Anna Christie <安娜.克里斯蒂>–the Pulitzer Prize in 1922
the Nobel Prize in 1936 for the above two
Bound East for Cardiff <东航加迪夫> (1916)
In the Zone 《在这一带》(1917)
The Long Voyage Home 《漫长的返航》(1917)
The Moon of the Caribbean 《加勒比的月亮》 (1918)
Emperor Jones <琼斯皇帝> (1920)
The Hairy Ape <毛猿> (1922)
--workers be treated as animals in capitalist society
Desire under the Elms <榆树下的欲望> (1924)
--bourgeoisie families fought for property and its consequences
The Great God Brown <大神布朗> (1926)
Strange Interlude <奇妙的插曲> (1928)
Lazarus Laughed <拉散路笑了>
Mourning Becomes Electra <悲悼> (1931)
Ah, Wilderness <啊，荒野> (the only comedy)
The Iceman Cometh <卖冰的人来了>--people’s void and despair during the 30s crisis
Long Day’s Journey into Night （on stage after death）<进入黑夜的漫长旅程>--the Pulitzer Prize in 1957
The above two underlined –the best works
2 playwrights of the 1930s
Clifford Odets (1906—1963) 克利福德.奥德茨
born in Philadelphia and reared in the Bronx
quit school at 15 to become an actor
a founder of Group Theatre after acting with the Theatre Guild
Waiting for Lefty <等待老左> (one-act play dealing with a taxi strike)
(III) Novels Between Two World Wars
1 Lost Generation----Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) 厄内斯特.海明威
 
Outstanding modern American novelist
journalist & war experience
Three stories and Ten Poems (1923) 《三篇短篇小说和十首诗》
In Our Time (1925) 《在我们的时代里》
--a new shining literary star with unique style
The Sun Also Rises (1926) 《太阳照样升起》—the first long novel
A Farewell to Arms (1929) 《永别了，武器》
Death in the Afternoon (1932) 《午后之死》
Green Hills of Africa (1935) 《非洲的青山》
Winner Take Nothing (1933) 《胜者无所得》
To Have and Have Not (1937) 《富有与贫穷》
For whom the Bell Tolls (1940) 《丧钟为谁而鸣》
The Old Man and the Sea (1952) 《老人与海》
Awarded the Nobel Prize in 1954
2 The Age of Jazz----F. Scott Fitzgerald
outstanding American novelist
F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896—1940) 弗.司各特.菲茨杰拉德
The Romantic Egoist 《浪漫的利己主义者》―→
This Side of Paradise (1920) 《人间天堂》
Flappers and Philosophers (1921) 《轻佻女郎与哲学家》
Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 《爵士乐时代的故事》
The Beautiful and Damned (1922) 《漂亮冤家》
The Diamond as Big as the Ritz 《大如里兹饭店的钻石》(a short story)
The Great Gatsby (1925) 《大人物盖茨比》
All the Sad Young Men (1926) 《一代悲哀的年轻人》
---(a collection of short stories)
Tender Is the Night (1934) 《夜色温柔》
The Last Tycoon (1941) 《最后的一个巨头》
3 Literature of Depression:
① John Steinbeck （1902—1968）约翰.斯坦贝克
American novelist
Write long novels, plays, short stories, travel notes and news etc.
Of Mice and Men (1937) 《鼠与人》
The Grapes of Wrath (1938) 《愤怒的葡萄》
②John Dos Passos (1896—1970) 约翰.多斯.帕索斯
American novelist & social historian
Write novels, plays, reportage, travel notes and prose etc.
