Exercise 5.5

选择最佳答案填空。

1. 　　　 in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.

A. The girl was educated

B. The girl educated

C. The girl's being educated

D. The girl to be educated

2. I still remember 　　　 me to Beijing for the first time.

A. for my parents to take

B. my parents' taking

C. that my parents take

D. my parents to take

3. I don't see how you can avoid the matter 　　　.

A. discussed

B. to be discussed

C. being discussed

D. been discussed

4. Last night I was awakened by someone 　　　 at the door.

A. tap

B. tapping

C. tapped

D. to tap

5. The noise of the desks 　　　 could be heard out in the street.

A. opening and closing

B. of being opened and closed

C. to be opened and closed

D. being opened and closed

6. You must tell me the truth. I insist on 　　　 the truth.

A. telling

B. having told

C. your telling

D. that you tell

7. I remember 　　　 to help us if we ever got into trouble. (9306CET-4)

A. once offering

B. him once offering

C. him to offer

D. to offer him

8. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery 　　　 just around the corner was untrue.

A. would be

B. to be

C. was

D. being

9. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always 　　　 with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.

A. combined

B. having combined

C. combine

D. being combined





5.6　动名词的时态和语态（一）：被动式（being done）

5.6.1　动名词的时态和语态概述

动名词作为一种动词的变化形式，具有动词的一般特征，即有时态和语态的变化。英文中把动作的完成程度分为四种，即有四种不同的体态（aspect）：一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式。但不同于我们在4.10节讨论过的不定式具备的这四种体态，动名词没有这么多体态，只有两种：一般式和完成式。另外，动名词同样还有语态方面的变化。因此，动名词的时态和语态的构成如下（以write为例）：



四种体态 主动 被动

一般式 writing being written

完成式 having written having been written

进行式 没有 没有

完成进行式 没有 没有


从以上表格我们看到，动名词可能有四种不同的结构形式，我们常说的doing其实是动名词的一般主动式，这种形式是最常见的。本节将讨论动名词的一般被动式（being done），在5.7节讨论完成主动式（having done）和完成被动式（having been done）。

搞清楚动名词的各种构成形式之后，接下来更重要的是要搞清楚每种形式都能表达何种意义。本节主要讨论动名词的被动语态。

5.6.2　动名词的被动式

一般来说，当动名词所修饰的名词或代词在意义上是充当动名词动作的承受者，或者说是作动名词的逻辑宾语时，动名词要用被动形式。请看例句：

1　He narrowly escaped being run over.

妙语点睛　该句中的动名词being run over修饰主语he，二者存在被动关系，即表示“他被车子轧”，所以动名词要用被动结构。

精品译文　他差一点就被车轧着了。

英国著名作家奥斯卡·王尔德（Oscar Wilde）说过这样一句话：

2　There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked about.

妙语点睛　该句中的动名词being talked about修饰名词one thing，二者是被动关系，所以动名词要用被动结构。

精品译文　世界上比被人议论更糟糕的一件事情就是根本没有人去议论。

请比较：

3　1) I still remember being taken to the zoo for the first time.

2) I remember my parents' taking me to the zoo for the first time.

妙语点睛　在例句1）中，动名词being taken修饰主语I，二者存在被动关系，即表示“我被带去动物园”，所以动名词要用被动结构。在例句2）中，采用了动名词的复合结构my parents' taking，此时，动名词taking与my parents是主动关系，所以动名词要用主动结构。

精品译文　1）我还记得第一次被带到动物园去的情景。

2）我还记得父母第一次带我去动物园的情景。

上面的例句2）中采用了动名词的复合结构，但如果动名词的逻辑主语与动名词是被动关系，此时动名词也同样要用被动结构。比如：

4　I have not the least objection to the child being punished.

妙语点睛　该句中采用了动名词的复合结构the child being punished，因为逻辑主语the child与动名词存在被动关系，所以这里的动名词要用被动的being punished。

精品译文　对这孩子进行惩罚我丝毫不反对。

再比如上面5.5.2小节讨论过的这些句子：

5　The noise of the desks being opened and closed can be heard out in the street.

妙语点睛　该句中采用了动名词的复合结构the desks being opened and closed，因为逻辑主语the desks与动名词存在被动关系，所以这里的动名词要用被动的being opened and closed。

精品译文　课桌开关的声音在大街上都能听得到。

6　There is a necessity for this type of houses being built.

妙语点睛　该句中采用了动名词的复合结构this type of houses being built，因为逻辑主语this type of houses与动名词存在被动关系，所以这里的动名词要用被动的being built。

精品译文　有必要修建这种类型的房屋。

7　Global warming is the hot topic around the world at this time but, there is also dissention about the evidence being presented to support the argument. The earth is known to go through cycles although; the past has never produced an age of so much industrialization causing the pollution currently being experienced. A major source of the problem is the increase in carbon dioxide levels but, other gases, such as, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, have also contributed.

