and possibly that it be made law.

妙语点睛

这里因为有了动词order和ask，所以从句要用虚拟语气，即用动词原形。

精品译文

他宣布反对使用这项特别的生物技术来克隆人类，要求不要将联邦基金用于进行这类试验——尽管没有人提议这样做——并请求由Princeton总统哈罗德·夏皮罗领导一个独立的专家组于90天之后向白宫进行汇报，同时对于制定关于克隆人类的国家政策提出建议。……NBAC将会要求克林顿的关于禁止联邦基金用于人类克隆的“90天禁令”无限期延长，也许还会将其以法律的形式固定下来。

7.9.2　在it is＋形容词或过去分词或特定的名词＋that的主语从句中

一、形容词有：astonishing，amazing，advisable，appropriate，crucial，desirable，essential，important，imperative，keen，necessary，natural，normal，odd，proper，preferable，strange，sorry，shocked，surprising，urgent，unusual和vital等。这些形容词一般表示个人对事件的反应。请看例句：

1　If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.

妙语点睛

这里因为有了形容词crucial，所以从句要用虚拟语气，即用动词原形be。

精品译文

我们若是想保护大气层，那么就应该要求那些新开工的工厂环保。

2　It is natural that I should dwell upon his successes rather than upon his failures.

精品译文

我宁愿强调他成功的地方，而不愿突出他的失败之处，这是很自然的。

3　It is strange that he should not come here.

妙语点睛

这里的should只表明一种意外的语气，可译为“竟然”。

精品译文

他竟然没来，这真是太奇怪了。

4　It's essential that people be psychologically able to resist the impact brought about by the transition from planned economy to market economy.

从心理上来讲，人们能够抗拒由计划经济转变为市场经济这一过程带来的影响，这是很明显的。

5　It is important that the hotel receptionist make sure that guests are registered correctly.

宾馆的前台接待人员应该确认客人们正确地登记注册，这是十分重要的。

6　It is quite natural that the customs of all national minorities be respected.

各个少数民族的风俗习惯都应该得到尊重，这是非常自然的。

二、过去分词有：decided，desired，demanded，ordered，requested，required，recommended和suggested等。请看例句：

7　It is requested that all members be present at the meeting. 要求所有的成员都出席这个会议。

8　It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios not be played after 11 o'clock at night.

宾馆的管理人员客气地要求，晚上11点以后不要听收音机。

三、特定的名词有：advice，decision，desire，demand，suggestion，motion，pray，resolution，wish，preference，proposal，recommendation，requirement，idea和order等。请看例句：

9　It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad. 我建议，把他送到国外去学习。

7.9.3　在上述名词的表语从句和同位语从句中

1　Jean Wagner's most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.

妙语点睛

这里因为有了名词insistence，所以从句要用虚拟语气，即用动词原形。

精品译文

让·瓦格纳对美国黑人诗歌的研究最为持久的贡献是，他坚持认为，应把此类诗歌放在宗教与世俗的框架中进行分析。

2　For my own part, it seems that the main requirement of an international language is that it be easily learned.

我个人认为，对于一门国际性的语言最主要的要求是，它必须易于学习。

3　The motion that the meeting be adjourned was adopted.

要求会议暂停的动议被批准了。

4　Reports indicate that both sides have softened their respective positions for a possible settlement. The government has backed away from demands that the software giant be broken up, while Microsoft is now more willing to accept restrictions on how it manages its business.

报告显示，双方在可能签订的协议中各自作出了让步。政府已经不再支持拆分软件巨人微软公司的要求，而微软目前则更希望接受对于如何管理其企业的限制。

5　The suggestion that the mayor present the prizes was accepted by everyone. 由市长颁奖的建议被所有人接受了。

最后需要说明的是，以上所列的标志词仅是一部分比较常见的，还有很多在此并没有详细地列举出来，读者可以在今后的学习当中不断地积累，自己总结。



思维训练

Exercise 7.9

请选择最佳答案填空。

1．The instructions ask that we__________more than three tablets once.

A．not to take

B．not take

C．won't take

D．wouldn't take

2．It is important that the hotel receptionist__________that guests are registered correctly. (CET-4)

A．make sure

B．made sure

C．has made sure

D．must make sure

3．It is quite natural that the customs of all national minorities______.