Manhattan Transfer (1925) 《曼哈顿中转站》
U.S. A. 《美国》三部曲：
The Forty-Second Parallel (1930) 《北纬四十二度》
1919 (1932) 《一九一九》
The Big Money (1936) 《赚大钱》
His achievement in composition earned him reputation
4 Literature of the South / the Southern Renaissance
The Virginia Review  《弗吉尼亚评论》(1925)
The Fugitives “逃亡者派”/ Agrarian“重农学派”
The Fugitives 《逃亡者》杂志
Southern Review 《南方评论》杂志→
Kenyon Review 《肯庸评论》杂志→
The New Criticism 新批评派
(1) William Faulkner (1897—1962) 威廉.福克纳
 modern novelist
19 novels and 3 collections of more than 70 short stories
The Marble Faun (1924) 《玉石收神》
The Sound and the Fury (1929) 《喧哗与骚动》
Light in August (1932) 《八月之光》
Absalom, Absalom! (1936) 《押沙龙，押沙龙！》
Go Down, Moses (1942) 《去吧，摩西》
(2) Katherine Anne Porter (1890—1980) 凯瑟琳.安.波特
female writer born in Texas of a family with a long southern heritage
educated in convent and private schools
later traveled widely
the settings for her fiction, in addition to her native state, include Mexico, where she lived for some time, and Germany, where she resided more briefly.
The Flowering Judas (1930) 《开花的紫荆树》
The Leaning Tower (1944) 《斜塔》
A Ship of Fools (1962) 《愚人船》
(3) John Crowe Ransom (1888—1974) 约翰.克劳伍.兰塞姆
Tennessee poet
A Rhodes Scholar at Oxford (1913)
A member of the English department of Vanderbilt University
A leader of the Agrarian
An editor of The Fugitives
Founded and edited Kenyon Review
Placed stress on New Criticism
Contributed to the Agrarian anthology: I’ll Take My Stand
5 Other famous novelists in the 1920s
(1) Gertrude Stein (1874—1946) 格特鲁德.斯泰因/斯坦
Born in Pennsylvania
Educated abroad
Went abroad in 1902 where she lived until her death
Her salon in France
Three Lives (1909) 《三个女人的一生》
(2) Sherwood Anderson (1876—1941) 舍伍德.安德森
Windy McPherson’s Son (1916) 《饶舌的麦克逊的儿子》
Winesburg, Ohio (1919) 《小城畸人》
The Triumph of the Egg and Other stories (1921) 《鸡蛋的胜利及其它》
Death in the Woods and Other Stories (1933) 《林中之死及其它》
A Story-Teller’s Story (1924) 《讲故事人的故事》
(3) Sinclair Lewis (1885—1951) 辛克莱.刘易斯
Editor & journalist
22 novels
novelist of social problems 社会问题小说家
plot: escape--seek--compromise
first American author awarded the Nobel Prize (in 1930)
Our Mr. Wrenn (1941) 《我们的霍恩先生》
Babbitt (1922) 《巴比特》
Main Street (1920) 《大街》
Arrowsmith (1925) 《阿罗史密斯》 

Elmer Gantry (1927) 《艾尔默.甘特利》
Dodsworth (1929) 《多滋沃斯》
It Can’t Happen Here (1935) 《这不可能在这里发生》
6 Female Writers
(1) Edith Wharton (1862—1937) 伊迪丝.华顿
Born in a distinguished New York family
Privately educated in U.S. and abroad
The House of Mirth (1905)《快乐之家》
--story of a New York girl whose attempts to make a brilliant marriage lead to ostracism because she breaks conventional standards;
(2) Ellen Glasgow (1874—1945) 艾伦.格拉斯哥
Born in Richmond, Virginia, of an aristocratic southern family
The Descendant (1897)--her first novel
The Barren Ground (1925)《荒芜的土地》
The Romantic Comedians (1926)《浪漫主义喜剧演员》
(3) Willa Cather (1873—1947) 维拉.凯瑟
Novelist, short-story teller & poet
Born in Virginia and moved to Nebraska (immigrants)
University of Nebraska
The Sculptor’s Funeral 《雕刻家的葬礼》
A Lost Lady (1923)《一个沉沦的妇女》
The Professor’s House (1925)《教授的住宅》
Death Comes to the Archbishop (1927)《死神迎接大主教》
Shadow on the Rock (1931) 《磐石上的阴影》
7 Literary critics:
New Criticism“新批评派”
---literary analysis identified mainly with concentration on elements of an isolated literary work (usually a poem) as they illuminate the whole. It concentrates on semantics, meter, imagery, metaphor, and symbol and deals with the work’s tone, texture, and tensions to explicate a fused form and content in a piece of writing, rather than dealing with the relation of that piece to an age, a tradition, or an author’s whole body of writing.