妙语点睛　该句中采用了动名词的复合结构the evidence being presented to support the argument以及so much industrialization causing the pollution，因为逻辑主语the evidence与动名词存在被动关系，所以这里的动名词要用被动的being presented to support the argument，而so much industrialization与动名词存在主动关系，所以动名词要用主动的causing the pollution。

精品译文　目前，全球变暖成了一个世界性的热门话题。但是人们对于有关全球变暖的各项证据还有争议。现已知道，地球的发展是经历周期变化的。但在以前的周期变化中，地球上还从未经历过现如今这样的时代，即高度发达的工业化造成了人们目前正在遭受的空气污染。全球变暖主要是由于二氧化碳气体的增多，另外，二氧化硫和二氧化氮等气体也难辞其咎。

5.6.3　主动形式表示被动意思

在上一小节我们看到，若动名词与其所修饰的名词之间是被动关系，则动名词要用被动形式。但是，在demand, deserve, need, require和want等动词后面，动名词的主动形式就表示被动的意思，而不需用动名词的被动形式。请看例句：

1　The garden needs watering.

精品译文　这个花园需要浇水。

而不说：

The garden needs being watered. *

2　He deserved praising.

精品译文　他应该受到表扬。

而不说：

He deserved being praised. *

再看更多的例句：

3　Your hair wants cutting. You'd better have it done tomorrow.

精品译文　你的头发需要剪了，你最好明天就去理发。

4　The steak is raw. It needs cooking more before I can eat it.

精品译文　这个牛排还是生的，需要再煎一会才能吃。

请注意，这些动词的后面也可以接不定式，但必须用动词不定式的被动形式。所以上面的句子都可以改写为被动的不定式结构，比如：

5　The garden needs to be watered.

6　He deserved to be praised.

7　Your hair wants to be cut. You'd better have it done tomorrow.

8　The steak is raw. It needs to be cooked more before I can eat it.

请比较：

9　1) He deserves shooting first.

2) He deserves to shoot first.

妙语点睛　在例句1）中，因为用在deserve后面的动名词是主动形式表示被动意思，所以这里shooting的意思是被动的，即表示“他应该第一个被枪毙”。若改成不定式则应该说He deserves to be shot first. 在例句2）中，不定式采用了主动形式，即表示“他应该第一个开始射击”。

精品译文　1）他应该第一个被枪毙。

2）他应该第一个开始射击。

从以上这个例句我们看到，正确使用动词的形式是多么重要，真可谓“差之毫厘，谬以千里”——用shooting表示被动“他被枪毙”，而用to shoot表示主动“他开枪射击”。关于这一点，我们将在第七章详细讨论其背后的英语思维规律。

思维总结

在本节，读者要了解动名词所具有的各种结构形式，并掌握何时该用被动的动名词结构。本节的思维训练与下一节的结合在一起。





5.7　动名词的时态和语态（二）：完成式（having done）

5.7.1　动名词的完成主动式

一般来说，动名词的完成式表明动名词的动作发生在谓语的动作之前，尤其是当动名词的动作是在谓语之前的一段较长时间内持续的情况。

下面的短文讲到了在英国公司的雇员可以因为自家的宠物生病了而请假照顾它们，就像因为孩子生病需要照顾而请假一样：

1　Now in Britain you get time off work not only if you're sick but if your dog is. Companies there are beginning to allow employees to work from home or take days off to look after unwell pets. Some companies have introduced policies giving staff paid leave to care for ill dogs and cats or to take them to the vet.

Paid leave is awarded if you need to go to the vet or your animal needs an operation, in the same way people might need time off for a baby or to look after a child. Research by Petplan, a British insurance company, found that 35 percent of its customers admitted to having taken time off work to look after pets or settle new animals.

