精品译文

1）没有放在冰箱里的那些食物坏了。

2）食物都坏了，因为没有放在冰箱里。

3　1) The cab drivers who knew about the traffic jam took another road.

2) The cab drivers, who knew about the traffic jam, took another road.

妙语点睛

例句1）的言外之意是“不知道的司机则没有换路线，只有部分司机换行驶路线了”。例句2）的言外之意是“全部司机都知道，都换了行驶路线”。

精品译文

1）知道那里堵车的出租车司机换了另一条道。

2）出租车司机因为知道那里塞车了，他们都换了另一条道。

从以上非限制性定语从句的译文看出，非限制性定语从句的翻译非常灵活，不一定都译成定语“……的”结构。下面举例具体说明。

3.5.4　非限制性定语从句的翻译

最后，我们讨论一下上述两种定语从句在翻译上的差别。限制性定语从句一般翻译成定语的形式“……的”，而非限制性定语从句往往会译成各种状语形式。例如：

1　The food, which wasn't in the fridge, all went off.

精品译文

食物都坏了，因为没有放在冰箱里（译成原因状语从句）。

2　The Ambassador gave a dinner to the scientists, with whom he especially wished to talk.

精品译文

大使宴请了那些科学家，因为他特别想与他们交谈一下（译成原因状语从句）。

3　The people were desperate for work, any work, which could support their family.

精品译文

人们急于找到工作，什么工作都行，只要能养家糊口（译成条件状语从句）。

4　The millionaire had another house built, which he didn't need at all.

精品译文

那位百万富翁又建了一幢房子，尽管他并不需要（译成让步状语从句）。

5　They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country.

精品译文

起义依然声势浩大地遍布全国，尽管他们试图镇压（译成让步状语从句）。

6　Both players, neither of whom reached the final, played well.

精品译文

尽管两名选手都未进入决赛，但都表现得很好（让步状语从句）。

7　We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.

精品译文

我们知道，因为猫的眼睛能够比人的眼睛吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜里也能够看得很清楚（原因状语从句）。



思维总结

本节重点讨论了限制性和非限制性定语从句在结构上、意义上和翻译上的差异。读者需重点掌握二者在意义上的差异，灵活掌握非限制性定语从句的两类名词。



思维训练

Exercise 3.5

请判断下列各个句子是否该加逗号而变成非限制性定语从句。

1．Seoul which hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics is well known for its shopping.

2．Seoul is the city that hosted the summer Olympics in 1988.

3．There are many temples and shrines in Kyoto which used to be the capital of Japan.

4．Kyoto which was the country's capital from 794 until 1868 has around 2,000 temples and shrines.

5．Brasilia which is the capital of Brazil is less than 50 years old.

6．Montreal is a city where both French and English are spoken.

7．Bangkok which is the capital of Thailand has many beautiful temples.

8．Mexico City which has a population of around 20,000,000 is the largest urban area in the Americas.

9．Salvador which lies in the northeast was the country's busiest port from 1500 to 1815.

请分析下面句中所含定语从句分别属于前文所述3种情形中的哪一种，必要时请添加逗号。

10．I don't like stories that have unhappy endings.

11．A dictionary is a book that gives you the meaning of words.

12．It seems that the earth is the only planet that can support life.

13．The teacher who comes from Canada teaches us English.

14．We are studying sentences which contain adjective clauses.

15．I saw him stand under the apple tree which was behind the house.

16．The teacher thanked the students who had given her some flowers.

17．He has a daughter who works in a hospital.

18．An elephant which is the earth's largest land mammal has few natural enemies other than human beings.

19．One of the elephants which we saw at the zoo had only one tusk.

20．The rice which we had for dinner last night was very good.

21．Rice which is grown in many countries is a staple food throughout much of the world.

22．Jane was delighted when she opened the present which was from her ex-boyfriend.

23．A child whose parents are dead is called orphan.

24．Linda Watson who earned a cumulative grade point average of 3.7 was graduated with highest honors.

25．Students who earn a cumulative grade point average of 3.7 or more will be graduated with highest honors.





3.6　定语从句与同位语从句的区分

本节主要讨论由that引导的定语从句和同位语从句的区别。二者在结构上有相似性，都是“名词＋that从句”，这里的名词都称作先行词。下面将从结构上和意义上来区分定语从句和同位语从句。因此，本节内容安排如下：

3.6.1　从结构上区分：that是否作成分

3.6.2　从意义上区分：that引导的从句的意义不同

3.6.1　从结构上区分：that是否作成分

that在定语从句中要充当成分，比如作从句的主语或宾语；而that在同位语从句中不作任何成分，仅起连词的作用。换句话说，定语从句的结构是“名词＋that＋不完整的句子”，而同位语从句的结构是“名词＋that＋完整的陈述句”。

1　1) The rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue.

2) The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue.