(1) Cleanth Brooks (1906—1994) 克里恩斯.布鲁克斯
 
literary critic
eminent among the New Critics of the mid-20th century
studied at Vanderbilt University
---where he was a student of J. C. Ransom and met R. P. Warren
then at Tulane University
Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University
a professor of English at Yale College
The Well-Wrought Urn (1947)---his best-known work
Modern Poetry and The Tradition (1939)
(2) Malcolm Cowley (1898—1989) 马尔科姆.考利
born in Pennsylvania
served in World War I
graduated from Harvard (1920)
later became an expatriate in France
Exiles’ Return / Exile’s Return: A Narrative of Ideas
《流放者归来》(1934, revised in 1951)
8 Black Literature
Harlem Renaissance哈莱姆文艺复兴
The white intellectuals were tired of the old habits, traditions and lives after W. W. I, and showed increasing interests in black culture and music. As a result, black culture developed greatly.
(1) Langston Hughes (1902—1946) 兰斯顿.休斯
Missouri-born major figure of the Harlem Renaissance
black poet, novelist and playwright
had a nomadic life in the U. S. and Europe
The Weary Blues (1926)《萎靡的布鲁斯》
Fine Clothes to the Jew (1927) 《献给犹太人的好衣裳》
Not Without Laughter (1930) 《不是没有笑声》---long novel
The Ways of White Folks (1934) 《白人的行径》
Simple Speaks of His Mind (1950) 《辛普尔倾吐衷情》
The Best of Simple (1961) 《辛普尔的高明》
Simple’s Uncle Tom (1965) 《辛普尔的山姆叔叔》
The Big Sea (1940) 《大海》
I wonder as I Wander (1956) 《我徘徊，我彷徨》
Laurel poet of Harlem
(2) Richard Wright (1908—1960) 理查德.赖特
self-educated black author
Uncle Tom’s Children (1938)《汤姆大叔的孩子们》
Native Son (1940)《土生子》
Black Boy: A Record of Childhood (1945)《黑孩子》
VI Contemporary Literature (1945--    ) 当代文学
I Postwar American Novels
(I) Background
So much has occurred since 1945 that recent American literature, dealing with the new experience, has acquired an imposing stature. The postwar prosperity produced a sense of optimism, which was, however, very soon vitiated by the “Cold War” between the powers. Crisis was impending. Chaos became institutionalized. A sense of life being absurd undercut the very existence of man. The life of the 1950s was poisoned at the root by McCarthyism, and that of the 60s enriched by the Civil Rights movement, the appearance of a counter culture, and an upsurge of feminism and feminist power. Whereas the Vietnam War weighed all the time on the consciousness of the people, life was complicated by violence, political or racial, including the assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King. Everything seemed to be subjected to a prevailing skepticism. New advances in science and technology have given people an increasing sense of power, but have also further deprived life of its mysteries. The representation of the multifaceted life of postwar America has remained the reward and despair of the writers who began to publish after the war.
This is a very interesting period in the history of American literature, invigorated as it is with robust energy and bustling with creative activity. The new generation of authors has proved their newness and competence by a wide range of experimentation that would have dazzled even their brilliantly original predecessors like Faulkner and Hemingway. The following types of novels came to public notice in the years from the end of the war through 1960: the war novel, the southern novel, the Jewish novel, the Beat novel and alienation, the Black novel, and satire and the novel of manners（战争小说，南方小说、犹太人小说、颓废小说、黑人小说、讽刺与风俗小说）. And the period after that has been one in which American fiction is noted for its fantasy and surrealism, its nonfiction, science fiction, black or absurd humor, parody and pop, and its experimental novelistic techniques（梦幻与超现实主义小说、非虚构小说、科幻小说、黑色或荒诞幽默小说、模仿与通俗小说、实验主义小说.
Post-modernism
Media-influenced aesthetic sensibility of the late 20th century characterized by open-endedness and collage. Post-modernism questions the foundations of cultural and artistic forms through self-referential irony and the juxtaposition of elements from popular culture and electronic technology.