A．would be respected

B．were respected

C．be respected

D．had been respected

4．It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios_________after 11 o'clock at night. (CET-4)

A．were not played

B．not be played

C．not to play

D．did not play

5．The suggestion that the mayor_________the prizes was accepted by everyone. (CET-4)

A．would present

B．present

C．presents

D．ought to present

6．The board deemed it urgent that these files_________right away.

A．had to be printed

B．should have been printed

C．must be printed

D．should be printed

7．Jean Wagner's most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it_________in religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.

A．is to be analyzed

B．has been analyzed

C．be analyzed

D．should have been analyzed

辨别改错：

8．(A) When Edison died, it was proposed that the American people (B) turned off (C) all power in their homes, streets, and factories for several minutes (D) in honor of this great man.





7.10　各种虚拟句型

在英文中，虚拟语气可以分为非真实条件句（unreal conditionals）和名词从句虚拟句两大类。从7.1至7.8节，我们都是在讨论非真实条件虚拟句，在7.9节中讨论了名词从句的虚拟句。除这两大类虚拟句以外，还有其他一些句型表示的虚拟语气。由于无法归入上述任何一类中，在此将一一单列，分别讨论。

7.10.1　在wish后面的宾语从句中

这是读者非常熟悉的一个虚拟句型，它用来表示说话者难以实现的或与事实违背的愿望，具有较强的感情色彩，可分别表示对现在、过去和将来情景的虚拟。

一、对现在的虚拟

即表示对现状的愿望，从句的谓语动词用过去时。请看例句：

1　I wish I were a little younger. 我希望我能够年轻一点。

2　I wish I could travel to the moon (but I can't do that). 我希望我能够登上月球（但实际上我不能）。

3　I wish I knew his address (but I don't know his address). 我希望我知道他的地址（但实际上我不知道）。

下面这个句子很有意思：

4　Whenever something goes wrong, I just push this little Reset button and restart. I wish my whole life were like that!

每次电脑出故障的时候，我只要按一下Reset键，电脑就可以重启了。我真希望人生也能如此啊！

事实上，人生不可能如此简单。如果做错事了，想让时光倒流，重新来选择，这是不可能的。

再来看玛丽莲·梦露（Marilyn Monroe）的这句话：

5　Success makes so many people hate you. I wish it weren't that way. It would be wonderful to enjoy success without seeing envy in the eyes of those around you. 成功会让很多人讨厌你，我真希望不要这样。如果在享受成功时，看不到身旁人嫉妒的眼神，那该有多么美好啊。

二、对过去的虚拟

即对过去发生的事情表示遗憾或后悔，从句的谓语动词用过去完成时（had done）或“would/could＋现在完成时”，意指从句的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句的谓语所表示的动作之前。请看例句：

6　I wish I had been there. 我真希望我当时在那。

7　I wish I had not attended that party. 我真希望我当时没参加那个聚会。

8　I wish I could have gone with you to the concert last night. 我真希望昨晚能和你一起去听音乐会。

9　A: I wish I hadn't hurt Mary's feelings like that. You know I never meant to.

B: The great thing about Mary is that she doesn't hold the grudge. By tomorrow she'll have forgotten all about it.

A：我真希望我没有像那样伤玛丽的感情，你知道我从来不是故意那么做的。

B：别担心，玛丽最大的优点就是从不记仇，到明天她准会把这事全忘记了。

三、对将来的虚拟

指对将来发生的事情表示祝愿，从句的谓语动词用“would/could＋动词原形”，意指从句的谓语动词所表示的动作可能发生在主句的谓语所表示的动作之后。

10　A: It's not fun being around Debbie and Mike these days. All they do is quarrel.

B: I've noticed it, too. I wish they would keep their squabbles to themselves.

A：这两天跟黛比和麦克呆在一起真没意思，他们整天就是吵架。

B：我也注意到了，我真希望他们要吵就私下里吵，而不要当着大家的面吵。

11　I wish he could explain what he means. 我希望他能解释一下他是什么意思。

12　I wish you would shut up. 我希望你能闭嘴。

注意，即使将wish改为wished，上述例句谓语的时态仍然不变。

7.10.2　在if only感叹句中

if only表示“但愿”，“要是……就好了”，其用法和wish基本相同，可表示对现在、过去和将来的虚拟，只是比wish具有更强烈的感情色彩。请看例句：

1　If only the rain would stop. （对将来的虚拟）但愿雨能停。

2　If only I were taller. （对现在的虚拟）我的个子要是能高一点就好了。

3　If only he had followed your advice! （对过去的虚拟）他要是听从了你的建议就好了！

另外需要注意的是，可以把only放到句中的位置。比如说：

4　If he had only followed your advice!

请选择下面这句话的意思：

5　If I'd only remembered to lock the door.

A．I would remember if I had locked the door.

