中国海洋大学211翻译硕士英语2010-2012考研真题及详解(13)
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“We have a huge mismatch between the school calendar and realities of family life,” says Dr. Ernest Boyer, head of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
Dr. Boyer is one of many who believe that a radical revision of the school calendar is inevitable. “School, whether we like it or not, is educational. It always has been.”
His is not a popular idea. Schools are routinely burdened with the job of solving all our social problems. Can they be asked to meet the needs of our work and family lives?
It may be easier to promote a longer school year on its educational merits and, indeed, the educational case is compelling. Despite the complaints and studies about our kids’ lack of learning, the United State still has a shorter school year than any industrial nation. In most of Europe, the school year is 220 days. In Japan, it is 240 days long. While classroom time alone doesn’t produce a well-educated child, learning takes time and more learning takes more time. The long summers of forgetting take a toll.
The opposition to a longer school year comes from families that want to and can provide other experiences for their children. It comes from teachers. It comes from tradition. And surely from kids. But the most important part of the conflict has been over the money.
71.
According to the passage, how was the current American school calendar developed in the 19th century?
72.How
does the author think of the current school calendar?
73.Why
was Dr. Boyer’s idea unpopular?
74.What
does the author mean by saying that “The long summers of forgetting take a toll” in the last paragraph but one?
75.What
is the main purpose of the passage?
【答案与解析】
71.The
current American school calendar was developed in the 19th century according to the growing season.
(由第三段第四、五句可知,19世纪的时候,上学时间是根据农时来决定的。现在虽然只有3%的家庭从事农业,但几乎所有的学校的校历安排似乎是让孩子们早早回家去挤牛奶或是花上几个月时间去地里种庄稼。)
72.It is out of date.
(从第三段可知,现有的校历是根据以前的情况制定的,已经不能适应现在的情况了。)
73.Because schools have been burdened with the job of solving all our social problems and Boyer asked schools to do more to meet the needs of family lives.
(由第五段可知,Boyer认为如今的校历与家庭生活状况不协调。再由第七段内容可知,学校本来就承担着解决所有社会问题的负担,如今还要满足家庭生活的需要,对于学校来说负担太重了。)
74.Long summers result in less learning time.
(由倒数第二段倒数第二句While classroom time alone doesn ’t produce a well-educated child, learning takes time and more learning takes more time可知,作者认为学习是需要花费很多时间的,暑假长会导致学生遗忘知识,学习时间减少。)
75.To discuss the problems of the current school calendar.
(整篇文章讨论的是现有的校历安排存在的问题。)
Passage FOUR
It is nothing new that English use is on the rise around the world, especially in business circles. This also happens in France, the headquarters of the global battle against American cultural hegemony. If French guys are giving in to English, something really big must be going on. And something big is going on.
Partly, it’s that American hegemony. Didier Benchimol, CEO of a French e-commerce software company, feels compelled to speak English perfectly because the Internet software business is dominated by Americans.
He and other French businessmen also have to speak English because they want to get their message out to American investors, possessors of the world’s deepest pockets.
The triumph of English in France and elsewhere in Europe, however, may rest on something more enduring. As they become entwined with each other politically and economically, Europeans need a way to talk to one another and to the rest of the world. And for a number of reasons, they’ve decided upon English as their common tongue.
So when German chemical and pharmaceutical company Hoechst merged with French competitor Rhone-Poulenc last year, the companies chose the vaguely Latinate Aventis as the new company name and settled on English as the company’s common language. When monetary policymakers from around Europe began meeting at the European Central Bank in Frankfurt last year to set interest rates for the new Euroland, they held their deliberations in English. Even the European Commission, with 11 official languages and traditionally French-speaking bureaucracy, effectively switched over to English as its working language last year.
How did this happen? One school attributes English s great success to the sheer weight of its merit. It’s a Germanic language, brought to Britain around the fifth century A.D. During the four centuries of French-speaking rule that followed Norman Conquest of 1066, the language morphed into something else entirely. French words were added wholesale, and most of the complications of Germanic grammar were shed while few of the complications of French were added. The result is a language with a huge vocabulary and a simple grammar that can express most things more efficiently than either of its parents. What’s more, English has remained ungoverned and open to change--foreign words, coinages, and grammatical shifts--in a way that French, ruled by the purist Academic Fran.aise, had not.
So it’s a swell language, especially for business. But the rise of English over the past few centuries clearly owes at least as much to history and economics as to the language’s ability to economically express the concept win-win. What happened is that the competition--first Latin, then French, then, briefly, German--faded with the waning of the political, economic, and military fortunes of, respectively, the Catholic Church, France, and Germany. All along, English was increasing in importance: Britain was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, and London the world’s most important financial centre, which made English a key language for business. England’s colonies around the world also made it the language with the most global reach. And as that former colony the U.S. rose to the status of the world’s preeminent political, economic, military, and cultural power, English became the obvious second language to learn.
In the 1990s more and more Europeans found themselves forced to use English. The last generation of business and government leaders who hadn’t studied English in school was leaving the stage. The European Community was adding new members and evolving from a paper-shuffling club into a serious regional government that would need a single common language if it were ever to get anything done. Meanwhile, economic barriers between European nations have been disappearing, meaning that more and more companies are beginning to look at the whole continent as their domestic market. And then the Interact came along.
The Net had two big impacts. One was that it was an exciting, potentially lucrative new industry that had its roots in the U.S., so if you wanted to get in on it, you had to speak some English. The other was that by surfing the Web, Europeans who had previously encountered English only in school and in pop songs were now coming into contact with it daily.
None of this means English has taken over European life. According to the European Union, 47% of Western Europeans (including the British and Irish) speak English well enough to catty on a conversation. That’s a lot more than those who can speak German (32%) or French (28%), but it still means more Europeans don’t speak the language. If you want to sell shampoo or cell phones, you have to do it in French or German or Spanish or Greek. Even the
U.S. and British media companies that stand to benefit most from the spread of English have been hedging their bets—CNN broadcasts in Spanish; the Financial Times has recently launched a daily German-language edition.
But just look at who speaks English: 77% of Western European college students, 69% of managers, and 65% of those aged 15 to 24. In the secondary schools of the European Union’s non-English-speaking countries, 9t% of students study English, all of which means that the transition to English as the language of European business hasn’t been all that traumatic, and it’s only going to get easier in the future.
76.What does the word “hegemony” (Line 3, Para. 1) mean?
77.In
the author ’s opinion, what really underlies the rising status of English in France and Europe?
78.
According to the passage, for what reasons did Europeans begin to favor English?
79.Which
statement of the passage forecasts the continuous rise of English in the future?
80.What
’s the main idea of the passage?
【答案与解析】
76.It means the domination of one country or organization over other
countries or organizations.(第一段说的是英语的使用在全世界越来越流行,法国也是如此。如果法国人也广
泛地使用英语的话,就大事不好了。说明英语主导世界的趋势,反映的是美国的文化霸权。)
77.A practical need for effective communication among Europeans.
(由第三段第二、三句As they become entwined with each other politically and economically, Europeans need a way to talk to one another and to the rest of the world. And for a number of reasons, they’ve decided upon English as their commontongue.可知,欧洲各国的联系越来越紧密,欧洲人需要互相交流,需要与世界各国交流,因此他们将英语定为通用语。)
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