Surrealism
European literary and artistic movement that uses illogical, dreamlike images and events to suggest the unconscious.
Three characteristics of contemporary novels:
1 the beat generation 垮掉的一代
2 black humor 黑色幽默
3 identity 自我本质
Beat Movement:
a bohemian rebellion against established society which came to prominence about 1956 and had its centers in San Francisco and New York. The term “Beat “ expressed both exhaustion and beatification in that the writers, tired of conventional society, and disgusted by it, believed that thoroughgoing disaffiliation from all aspects of the manners and mores of what they saw as a corrupt, crass, commercial world would bring its own kind of blissful illumination, aided by drink and drugs. Writers of the movement expressed their views in their own “hip” vocabulary, combined with phrases from Buddhism, by which they were influenced,.
1 War Novel
40s—50s
(1) John Hersey 约翰.赫西
A Bell for Adano 《阿丹诺之钟》
(2) Norman Mailer 诺曼.梅勒
The Naked and the Dead《裸者和死者》
(3) John Hawks 约翰.霍克斯
The Cannibal 《食人者》
(4) James Jones 詹姆斯.琼斯
From Here to Eternity《从这里到永恒》
(5) Irwin Shaw  (1913—1984)  欧文.肖
The Young Lions  <幼狮>
after 50s
(6) Thomas Berger托马斯.伯杰
Crazy in Berlin 《疯狂的柏林》
(7) Joseph Heller 约瑟夫.海勒
Catch-22《第22条军规》
(8) Kurt Vonnegut Jr.库尔特.冯尼戈特
Slaughterhouse-Five 《第五号屠场》
2 the southern novel
(1) Eudora Welty 尤多拉.韦尔蒂
Short stories
The Golden Apple 《金苹果》
The Bride of Innisfallen 《英尼斯福伦的新娘》
Death of a Traveling Salesman 《旅行推销员之死》1936 
(2) Carson McCullers 卡森.麦卡勒斯
The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter 《心是孤独的猎人》1940
The Ballad of the Sad Café 《悲伤的咖啡馆之歌》1943/1951
(3) Truman Capote 杜鲁门.卡波特
Other Voices, Other Rooms 《其它的声音，其它的房间》
(4) William Styron 威廉.斯太伦
Lie Down in Darkness《在黑暗中躺下》
(5) Flannery O’Connor弗兰纳里.奥康纳
Wise Blood 《智慧血》
A Good Man Is Hard to Find《好人难寻》
(6) Walker Persy 沃克.珀西
Moviegoer 《电影迷》
(7) Reynolds Price 雷诺兹.普赖斯
A Long and Happy Life 《久长的幸福生活》
3 the Jewish novel
(1) Henry Roth 亨利.罗斯  (30s)
(2) Nathanael West 纳撒尼尔.韦斯特 (30s)
(3) Saul Bellow索尔.贝洛
Dangling Man 《晃来晃去的人》
Mr. Sammler’s Planet  <赛姆勒先生的行星>
The Adventures of Augie March《奥吉.马奇历险记》
The Victim 《受害者》
Seize the Day 《只争朝夕》
Henderson the Rain King 《雨王汉德森》
Herzog 《赫尔佐格》
Humboldt’s Gift 《洪堡的礼物》
(4) Norman Mailer诺曼.梅勒
(5) Isaac Bashevis Singer 艾萨克.巴谢维斯.辛格
(6) Bernard Malamud伯纳德.马拉默德
The Fixer《装配工》
The Assistant《店员》
The Tenant  <房客>