Cary Cooper, professor at Lancaster University, advised against the practice. "When jobs are insecure, telling a boss that you want time off work to look after a pet does not go down well," he said.

妙语点睛　这里动名词的完成式having taken类似于一个过去完成时态，相当于说its customers admitted that they had taken time off work to look after pets...，表示一种过去的经历。所以，这里动名词的动作是发生在谓语的动作之前，自然用完成式比较合适。

精品译文　现在的英国不仅因为你生病了可以请假，就连你的狗生病了，你也可以请假照顾它。公司开始允许雇员在家里工作，或者请几天假来照顾自己生病的宠物。有的公司为此还施行了新政策，给予员工带薪假，以便于他们照顾病狗、病猫，或者带它们去看兽医。

如果你需要带宠物去看兽医或者是它需要做手术，公司可以准你带薪假，这就像你需要时间照顾婴儿或是生病的孩子一样。一家英国保险公司Petplan的研究表明，它的35%的客户都承认，自己曾经请假回家照看宠物或安置新宠物。

再看其他例句：

2　He denied having been there.

=He denied that he had been there.

妙语点睛　动名词的动作在谓语的动作之前，所以说having been。

精品译文　他否认去过那里。

3　He regretted not having gone to university.

妙语点睛　动名词的动作在谓语的动作之前，所以说having gone。

精品译文　他很后悔当初没有上大学。

4　I repented having shot the bird.

精品译文　我后悔射杀了那只鸟。

5　I have always regretted not having studied harder at school.

精品译文　我一直后悔上学时没有更加努力地学习。

6　The man in the corner confessed to having told a lie to the manager of the company.

精品译文　墙角处的那个人承认对这家公司的经理说了谎。

5.7.2　动名词的完成被动式

动名词的完成被动式的构成是having been done，它兼具完成式和被动式的双重特点。下面这个句子讲的是一个孤儿的感受：

1　As they backed out of my drive way I stared at Jonathon's face. His eyes were sunk in and deep in the sockets. I knew it would take him many years to get over never having been loved. He was now free to make a life for himself and to make choices on his own.

妙语点睛　该句的动名词never having been loved是用在get over后面作宾语，显然动名词的动作是在谓语的动作之前，表示在过去一段较长时期内，他因为是孤儿而没有被人爱过，所以自然用完成被动式having been loved合适。

精品译文　当他们的车子后退离开我的车道时，我凝视着乔纳森的脸庞。他的双目深陷。我知道他将花上许多年的时间才能消除那种从来就没有被爱过的感觉。他现在可以自由地过自己想要的生活了，也可以自己作出选择。

再看其他例句：

2　I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.

妙语点睛　谓语appreciate是表示当前的情况，而动名词having been given是谈两年前的情况，即动名词的动作发生在谓语的动作之前，因此要用完成式。

精品译文　我很感激两年前得到一次出国留学的机会。

3　He prided himself on having never been beaten in chess.

精品译文　他为自己在棋奕上从未被击败而自豪。

最后，我们再来比较两个例句，分析括号中的动词该用何种形式填入空格：

4　1) Our modern civilization must not be thought of as 　　　 (create) in a short period of time.

2) Mark often attempts to escape 　　　 (fine) whenever he breaks traffic regulations.

正确答案　1) been created, 2) being fined。

妙语点睛　这两个例句都是四级考题。在例句1）中，首先，句子的主语civilization与create是被动关系，所以该用动名词的被动式；其次，“文明的创建”显然是在谓语动作be thought of as之前很长时间发生的，故要用完成式。被动式与完成式结合，即要用完成被动式的动名词，所以空格内应该填入having been created。在例句2）中，首先，句子的主语Mark与fine是被动关系，表示“马克被罚款”，所以该用动名词的被动式；其次，这里“罚款”是表示一般的情况，并不是发生在谓语的动作之前，所以要用一般式。被动式与一般式结合即要用一般被动式的动名词，所以空格内应该填入being fined。因此上面两句应该说成：

1) Our modern civilization must not be thought of as having been created in a short period of time.

2) Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.