B．I didn't remember to bring the door key.

C．I forgot there was a rock near the door.

D．I wish I had locked the door.

正确答案　D。

精品译文

我要是记得锁门就好了。

妙语点睛

从上面这个译文，我们知道选项D正是表达了同样的意思。由此也看到，if only与wish的用法和意义均相同，比如这里wish的后面也是接过去完成时来表示过去虚拟的事件。

7.10.3　在as if/as though引导的从句中

一、表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑，谓语用过去时

1　I really don't care for the way you're speaking to me. It seems as if you were my father.

我真的非常讨厌你和我说话的方式。你听起来就好像是我爸爸。

2　You should live each day as if it were the last and use every second to your advantage. That means setting goals, being involved on campus and in your community, working hard, and most importantly, never giving up! 你们应该把每一态都当作是生命中的最后一天来度过，充分利用每一秒钟。这就意味着要设定目标，融入校园和社区生活，勤奋努力，而最重要的是，永不放弃！

二、表示与过去事实相反，谓语用过去完成时

3　We have not seen each other for ten solid years, but when we encountered on the street that day, we were still so affectionate that it seemed as if not a single day had gone by. 我们已经有整整10年没见了，但是当那天我们在街上遇到时，我们仍然感到无比亲切，就好像时光并未流逝，我们还在10年以前那样。

注意，若从句中的情形是根据现在的迹象作出的推测，有可能发生，则用陈述语气。请看例句：

4　It is becoming dark. It looks as if it's going to rain. 天变黑了，似乎就要下雨。

5　It seems as if he has been to America. 他好像去过美国。

7.10.4　在it is（high）time（that）从句中

该句型表示“该是做什么事的时候了”，含有“晚了一点”的意思，从句中用过去时。请看例句：

1　Don't dawdle away your youth any more. It is time you thought about your future. 不要再浪费青春了，你该考虑自己的将来了。

2　It seems to be high time that this argument were put to an end. 现在似乎是时候结束争吵了。

3　"You are very selfish. It's high time you realized that you are not the most important person in the world," Edgar said to his boss angrily. 埃德加生气地对他老板说：“你太自私了。你早就应该知道，你绝对不是这个世界上最重要的人。”

请在下列对话中体会这种“晚了一点”的含义：

4　Man: The school had the football field redone over the summer.

Woman: It's about time.

Question: What does the woman imply?

A．Summer is a good time for repairs.

B．The field had been in poor shape.

C．It's too hot to play football in the summer.

D．The work on the football field is almost finished.

正确答案　B。

妙语点睛

这里的女士既然说“早就该修了”，其言外之意就是说这个足球场在修缮以前一直不是很好，这正是选项B的意思，所以B正确。

精品译文

男：学校在暑假期间把足球场重新翻修了一下。

女：早就该修了。

5　Man: Let's get this desk in order.

Woman: Yes, it's about time we cleared it off.

Question: What can be inferred about the desk?

A．It isn't placed right.

B．There isn't enough time to clear it off.

C．A new desk has been ordered to replace it.

D．It has needed reorganizing for quite a while.

正确答案　D。

妙语点睛

这里女士既然说“早该整理了”，其言外之意就是说这个桌子一直很乱，比如桌上摆满了东西，早就需要整理了，这正是选项D的意思，所以D正确。

精品译文

男：我们把这张桌子整理一下吧。

女：是的，我们早该整理了。

7.10.5　在would rather，would（just）as soon，would sooner，would prefer等从句中

本节主要讨论would rather的各种句型。首先，would rather后面可以接从句和接动词原形；其次，would rather表示将来、现在或过去时的谓语动词的不同形式。

一、would rather do sth.

would rather的后面接动词原形，可以表示将来或现在的事件，意指“主语宁愿自己做某事”。这是would rather最常见的用法。请看例句：

1　I would rather go there tomorrow. 我想明天去那里。

如果要和另外一件事情来比较，这时要用than来引出另外的事情。比如：

2　He would rather stay at home than go to the cinema tonight. 他今晚就想在家里呆着，而不想去看电影。