妙语点睛

以上两句的先行词都是the rumor，连词都是that。但例句1）中的that在从句中作成分，充当spread的宾语，故例句1）为定语从句。例句2）中的that在从句中不作任何成分，因为从句Tom was a thief是一个完整的句子，不缺少任何成分。故其为同位语从句，作the rumor的同位语，补充说明the rumor的具体内容。

精品译文

1）他到处散布的那个谣言，结果证明是假的。

2）有人谣传说Tom是窃贼，结果证明是假的。

2　1) The fact that we talked about is very important.

2) The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.

妙语点睛

例句1）中的that作talked about的宾语，故例句1）为定语从句。例句2）中的that不充当成分，因为he succeeded in the experiment是一个完整的陈述句，故其为同位语从句。

精品译文

1）我们讨论的这些情况很重要。

2）他的实验成功了，这让大家都很高兴。

3.6.2　从意义上区分：that引导的从句的意义不同

两类从句在意义上也不同：定语从句相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述和限制的作用；同位语从句相当于一个名词，对其前面名词内容的具体表述，二者是同位关系。

1　1) The news that you heard is not true.

2) The news that Lincoln was murdered at a theater is true.

妙语点睛

例句1）中的定语从句that you heard并不是表示news的内容，只是在限制news所指的范围，即“你听到的那个消息”。例句2）中的同位语从句that Lincoln was murdered at a theater是表示news的具体内容，在意义上与news构成同位关系。

精品译文

1）你听到的那个消息并不是真实的。

2）有消息说林肯是在一个剧院被刺杀的，这是真的。

2　1) The fact that you pointed out made me interested.

2) The fact that there are no lives on the moon is known to us all.

妙语点睛

例句1）中的定语从句that you pointed out并不是表示fact的内容，只是在限制fact的所指范围，即“你指出的这个事实”。例句2）中的同位语从句that there are no lives on the moon是表示fact的具体内容，在意义上与fact构成同位关系。

精品译文

1）你指出的这一点，我很感兴趣。

2）众所周知，月球上并没有生命存在。



思维总结

本节主要讨论了由that引导的定语从句和同位语从句的区别。读者重点需要掌握二者在结构上的区分，即that引导的定语从句在结构上是不完整的，而that引导的同位语从句在结构上是完整的陈述句。



思维训练

Exercise 3.6

请判断下列句子是定语从句还是同位语从句。

1．He turned down the proposal that she offered at the meeting.

2．He turned down the proposal that she should be sent abroad to study.

请分析下列that引导的是定语从句还是名词从句，并翻译成中文。

3．Studies show that the things that contribute most to a sense of happiness cannot be bought, such as a good family life, friendship and work satisfaction.

4．The mere fact that most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.

5．An evidence that life may have existed on earth 3.8 billions years ago has been discovered in these ancient rocks.

6．When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.

7．The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.

8．The ruler of an ancient kingdom wanted to disprove the rumor that their wives ruled the men of his domain. He had all the males in his kingdom brought before him and warned that any man that did not tell the truth would be punished severely. Then he asked all the men that obeyed their wives' directions and advice to step to the left side of the hall. All the men did so but one little man that moved to the right. "It's good to see," said the king, "that we have one real man in the kingdom. Tell these chicken-hearted dunces（傻瓜）why you alone among them stand on the right side of the hall." "Your Majesty," came the reply in a squealing（长而尖锐的声音）voice. "it is because before I left home my wife told me to keep out of crowds."



写给读者的话



* * *



一、本章学习思路

定语从句是英文造句规则中的一个难点，也是重点。它有两个重要概念：先行词和关系词，定语从句的核心内容都是围绕着这两者之间的关系展开的。本章重点讨论了先行词和关系词之间的搭配关系，比如若先行词指“人”，关系词就要用who或that；若先行词指“物”，关系词就要用which或that；指时间一般用关系词when（只作状语）等等。读者只需要抓住关系词与先行词的各个用法特点，就可以把握定语从句的核心内容。

二、本章重点及难点

1．关系代词的用法；

2．关系副词的用法，特别需要提醒读者注意的是关系副词只能作状语；

3．灵活运用限制性和非限制性定语从句。比如在写文章时，一定要真正会判断何时该用限制性定语从句，何时该用非限制性定语从句。这两种形式上不同的定语从句其实是它们在思维上的差异的反映。

4．区分that引导的定语从句和同位语从句。

对于某些读者来说，灵活判断和使用限制性和非限制性定语从句或许比较难，其次是熟练判断that引导的定语从句和同位语从句，这两点既是重点也是难点。

三、本章学习时间安排

对于从来没有接触过定语从句的读者，学习完本章内容至少需要用一周的时间，包括阅读讲解的内容和做完所有的练习。



* * *



综合练习

请将下列中文翻译成英文。

1．我昨天买了一本书，该书的作者是一位盲人。

2．我的办公室在这栋大楼的二层，它很小。

3．你昨天借给我的那本书很有趣。

4．那位老师教我英文，他是加拿大的。

5．和我一起工作的那个女孩已经有男朋友了。

6．告诉我今天早晨你迟到的原因。

7．他们到的时候天正在下雨。

8．他是一个值得信赖的人。

9．你住的那家酒店叫什么名字？

10．接电话的那个男的告诉我你不在。

请选择最适当的词填空。

11．The professor and her achievement________you told me about are admired by us all.