精品译文　1）我们的现代文明决不能认为是在一朝一夕之间建立起来的。

2）马克每次违反了交通规则后常常试图逃避罚款。

思维总结

要求读者能够准确地判断何时该用动名词的完成式及完成被动式，这要结合上一节的内容来学习。

思维训练

Exercise 5.6-5.7

1. 用括号中动词的适当形式填空。

1. The text needs 　　　 (explain) once again.

2. The movie is worthy of 　　　 (see).

3. You must tell me the truth. I insist on 　　　 (tell) the truth.

4. I strongly object to 　　　 (treat) like a child.

5. Clint had a narrow escape. He was almost hit by a car. He barely avoided 　　　 (hit) by the speeding automobile.

6. Last year I studied abroad. I appreciate 　　　 (give) the opportunity to live and study in a foreign country.

7. I'm angry at him for 　　　 (not, tell) me the truth.

8. I don't enjoy 　　　 (laugh) at by other people.

9. A: You know Clint, don't you?

B: Clint? I don't think so. I don't recall ever 　　　 (meet) him.

10. A: What's the difference between “stop to do” and “stop doing”?

B: Hmmm, that's an interesting question. I don't recall 　　　 (ask) that question before.

2. 选择最佳答案填空。

11. Your hair wants 　　　. You'd better have it done tomorrow. (9706 CET-4)

A. cut

B. to cut

C. cutting

D. being cut

12. Our modern civilization must not be thought of as 　　　 in a short period of time. (CET-4)

A. being created

B. to have been created

C. having been created

D. to be created

13. Mark often attempts to escape 　　　 whenever he breaks traffic regulations. (95-6 CET-4)

A. having been fined

B. to be fined

C. to have been fined

D. being fined

14. I have always regretted 　　　 harder at school.

A. to have not studied

B. not study

C. not having studied

D. not to study

15. The man in the corner confessed to 　　　 a lie to the manager of the company. (9706 CET-4)

A. have told

B. be told

C. being told

D. having told





5.8　there be 的不定式与动名词形式

本节主要是比较there be句型的两种非谓语形式以及它们的用法。

5.8.1　there be的动名词形式

there be的动名词形式为there being，依然表示“有”的意思，多用于介词后面。

请看例句：

1　He spoke of there being danger.

妙语点睛　因为有介词of，所以该用动名词形式，即there being。

精品译文　他当时提到过有危险。

曾经有学生问过笔者：为什么这里要有there？我们不用there不可以吗？比如说：

He spoke of being danger. *

这主要是句子意思表达的需要，因为这里要表示“有危险”的意思，而不是“是危险”。所以要用there be而不是be。再者，因为要用在介词of后面，所以要用动名词there being。

再比如下面这个例句：

2　No one would have dreamed of there being such a good place.

妙语点睛　这里表示“有”且有介词of，故要用there be的动名词结构，即there being。

精品译文　谁也不会想到，会有这么一个好地方。

谈到中国人的婚姻状况，有一项研究得出下面的结论：

3　Do not bet on there being many marriages in China that began with love at first sight. Most Chinese marry for practical--not romantic--reasons. That is the conclusion of a four-year study sponsored by the Ford Foundation of New York City.

妙语点睛　这里表示“有”且有介词on，故要用there be的动名词结构，即there being。

精品译文　别以为许多中国人的婚姻始于“一见钟情”。实际上，大多数中国人结婚是出于非常实际的一些原因，而并非因为浪漫爱情。这是由纽约福特基金会主办的一项为期四年的调查研究得出的结论。

5.8.2　here be的不定式形式

there be的不定式形式为there to be，用在接不定式作宾语的动词后面或介词for后面。请看例句：

1　I don't mean there to be any unpleasantness.

妙语点睛　在mean的后面要接不定式，表示“打算”，所以用there to be。

精品译文　我并没有任何冒犯之意。

2　I don't want there to be any misunderstanding on this point.

妙语点睛　在want的后面要接不定式，所以用there to be。

精品译文　我不希望在这一点上有什么误解。

3　The students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exam.

妙语点睛　在expect的后面要接不定式，所以用there to be。

精品译文　同学们都希望在期末考试之前能够多上一些复习课。

我们再来看用在介词for后面的含有there to be的例句：

4　For there to be life, there must be air and water.

=In order that there may be life, there must be air and water.

妙语点睛　这里的不定式表示目的，相当于一个目的状语从句in order that there may be life。

精品译文　要想有生命，首先得要有空气和水。

5　For there to be successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.