The Magic Barrel  <魔桶>短篇小说集
(7) Philip Roth菲利普.罗斯
Letting Go 《放手》
Goodbye, Columbus 《再见，哥伦布》
Portnoy’s Complaint 《波特诺依的抱怨》
The Ghost Writer  <鬼作家>
Zuckerman Unbound  <解放了的朱克曼>
The Anatomy Lesson  <解剖学课>
(8) J. D. Salinger  (1919--    )  塞林格
Catcher in the Rye  <麦田的守望者>
(9) Edward Lewis Wallant 爱德华.刘易斯.沃伦特
The Pawnbroker 《当铺老板》
4 the Beat novel and alienation 颓废小说
(1) John Clellon Holmes 约翰.克莱龙.霍姆斯
Go 《干》
(2) Jack Kerouac (1922—1969) 杰克.凯鲁亚克
On the Road  《在路上》
(3) William Burroughs 威廉.巴勒斯
Junkie 《毒品犯子》
Naked Lunch 《简单的午餐》
(4) Lawrence Ferlinghetti 劳伦斯.弗林杰提
Her 《她》
(5) Ken Kesey 肯.凯西
One Flew Over the Cucoo’s Nest 《飞越杜鹃巢》
(3) Hubbert Selby 赫伯特.塞尔比
Last Exit to Brooklyn《布鲁克林的最后出口》
(4) Jack Gelber
On Ice 《在冰上》
5 satire and the novel of manners 讽刺与风俗/世态小说
(1) Jean Stafford 琼.斯塔福德
Boston Adventures 《波士顿历险记》
(2) May McCarthy 玛丽.麦卡锡
The Groves of Academe 《学院小树林》
Birds of America《美国人》
(3) John Cheever 约翰.契弗
The Wapshot Chronicle 《韦普肖纪事》
The Wapshot Scandal 《韦普肖丑闻》
(4) John Updike 约翰.厄普代克
Couples 《双双对对》
Rabbit Run 《兔子，跑吧》
Rabbit Redux 《兔子回来了》
Rabbit Is Rich 《兔子富了》
Rabbit at Rest 《兔子安息了》
(5) Katherine Anne Porter 凯瑟琳.安.波特
Ship of Fools 《愚人船》
(6) Jacqueline Susan 杰奎琳.苏珊
Valley of Dolls 《玩偶的山谷》
(7) Joyce Carol Oates 乔伊斯.卡罗尔.欧茨
Them 《他们》
Wonderland 《奇境》
Do With Me What You Will 《随你拿我怎么办》
6 black humor or absurd novels 黑色幽默荒诞小说
(1) Joseph Heller 约瑟夫.海勒
Catch-22《第22条军规》
(1) Vladimir Nabokov 弗拉基米尔.纳博科夫
  Lolita 《罗丽塔》
(3) Kurt Vonnegut Jr.库尔特.冯尼戈特
Slaughterhouse-Five 《第五号屠场》
(2) Thomas Pynchon 托马斯.品钦
 V. 《V》
Gravity’s Rainbow 《引力之虹》
(4) Donald Barthelme 唐纳德.巴塞尔姆
Snow White 《白雪公主》
(5) John Barth 约翰.巴斯
The Sot-Weed Factor 《烟草代理商》
Giles Goat-Boy《羊童子贾尔斯》
(6) Ken Kesey 肯.凯西
One Flew Over the Cucoo’s Nest 《飞越杜鹃巢》
(7) J. P. Donleavy 唐里维
The Ginger Man 《赤发人》
(8) Terry Southern 特里.沙瑟恩
The Magic Christian 《有魔力的基督教徒》
(9) Bruce Jay Friedman 布鲁斯.泽伊.伏里德曼
《母亲的吻》
(10) Thomas Berger托马斯.伯杰
Little Big Man《小大人》
7 experimental novelistic techniques 实验小说
  or metafiction 准小说
or avant-garde 前卫小说
(1) John Barth 约翰.巴斯
 Lost in the Funhouse 《迷失在娱乐场中》
(2) Donald Barthelme 唐纳德.巴塞尔姆
Snow White 《白雪公主》
(2) William Gass 威廉.加斯
Willie Master’s Lonesome Wife 《威利. 马斯特的孤独的妻子》
(3) Vladimir Nabokov 弗拉基米尔.纳博科夫
Pale Fire 《灰火》
(3) Thomas Pynchon 托马斯.品钦
  V. 《V》
(5) William Burroughs 威廉.巴勒斯
Naked Lunch 《简单的午餐》
(6) Jack Kerouac 杰克.凯鲁亚克
On the Road  《在路上》
8 parody and pop模仿与通俗小说
(1) John Barth 约翰.巴斯