A．who

B．which

C．that

D．whom

12．I don't suppose anything happens_________he doesn't foresee.

A．that

B．which

C．what

D．as

13．They shouted with the loudest voice________they could.

A．when

B．that

C．which

D．what

14．This is the best book_________on the subject.

A．which there is

B．that there is

C．which is

D．what is

15．He's written a book________name I've completely forgotten.

A．whose

B．which

C．of which

D．that

16．The meeting was postponed, _______was exactly what I wanted.

A．that

B．which it

C．and that

D．this

17．Mr. Jones, _________John was working, was very generous about overtime payment.

A．for whom

B．for who

C．whom

D．for that

18．There is not much________can be done now.

A．that

B．which

C．who

D．what

19．He showed me a book, ________I could tell that it was pretty old.

A．which cover

B．of which cover

C．the cover which

D．from the cover of which

20．This kind of solar cooker can be used only in the daytime________the sun is shining.

A．when

B．as

C．while

D．since

21．Solomon was diligent, responsible and hardworking, _________he was promoted from a clerk to a manager.

A．for which

B．which

C．for

D．that

22．What is________ordered the English book?

A．the lady's address in Beijing who

B．the lady's address in Beijing which

C．the address of the lady in Beijing who

D．the address of the lady in Beijing which

23．There comes a time in every man's life________.

A．then he has to think

B．which he needs

C．when he has to think

D．therefore he has to work hard

24．No sample__________we have received is satisfactory.

A．which

B．what

C．that

D．who

25．Obviously there was little certainty_________the chairman would agree to this proposal.

A．which

B．why

C．what

D．that

26．There can't be any life on Venus, _________the temperature is as high as 900F.

A．which

B．when

C．where

D．there

27．The reason_________he died was lack of medical care.

A．which

B．for that

C．as

D．why

28．This is the shop________I often buy foodstuff.

A．where

B．which

C．of which

D．to which

29．The reason________he gave for his being late was unacceptable.

A．why

B．that

C．who

D．for which

30．The shop_________I told you about before has closed down.

A．where

B．in which

C．at which

D．which

31．Those guilty of a serious crime________refuse to reform must be severely punished.

A．which

B．whom

C．when

D．who

32．Yet no firm evidence had come to light________the men arrested were actually responsible.

A．which

B．as

C．what

D．that

33．Another food crop raised by Indians_______strange to the European was called Indian corn.

A．who were

B．that were

C．that was

D．who was

34．They helped us time and again, _______very kind of them.

A．who were

B．which was

C．that was

D．which were

35．"Do you like the book your father gave you?"

"Very much. It's exactly_______I wanted."

A．one which

B．that

C．one what

D．the one

36．When reports came into London Zoo_______a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.

A．what

B．as

C．which

D．that

37．Many birds have feathers________with their surroundings.

A．colors blend

B．that colors blend

C．whose colors blend

D．of which the colors that blend

38．Civil rights are the freedoms and rights_______as a member of a community, state, or nation.

A．may have a person

B．a person who may have

C．a person may have

D．and a person may have

39．In the early twentieth century, the "Model T" automobile was mass-produced and sold at a price________could afford.

A．the average person who

B．that the average person who

C．and the average person

D．the average person

请阅读下面的短文故事，并在空格中填入适当的关系词。

A story tells of two friends　40　were walking through the desert. At a specific point of the journey, they had an argument, and one friend slapped the other one in the face. The one　41　got slapped was hurt, but without saying anything, he wrote in the sand, "Today my best friend slapped me in the face."

They kept on walking until they found an oasis, 　42　they decided to take a bath. The one　43　got slapped and hurt started drowning, and the other friend saved him. When he recovered from the fright, he wrote on a stone, "Today my best friend saved my life."

The friend　44　had saved and slapped his best friend asked him, "Why, after I hurt you, you wrote in the sand and now your write on a stone?"

The other friend, smiling, replied, "When a friend hurts us, we should write it down in the sand, 　45　the winds of forgiveness can erase it away, and when someone does something good for us, we should engrave it in the stone of the memory of the heart, 　46　no wind can ever erase it."

Let's learn to write your hurts in the sand and to carve your blessings in stones.

请用适当的连词填空（名词从句与定语从句辨析）。

Chicken Soup for the Soul心灵鸡汤

Rose



Real love lies not in 　47　 (what/which/that) is done and known, but in 　48　(what/which/that) is done but not known.



Red roses were her favorites; her name was also Rose. And every year her husband sent them, tied with pretty bows. The year he died, the roses were delivered to her door. The card said, "Be my Valentine," like all the years before. Each year he sent her roses, and the note would always say, "I love you even more this year than last year on this day." "My love for you will always grow with every passing year." She knew　49　(what/which/that) this was the last time that the roses would appear.